Part Five
Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher ' s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology , geology , and biology have provided a consistent , unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. "Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard "scientific" creationism as bad science and bad religion.
The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.
Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself. "And so it does---and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creation-ism/evolution debate .
17. "Creationism" in the passage refers to__
（A）evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe
（B）a notion of the creation of religion
（C）the scientific explanation of the earth formation
（D）the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe
18. Kitcher's book is intended to __.
（A）recommend the views of the evolutionists
（B）expose the true features of creationists
（C）curse bitterly at this opponents
（D）launch a surprise attack on creationists
19. From the passage we can infer that__
（A）reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate
（B）creationists do not base their argument on reasoning
（C）evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists
（D）creationism is supported by scientific findings
20. This passage appears to be a digest of__
（A）a book review （B）a scientific paper
（C）a magazine feature （D）a newspaper editorial
Unit 3 （1996） Part 5
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
pipeline（管道；流水線）←pipe+line。
cosmology （宇宙學(xué)）即cosmo+logy，cosmo即cosmos“宇宙”，-logy后綴表學(xué)科。
non-fundamentalist（非原教旨主義者）←non-否定前綴+fundamentalist（原教旨主義者）。fundamentalist — anyone who takes the Word of God too seriously 原教旨主義者——任何對(duì)上帝的話太認(rèn)真的人。
motivation?（動(dòng)機(jī)）←motiv（e）+ation。
dust jacket 精裝書的護(hù)封。
digest （v.消化n.摘要）。
難句解析：
① The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.
句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The goal... will be to try to explain...，其中explain后面接的是雙賓語(yǔ)：explain to sb. sth.，這里sth.是that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：there are not...。
all指代上文提到的書籍，要注意origin和evolution是并列的，而universe和life是并列的。而confused和unenlightened也是并列的。
② "Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.
句子的主體結(jié)構(gòu)是... creationism is based... on religion, not science。其中which引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classroom...修飾creationism，在這一定語(yǔ)從句中，whenever引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given。
首先要理解非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的用法，另外，在閱讀中可以先跳過(guò)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，只看句子的主干。
③ In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.
第一句話的主體結(jié)構(gòu)是... he takes off... and gives...，第二句是and連接的兩個(gè)并列句。在第二個(gè)分句中，前面插入了一個(gè)介詞詞組：for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists。其中unfamiliar相當(dāng)于省略了who are的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾those。
第一句話中，作者把寫書比喻成拳擊，因而要抨擊神造說(shuō)/特創(chuàng)論的時(shí)候，用了takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating這樣的句子。第二句中，關(guān)鍵要弄清楚，their programs and tactics，their deception and distortion中的兩個(gè)their指代的都是creationists，而不是指那些對(duì)神造論者的處事方式不熟悉的人。
④ On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does — and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
第一句話中是主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+直接引語(yǔ)。第二句表示對(duì)第一句中的觀點(diǎn)的贊同，破折號(hào)后作進(jìn)一步解釋；其中隱含一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。在正式的文體中，倒裝可以用來(lái)代替if引導(dǎo)的表示假設(shè)的狀語(yǔ)從句。were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate相當(dāng)于if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate。
注意so it does的用法：so+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞，表示對(duì)前面表述的觀點(diǎn)的贊同，注意這一結(jié)構(gòu)與so+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。后者表示“也”的意思，只用在肯定句當(dāng)中。另外應(yīng)注意破折號(hào)后解釋部分中的條件句里時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用：if條件狀語(yǔ)從句中使用過(guò)去時(shí)were，主句中用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)would do，是作出與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。
試題解析：
17. 【正確答案】 [D]
意為：關(guān)于宇宙起源的虛假理論。在本文中，作者將“造物主義理論”（或“創(chuàng)世主義理論”）與進(jìn)化論對(duì)立而論，指出前者的基礎(chǔ)是宗教而不是科學(xué)，而且，幾乎所有的科學(xué)家和大部分非原教旨主義宗教領(lǐng)袖都越來(lái)越將所謂“科學(xué)的”造物主義理論看做既不是好科學(xué)也不是好的宗教。Kitcher的書對(duì)造物主義理論進(jìn)行了深刻的批判。參閱第一段。
A意為：有關(guān)宇宙起源的真正意義上的進(jìn)化論。B意為：宗教創(chuàng)立的思想。C意為：地球形成的科學(xué)解釋。
18. 【正確答案】 [B]
意為：揭露了造物主義理論的真實(shí)面目。第二段指出，他利用合適的機(jī)會(huì)（at appropriate places）對(duì)造物主義理論進(jìn)行了批判。在后三章，他摘掉了手套，將造物主義者狠狠地揍了一頓。他描述了他們的綱領(lǐng)及（騙人）手段，對(duì)那些不了解他們的把戲的人來(lái)說(shuō)，（Kitcher所揭露出的）他們的欺騙程度和歪曲程度會(huì)令人感到吃驚和厭惡?？紤]到他們的基本動(dòng)機(jī)是宗教的，人們也許期望在他們身上看到更多的基督徒行為（但他們欺騙人民、歪曲事實(shí)）。
A意為：推崇進(jìn)化論的觀點(diǎn)。Kitcher的確推崇進(jìn)化論，但從書的章節(jié)安排來(lái)看，本書更著重于對(duì)造物主義的批判。C意為：狠狠地咒罵了他的對(duì)手。D意為：對(duì)造物主義者發(fā)起了突然襲擊。
19. 【正確答案】 [B]
意為：造物主義的論點(diǎn)不是建立在推理之上的。參閱第17題題解。文章后一句指出，它的確代表了理性本身，如果理性是造物主義理論與進(jìn)化論之爭(zhēng)的惟一裁判者，問(wèn)題就容易解決了。本句是一個(gè)虛擬條件句，等于說(shuō)：all would be well if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
A意為：在這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論中，推理起了決定性作用。注意：reason（理性）與reasoning（推理）意思不同。C意為：對(duì)專家以外的人來(lái)說(shuō)，進(jìn)化論太難。第三段第二句指出，不是專家至少也能了解一下支持進(jìn)化論的數(shù)據(jù)的性質(zhì)及其論點(diǎn)。D意為：科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)支持了造物主義理論。
20. 【正確答案】 [A]
本文是一個(gè)書評(píng)摘要。這從第二、三段就可以一目了然。
B意為：科學(xué)論文。C意為：雜志特寫。D意為：報(bào)紙社論。
全文翻譯：
有傳言說(shuō)，有20多本關(guān)于創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論與進(jìn)化論之爭(zhēng)的書即將出版，有幾本已經(jīng)面世了。所有這些書的目的是試圖告訴那些迷糊而且常常是還不開(kāi)通的蕓蕓眾生：就宇宙和生命的起源與發(fā)展問(wèn)題而言，不可能存在兩種都成立的科學(xué)理論。對(duì)于所發(fā)生的一切，宇宙學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、生物學(xué)已經(jīng)提供了一貫的、統(tǒng)一的并且是在不斷完善的解釋。而“科學(xué)”創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論——當(dāng)課堂上講授進(jìn)化論時(shí)，有些人就想爭(zhēng)搶“相同的課時(shí)”來(lái)解釋它——是基于宗教，而非科學(xué)的。實(shí)際上，所有科學(xué)家和大多數(shù)非原教旨主義宗教領(lǐng)袖們都已將“科學(xué)”創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論看做是拙劣的科學(xué)和拙劣的宗教。
金切爾這本書的前四章簡(jiǎn)單地介紹了進(jìn)化論。作者在合適的地方引入了對(duì)創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論者的批評(píng)并提供了后者的回答。在書的后三章，他毫不客氣地對(duì)創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論者進(jìn)行了猛烈抨擊。他揭露了這些人的綱領(lǐng)和手段，對(duì)那些不了解創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論者慣用手法的人來(lái)說(shuō)，其欺騙和歪曲事實(shí)的程度會(huì)讓他們感到氣憤和吃驚。由于他們的基本動(dòng)機(jī)是宗教，人們?cè)具€期待他們會(huì)做出更具基督精神的作為。
金切爾是位哲學(xué)家，這也許能部分說(shuō)明他的立論為何明確而有說(shuō)服力。非專業(yè)人士起碼可以了解支持進(jìn)化論的各種數(shù)據(jù)和觀點(diǎn)。關(guān)于創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論者的后一章對(duì)每個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)都闡述得極為清楚。這部?jī)?yōu)秀作品的護(hù)封上引用了斯蒂芬·杰·古爾德的一句話，“本書賭注是理性”。的確如此——如果理性是創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論和進(jìn)化論之爭(zhēng)的惟一裁判，一切問(wèn)題就已解決了。
Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher ' s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology , geology , and biology have provided a consistent , unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. "Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard "scientific" creationism as bad science and bad religion.
The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.
Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself. "And so it does---and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creation-ism/evolution debate .
17. "Creationism" in the passage refers to__
（A）evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe
（B）a notion of the creation of religion
（C）the scientific explanation of the earth formation
（D）the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe
18. Kitcher's book is intended to __.
（A）recommend the views of the evolutionists
（B）expose the true features of creationists
（C）curse bitterly at this opponents
（D）launch a surprise attack on creationists
19. From the passage we can infer that__
（A）reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate
（B）creationists do not base their argument on reasoning
（C）evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists
（D）creationism is supported by scientific findings
20. This passage appears to be a digest of__
（A）a book review （B）a scientific paper
（C）a magazine feature （D）a newspaper editorial
Unit 3 （1996） Part 5
重點(diǎn)詞匯：
pipeline（管道；流水線）←pipe+line。
cosmology （宇宙學(xué)）即cosmo+logy，cosmo即cosmos“宇宙”，-logy后綴表學(xué)科。
non-fundamentalist（非原教旨主義者）←non-否定前綴+fundamentalist（原教旨主義者）。fundamentalist — anyone who takes the Word of God too seriously 原教旨主義者——任何對(duì)上帝的話太認(rèn)真的人。
motivation?（動(dòng)機(jī)）←motiv（e）+ation。
dust jacket 精裝書的護(hù)封。
digest （v.消化n.摘要）。
難句解析：
① The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.
句子的主干結(jié)構(gòu)是The goal... will be to try to explain...，其中explain后面接的是雙賓語(yǔ)：explain to sb. sth.，這里sth.是that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：there are not...。
all指代上文提到的書籍，要注意origin和evolution是并列的，而universe和life是并列的。而confused和unenlightened也是并列的。
② "Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.
句子的主體結(jié)構(gòu)是... creationism is based... on religion, not science。其中which引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classroom...修飾creationism，在這一定語(yǔ)從句中，whenever引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given。
首先要理解非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的用法，另外，在閱讀中可以先跳過(guò)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，只看句子的主干。
③ In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.
第一句話的主體結(jié)構(gòu)是... he takes off... and gives...，第二句是and連接的兩個(gè)并列句。在第二個(gè)分句中，前面插入了一個(gè)介詞詞組：for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists。其中unfamiliar相當(dāng)于省略了who are的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾those。
第一句話中，作者把寫書比喻成拳擊，因而要抨擊神造說(shuō)/特創(chuàng)論的時(shí)候，用了takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating這樣的句子。第二句中，關(guān)鍵要弄清楚，their programs and tactics，their deception and distortion中的兩個(gè)their指代的都是creationists，而不是指那些對(duì)神造論者的處事方式不熟悉的人。
④ On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does — and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
第一句話中是主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+直接引語(yǔ)。第二句表示對(duì)第一句中的觀點(diǎn)的贊同，破折號(hào)后作進(jìn)一步解釋；其中隱含一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。在正式的文體中，倒裝可以用來(lái)代替if引導(dǎo)的表示假設(shè)的狀語(yǔ)從句。were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate相當(dāng)于if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate。
注意so it does的用法：so+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞，表示對(duì)前面表述的觀點(diǎn)的贊同，注意這一結(jié)構(gòu)與so+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。后者表示“也”的意思，只用在肯定句當(dāng)中。另外應(yīng)注意破折號(hào)后解釋部分中的條件句里時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用：if條件狀語(yǔ)從句中使用過(guò)去時(shí)were，主句中用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)would do，是作出與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。
試題解析：
17. 【正確答案】 [D]
意為：關(guān)于宇宙起源的虛假理論。在本文中，作者將“造物主義理論”（或“創(chuàng)世主義理論”）與進(jìn)化論對(duì)立而論，指出前者的基礎(chǔ)是宗教而不是科學(xué)，而且，幾乎所有的科學(xué)家和大部分非原教旨主義宗教領(lǐng)袖都越來(lái)越將所謂“科學(xué)的”造物主義理論看做既不是好科學(xué)也不是好的宗教。Kitcher的書對(duì)造物主義理論進(jìn)行了深刻的批判。參閱第一段。
A意為：有關(guān)宇宙起源的真正意義上的進(jìn)化論。B意為：宗教創(chuàng)立的思想。C意為：地球形成的科學(xué)解釋。
18. 【正確答案】 [B]
意為：揭露了造物主義理論的真實(shí)面目。第二段指出，他利用合適的機(jī)會(huì)（at appropriate places）對(duì)造物主義理論進(jìn)行了批判。在后三章，他摘掉了手套，將造物主義者狠狠地揍了一頓。他描述了他們的綱領(lǐng)及（騙人）手段，對(duì)那些不了解他們的把戲的人來(lái)說(shuō)，（Kitcher所揭露出的）他們的欺騙程度和歪曲程度會(huì)令人感到吃驚和厭惡?？紤]到他們的基本動(dòng)機(jī)是宗教的，人們也許期望在他們身上看到更多的基督徒行為（但他們欺騙人民、歪曲事實(shí)）。
A意為：推崇進(jìn)化論的觀點(diǎn)。Kitcher的確推崇進(jìn)化論，但從書的章節(jié)安排來(lái)看，本書更著重于對(duì)造物主義的批判。C意為：狠狠地咒罵了他的對(duì)手。D意為：對(duì)造物主義者發(fā)起了突然襲擊。
19. 【正確答案】 [B]
意為：造物主義的論點(diǎn)不是建立在推理之上的。參閱第17題題解。文章后一句指出，它的確代表了理性本身，如果理性是造物主義理論與進(jìn)化論之爭(zhēng)的惟一裁判者，問(wèn)題就容易解決了。本句是一個(gè)虛擬條件句，等于說(shuō)：all would be well if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
A意為：在這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論中，推理起了決定性作用。注意：reason（理性）與reasoning（推理）意思不同。C意為：對(duì)專家以外的人來(lái)說(shuō)，進(jìn)化論太難。第三段第二句指出，不是專家至少也能了解一下支持進(jìn)化論的數(shù)據(jù)的性質(zhì)及其論點(diǎn)。D意為：科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)支持了造物主義理論。
20. 【正確答案】 [A]
本文是一個(gè)書評(píng)摘要。這從第二、三段就可以一目了然。
B意為：科學(xué)論文。C意為：雜志特寫。D意為：報(bào)紙社論。
全文翻譯：
有傳言說(shuō)，有20多本關(guān)于創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論與進(jìn)化論之爭(zhēng)的書即將出版，有幾本已經(jīng)面世了。所有這些書的目的是試圖告訴那些迷糊而且常常是還不開(kāi)通的蕓蕓眾生：就宇宙和生命的起源與發(fā)展問(wèn)題而言，不可能存在兩種都成立的科學(xué)理論。對(duì)于所發(fā)生的一切，宇宙學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、生物學(xué)已經(jīng)提供了一貫的、統(tǒng)一的并且是在不斷完善的解釋。而“科學(xué)”創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論——當(dāng)課堂上講授進(jìn)化論時(shí)，有些人就想爭(zhēng)搶“相同的課時(shí)”來(lái)解釋它——是基于宗教，而非科學(xué)的。實(shí)際上，所有科學(xué)家和大多數(shù)非原教旨主義宗教領(lǐng)袖們都已將“科學(xué)”創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論看做是拙劣的科學(xué)和拙劣的宗教。
金切爾這本書的前四章簡(jiǎn)單地介紹了進(jìn)化論。作者在合適的地方引入了對(duì)創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論者的批評(píng)并提供了后者的回答。在書的后三章，他毫不客氣地對(duì)創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論者進(jìn)行了猛烈抨擊。他揭露了這些人的綱領(lǐng)和手段，對(duì)那些不了解創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論者慣用手法的人來(lái)說(shuō)，其欺騙和歪曲事實(shí)的程度會(huì)讓他們感到氣憤和吃驚。由于他們的基本動(dòng)機(jī)是宗教，人們?cè)具€期待他們會(huì)做出更具基督精神的作為。
金切爾是位哲學(xué)家，這也許能部分說(shuō)明他的立論為何明確而有說(shuō)服力。非專業(yè)人士起碼可以了解支持進(jìn)化論的各種數(shù)據(jù)和觀點(diǎn)。關(guān)于創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論者的后一章對(duì)每個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)都闡述得極為清楚。這部?jī)?yōu)秀作品的護(hù)封上引用了斯蒂芬·杰·古爾德的一句話，“本書賭注是理性”。的確如此——如果理性是創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論和進(jìn)化論之爭(zhēng)的惟一裁判，一切問(wèn)題就已解決了。