范文為教學(xué)中作為模范的文章，也常常用來指寫作的模板。常常用于文秘寫作的參考，也可以作為演講材料編寫前的參考。范文怎么寫才能發(fā)揮它最大的作用呢？下面我給大家整理了一些優(yōu)秀范文，希望能夠幫助到大家，我們一起來看一看吧。
    北京旅游十三陵導(dǎo)游詞篇一
    zhu di, the emperor of yongle in ming dynasty, sent some geomantic warlocksto beijing in 1407 to choose "auspicious soil", which is actually auspiciousland to build a mausoleum. at that time, these people looked for many places,but they were not successful. at first, they chose tujiaying, which was not intheir mouth. however, the emperor's surname was zhu, who had the samepronunciation as pig, and made a taboo. then i chose yangshan mountain in thesouthwest of changping, but there is a village called "langkouyu" behind 't that more dangerous? later i chose yanjiatai in the west of beijing, whichhas the same pronunciation as "yanjia", which is very unlucky. finally, it wasnot until the seventh year of yongle in ming dynasty that the present tianshoumausoleum area was selected. there are mangshan, huyu, longshan and tianshoumountains around it. this is exactly the location of the four gods in the yinyang and five elements, that is, the east green dragon, the west white tiger,the south rosefinch, the north xuanwu, and the wenyu river. it is really ageomantic treasure land. from this we can see how much energy it took for theemperor to build a mausoleum for himself.
    after that, the construction of changling began, and it was finallycompleted after four years. the emperors of ming dynasty built mausoleums hereone after another. moreover, from the construction of changling in 1409 to theend of ming dynasty in 1644, the construction of ming tombs never stopped. inthis area of 40 square kilometers, 13 emperors, 23 queens, many concubines andprinces of the ming dynasty were buried. however, it did not survive the qing soldiers entered the pass, in order to revenge the jin people,they destroyed the ancestral tomb of the qing taizu, so they burned it here.
    later, in the 50th year of qianlong, in order to win over the han people,they ordered to repair the mausoleum area. after the founding of the people'srepublic of china, large-scale development was carried out here, and thechangling, dingling and zhaoling tombs were opened, among which the undergroundpalace of dingling has been excavated. now it has become a key scenic spot inchina, and is the most well preserved tomb group with the largest number ofemperors buried in the world.
    now you may be thinking: isn't there sixteen emperors in the ming dynasty?why are there only thirteen emperors' mausoleums here? in fact, the reason isvery simple. because zhu yuanzhang, the emperor of the ming dynasty, built hiscapital in nanjing, his mausoleum is in nanjing, that is, ming xiaoling; jianwenemperor, the second emperor of ming dynasty, was seized the throne by zhu di,and his remains are unknown, so there is no mausoleum here; at the time ofyingzong, the seventh emperor of ming dynasty, he was once encouraged by wangzhen, a eunuch, to lead the army to fight personally. later, he was captured bythe wasi army at tu tu fort in huailai, hebei province. this event is called"the change of tu". a country can't be without a monarch, so his brother wascanonized as emperor jingtai. later, yingzong's "change of seizing the throne"was staged, so there was no jingtai in the ming tombs emperor's mausoleum, hewas buried in the western suburbs of jinshankou as a prince. in this way,everyone must understand why it is called the ming tombs.
    now you can see this stone archway along the way, which is the symbol ofthe mausoleum area. it was made during the jiajing period. the archway is 5rooms, 6 columns and 11 floors. it is 14 meters high and 28.86 meters wide. itis the largest and most exquisite stone archway preserved in china. the patternsand decorations on it are also cloud dragon patterns, reflecting thecharacteristics of royal architecture.
    dagongmen is the main gate of the mausoleum area, also known as gate is southward and has three holes. inside the gate is the mausoleumarea. on both sides of the gate are inscriptions of "officials waiting todismount here", because at that time, it was stipulated that these people had towalk into the mausoleum area, otherwise they would be punished. moreover, thisis also a forbidden area. it's not a place where ordinary people can enter atwill. the serious problem is that they have to be beheaded. when you enter thisgate, you will enter the shinto that runs through the north and south of themausoleum and directly leads to the gate of changling mausoleum. the shinto ofthe ming dynasty is also the longest in the imperial mausoleum built in fact, its main function is to let the emperor's soul pass through, with atotal length of 7 kilometers.
    as we walk, we can see a stele pavilion in front of us. this pavilion is abuilding with double eaves on the top of xieshan mountain. inside it is a hugetablet carrying a heavy burden. this is the tablet of praising virtue, a spanineskill of changling. it was officially established in 1435. on the front is thetablet of praising virtue written by zhu gaochi, the eldest son of emperoryongle, with more than 3000 words. on the back is the thirty rhymes of ai mingmausoleum written in the 50th year of qianlong, which records the damage of themausoleum in detail. on the east side of the monument is the cost of the qinggovernment to repair the mausoleum, and on the west side is the reason for thecollapse of the ming dynasty in the ninth year of jiaqing.
    after the stele pavilion, we continue to walk along the shinto road. wewill find that there are many stone carvings on both sides of the shinto fact, there are 36 stone carvings here, which are called stone carvings. nextto the pavilion is two stone columns. next, lions, elephants, camels, elephants,kirin and horses. each has four _, arranged in a sequence of lying down andstanding. then there were four military officials, four civil officials and fourmeritorious officials. these buildings were built to reflect the emperor's honorguard before his death and his dignity after his death. so the volume is verylarge and the carving is very fine. and these also symbolize that the emperorcan be respected in his life, and also in his death. all the sacred, civil andmilitary officials should be respected for me.
    further on, you can see a lingxing gate, also known as longfeng gate, whichmeans tianmen. in the middle of the three doors and six pillars, there are threeflame pearls, so it is also called flame archway.
    in fact, we have been marching along the shinto all the time. let's review,first the stone archway, then the grand palace gate. now we are going to enterchangling. stele pavilion, stone elephant life, after the dragon and phoenixgate, there is still a long way to reach the changling mausoleum gate. in fact,the central axis of the whole mausoleum group is the shinto, which runs throughthe north and south of the mausoleum, with a total length of 7 kilometers.
    as for the changling mausoleum, it is the first mausoleum among the mingtombs. it was built in 1409 and completed in 1416. it is the joint tomb ofemperor zhu di and empress xu of yongle, the emperor of the ming dynasty. zhu diwas the fourth son of zhu yuanzhang, the emperor of ming dynasty. when zhuyuanzhang died, zhu di sent troops from beiping to capture nanjing in the nameof jingnan, and won the throne from zhu yunwen, the emperor at that time, andchanged his name to yongle. this event was called the battle of jingnan inhistory.
    zhu di was a great emperor. after he became emperor, he still fought foryears in order to consolidate the rule of ming dynasty, and made a majordecision to move the capital to beijing in 1420. during the ming dynasty underhis rule, the national treasury was abundant and the political situation wasstable. he also ordered people to write yongle dadian, the largest book inchinese history. he sent zheng he to the west seven times and developed friendlyrelations among countries. his wife, empress xu da, the daughter of xu da, thefounder of the ming dynasty, is also a woman with chinese classical beauty. sheonce wrote "neixun" and "quanshan" to cultivate people's minds. she died afterfive years of illness. it is worth mentioning that the first person buried inchangling was not zhu di, but empress xu. changling covers an area of 10hectares. its central axis consists of lingen gate, lingen hall, minglou,baocheng and baoding. there are three entrances to the mausoleum. the firstentrance is from the gate of the mausoleum to the gate of the mausoleum. you cansee a small stele pavilion on both sides of the mausoleum. however, there wereno words on it at that time. now the words are written by emperor shunzhi of theqing dynasty.
    lingen hall is located in the second courtyard of the mausoleum. it wasbuilt in 1412 in the 14th year of yongle of ming dynasty. it is the place wherememorial tablets and sacrificial activities are held. it is nine rooms wide andfive rooms deep. it is a building with double eaves and veranda. there are 60nanmu pillars in the hall, and the diameter of the four pillars in the middle ismore than one meter. it is the best nanmu hall in china. there was originally alarge buddhist niche in lingen hall, but now it is no longer there. instead,there is a sitting statue of emperor yongle made by later generations. you cantake a look around the back of the statue. you can see that there is a dragoncarved on the back of the chair, and the dragon head is facing the head ofemperor wanli, which indicates that the emperor is the real dragon emperor. allaround are exhibitions of unearthed cultural relics.
    behind the middle hall is the back hall. it is the largest hall in theunderground palace. it is 9.5 meters tall, 31 meters long and 9.1 meters ground is paved with polished mottled stones. in the back hall, there is acoffin bed with white stone edge. there is a long square hole in the center, andthe middle is filled with loess, which is the first shovel of loess whenchoosing the tomb. it is called jinjing, which is the basic point of thearchitectural pattern of the whole mausoleum. jade burial refers to placing jadearound and inside the coffin or in the mouth of the dead. the reason for this isthat the ancients believed that jinjing could communicate with yin and yang andexchange life, while jade burial could keep the corpse from rotting. jinjingjade burial was the highest level funeral in ming and qing dynasties. of course,these are the ideals of the ancients, without any scientific basis. on thecoffin bed are the coffins of emperor wanli and two empresses, as well as 26wooden boxes for funerary objects.
    according to the rules of the emperor's mausoleum, the back hall is onlyused to place the emperor's coffins. why do the two empresses' coffins alsoappear here? this phenomenon is not clearly recorded in the historicalmaterials, but according to experts' speculation: in the 48th year of wanli,first empress xiaoduan died, then emperor wanli died in july, and his son zhuchangluo died 29 days after he ascended the throne in the case of hongwan, twoemperors, a queen and empress xiaojing were killed in this short hundred days,and they had to be moved and buried. such a huge task was put on the emperor zhuyouxiao who had just ascended the throne, so the preparations were veryhasty.
    moreover, it was the rainy season at that time, so it was not convenient toopen the queen's side hall, so the coffins of the emperor and queen enteredthrough the main door. but when i got to the underground palace, i found thatthe corridor of the side hall was too narrow for the queen's coffin to enter, soi had to put them into the back hall. now you can understand what the decorationof the coffin in the underground palace is like. well, now please follow me outof the underground palace.
    with the end of the visit to the ming tombs, our trip to the ming tombs iscoming to an end. i believe everyone will sigh for this huge imperial mausoleumgroup. with the continuous development of cultural relics protection in china,the state has invested a lot of money to repair the ming tombs, and this grandimperial mausoleum will be preserved forever. at the same time, i also hope youcan leave a good impression on this place. you are welcome to visit again nexttime.
    北京旅游十三陵導(dǎo)游詞篇二
    dear friends
    hello everyone! with the start of the car, today's tourism activities willofficially start. i'm very glad to have the opportunity to accompany you tovisit the ming tombs.
    the world famous ming tombs are located at the foot of yanshan mountain inchangping district of beijing. in the surrounding area of 40 square kilometers,there are 13 emperors, 23 queens, many concubines, princesses, princesses andother maids buried in the ming dynasty. at this point, some friends who arefamiliar with chinese history may have a question in their heart: there were 16emperors in the ming dynasty, why only 13 of them were buried here? to answerthis question, we need to recall the history of the ming dynasty.
    zhu yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the ming dynasty, built the capitalin today's nanjing and was buried in the "ming xiaoling" in zhongshan, nanjingafter his death. because prince zhu biao died early, he passed the throne to hiseldest grandson zhu yunwen. yongle emperor zhu di won the throne from his nephewzhu yunwen. zhu di sent troops to the south in the name of removing treacherousofficials. jianwen emperor zhu yunwen's whereabouts are unknown in thiscatastrophe. some people say that the palace was burned to death at that say that they became monks. this is still a mystery in the history of theming dynasty, so there is no mausoleum. zhu qiyu, the seventh emperor of theming dynasty, became the emperor because his elder brother yingzong zhu qizhenwas a prisoner in the "civil fortress change" and the palace could not bewithout a master for a day.
    later, yingzong was released. under the planning of his confidants,yingzong carried out a "change of seizing the door", and became emperor zhu qiyu died, yingzong refused to recognize him as an emperor, destroyedthe mausoleum built by zhu qiyu in the ming tombs area, and buried him as a"prince" in jinshankou, western suburb of beijing. in this way, of the 16 mingemperors, two were buried elsewhere, one was missing, and the other 13 wereburied here, so they are collectively referred to as "ming tombs". the mingtombs is a group of mausoleum buildings with the most complete preservation andburial of emperors in the world.
    the ming tombs are built in a beautiful mountain area, about 50 kilometersaway from the capital, covering an area of about 40 square kilometers. the siteof the ming tombs was selected and built according to the principle of geomanticomen, because people in ancient china paid great attention to geomantic omenwhen they were building houses or mausoleums. the emperor is more pretentious,not only to live a luxurious life, but also want to continue to enjoy afterdeath, so the choice of mausoleum is very important.
    when choosing the mausoleum site, it is necessary to choose a good placewith mountains and water, good natural environment and "gas accumulation wind".and the ming tombs is such a good place: the whole mausoleum area is surroundedby mountains in the east, west and north, and there are dragon mountain andtiger mountain in the south, forming a natural gateway, which is in line withthe saying of "left green dragon and right white tiger" in geomantic omen. it islike a huge courtyard in the middle. the wenyu river in the mausoleum areameanders from northwest to southeast, forming the holding water in the mausoleumarea. in the whole mausoleum area, changling is the key, the line betweendagongmen and changling is the central axis, and tianshou mountain is thezhenshan in the north. it is an ideal mausoleum with mountains on its back,water on its surface and wind gathering in gas reservoirs.
    the reason why emperor yongle chose the present tianshou mountain was alsoafter many twists and turns. after the battle of jingnan, zhu di became emperorin nanjing. at that time, he decided to move his capital to beijing in order toconsolidate his political power. in 1407, the fifth year of yongle, zhu di'sempress xu died. at that time, in order to express his determination to move thecapital to beijing, zhu di sent the minister of rites and geomantic warlock liaojunqing to beijing to choose "auspicious soil". it is said that several placeshave been selected.
    the first choice is tujiaying, but because the emperor's surname is zhu,which is the same as "pig", and "tu" means slaughtering, pigs will definitelydie when they enter the slaughterhouse, so it's not appropriate to committaboos. another place is at the foot of the yangshan mountain in the southwestof changping. pigs and sheep instinctively live in harmony, but there is avillage behind the mountain called "langeryu". it's more dangerous to havewolves beside pigs, and it can't be used. later, he chose yanjiatai in the westof beijing, but "yanjia" and "yanjia" are homophonic, which is also unlucky.
    because the death of the ancient emperor, in addition to called "death",also called "yan jia". although the landscape of tanzhe temple is good, it isdeep and narrow in the mountains, which is not conducive to the development offuture generations. later came to today's tianshou mountain. tianshou mountainwas called huangtu mountain at that time. after emperor yongle personallyinspected it, he felt very satisfied. at that time, he made an order todesignate huangtu mountain as his "good soil for ten thousand years". this yearis also the year of his 50th birthday, so he named huangtu mountain "tianshoumountain". from the construction of changling mausoleum in 1409, the seventhyear of yongle, until chongzhen, the last emperor of ming dynasty, was buried insiling mausoleum, the construction of ming tombs lasted for more than 230years.
    the ming tombs have a history of more than 300-500 years since it wasbuilt, and the buildings on the ground have been seriously damaged many times,the most serious of which was during the qing army's entry period. so why didthe qing army destroy the ming tombs on a large scale? because at the end of theming dynasty, nurhachi, the emperor taizu of the qing dynasty, rose in thenortheast, which directly threatened the security of the ming dynasty.
    as a result, some people say that the prosperity of the qing soldiers isrelated to the geomantic omen of their ancestral graves. if their ancestralgraves are destroyed, the qing soldiers can be eliminated. the ancestors ofmanchu are jin people, and the ancestral tomb of jin dynasty is in fangshan,beijing. zhu youxiao, the ming dynasty's apocalypse emperor, believed it. asexpected, he sent people to fangshan to destroy jinling and built a guanditemple in that town. of course, this method could not suppress the qing army. asa result, after the qing army entered the pass, they took the same means ofrevenge and destroyed the ming tombs. during the reign of emperor qianlong ofthe qing dynasty, in order to win over the han people, emperor qianlong onceordered the ming mausoleum to be repaired. however, in the period of therepublic of china [around 1914], local tyrants and evil gentry destroyed theming tombs on a large scale in order to fight for property rights. it was notuntil after the founding of new china that we were able to see the true face oflushan mountain today after constant renovation and landscaping. now the mingtombs have become a famous tourist attraction in china.
    dear friends, the above is the general situation of the ming tombs. thepurpose is to give you a preliminary understanding of the ming tombs. i willintroduce the situation of the scenic spot to you in detail after arriving atthe scenic spot.
    北京旅游十三陵導(dǎo)游詞篇三
    the ming tombs are the tombs of the ming emperors in china. they arelocated in tianshou mountain at the foot of yanshan mountain in changpingdistrict, northwest suburb of beijing. from may, 1409, the seventh year ofyongle, the changling mausoleum was built here to the burial of chongzhen, thelast emperor of ming dynasty, in siling. during the 230 years, 13 emperormausoleums, seven concubines' tombs and one eunuch's tomb were builtsuccessively. thirteen emperors, 23 queens, two princes, more than 30 concubinesand one eunuch were buried.
    in ming dynasty, warlocks thought that it was a place of "fengshui" and"auspicious soil". therefore, it was selected as the "longevity area" for theconstruction of imperial mausoleum in ming dynasty. gu yanwu, a famous scholarin the late ming dynasty and early qing dynasty, once wrote a poem describingthe winning situation here: "the mountains come from the south, and the momentumis like a dragon flying; the east toe is located in lulong, and the west ridgeis in taihang; the rear jiri sits in huanghua (referring to huanghua town), andthe front is facing shenjing; in the middle is wannianzhai, which is calledkangjiazhuang; it can accommodate millions of people, and suddenly opensmingtang." this beautiful natural landscape was regarded as geomantic treasureland by feudal rulers.
    the cemetery was built in 1409-1644, with a history of more than 300-500years. covering an area of 40 square kilometers, the mausoleum is the largestmausoleum complex in china and even in the world, with the largest number ofmausoleums for emperors and empresses. in 20__, the ming tombs were listed inthe world heritage list. according to the evaluation of the world heritagecommittee, the royal mausoleums of the ming and qing dynasties were carefullyselected according to the geomantic theory, and a large number of buildings wereskillfully placed underground. it is the product of human changing nature,embodies the traditional architectural and decorative ideas, and explains theworld outlook and power outlook of feudal china lasting for more than 5000years.
    this article is from zhimeng
    the ming tombs are the general name of the royal tombs of the 13 emperorsafter the ming dynasty moved its capital to beijing. there are changling(chengzu), xianling (renzong), jingling (xuanzong), yuling (yingzong), maoling(xianzong), tailing (xiaozong), kangling (wuzong), yongling (shizong), zhaoling(muzong), dingling (shenzong), qingling (guangzong), deling (xizong) and siling(sizong), so they are called the ming tombs. the ming tombs are the tombs ofthirteen ming emperors.
    the ming dynasty experienced sixteen emperors. why is it called the mingtombs? zhu yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the ming dynasty, built hiscapital in nanjing and was buried in the sun of zhongshan in nanjing after hisdeath, which is called "ming xiaoling". the second emperor zhu yunwen (emperorjianwen) sent troops to nanjing in the name of "jingnan" (relieving theemperor's distress) because of his uncle zhu di. some people say that when amonk became a monk, his whereabouts are unknown (this is a pending case in mingdynasty history), so there is no mausoleum. zhu qiyu, the seventh emperor, wascaptured by wala because of his brother emperor yingzong, and became emperorunder the will of the empress dowager and ministers. later yingzong was putback. under the planning of his confidants, he made a "change of seizing thedoor". yingzong was restored and became emperor again. in the ming tombs (14pieces), zhu qiyu was killed. yingzong refused to recognize him as the emperorand destroyed his mausoleum built in tianshou mountain. as a "king", he wasburied in yuquan mountain in the western suburb of beijing.
    zhimeng content management system
    on the way to the ming tombs, you have to pass the west pass of lly, you will see the bronze statue of li zicheng. it is said that thebronze statue was built in 1994 by famous sculptor zhang zhaoxu. it wasoriginally placed in xiaoyingkou, 10 kilometers away from beijing's deshenggate, where li zicheng marched into beijing. later, in order to build a highway,li zicheng's statue was moved to the west gate of changping and placed at thegate of the ming tombs. li zicheng is a typical tragic figure. he rebelled for18 years and was in power for only 42 days. it will take one or two days toreally ascend the throne of the dashun dynasty. in his body, the most obviousembodiment of the cycle rate of "its prosperity is also vigorous, its death isalso sudden".
    北京旅游十三陵導(dǎo)游詞篇四
    dear friends, now i would like to introduce the dingling ng mausoleum is the only mausoleum with underground palace opened amongthe ming tombs. it is the joint burial mausoleum of the 13th emperor of mingdynasty zhu yijun and his two emperors xiaoduan and xiaojing. it is located infront of dayu mountain of tianshou mountain and was built in 1590 ad.
    zhu yijun's year name is wanli, which means to be emperor for 10000 gh it didn't come true, it also set a record for the ming emperor, thatis, the emperor with the longest reign. emperor wanli succeeded to the throne atthe age of 10 and began to build his own mausoleum and underground palace at theage of 22. the whole project lasted six years and consumed more than 8 milliontaels of silver. during his 48 years in office, he almost ignored thegovernment, and was buried in the harem all day long. he was fond of drinkingand often killed people drunk. after his death, he was buried in dingling.
    emperor wanli had two empresses, empress xiaoduan and empress s xiaojing was only a concubine when she died. according to theregulations of the ming dynasty, empress xiaojing could not enter theunderground palace after her death, so she was buried in other places. after thecrown prince succeeded to the throne, he was granted the title of empressdowager xiaojing. after the death of empress xiaoduan and emperor wanli, empressxiaojing was moved to the underground palace. so there is a emperor and twoempresses buried in the underground palace. the underground palace of dinglingwas opened in 1957, and more than 3000 cultural relics were unearthed, whichcaused a sensation all over the world.
    at present, dingling has become a national key scenic spot, a 4a scenicspot, and tourists from all over the world come to visit it every day.
    the whole cemetery was originally composed of lingmen, lingen men, lingenhall, minglou, baocheng, baoding and the left and right side halls in front ofminglou. after nearly 500 years of life, the original lingen gate and lingenhall have been destroyed, only the base is left. because the ming tower ofdingling is made of stone and is not afraid of fire, it is still well let's take a look at the site of lingen gate and lingen hall.
    ladies and gentlemen, we are now standing at the site of lingen hall ofdingling. now we can see the column foundation of the hall. lingen hall is amain hall for sacrifice. originally, there were tablets for emperors and queensin the hall. the lingen gate and the lingen hall of the dingling mausoleum wereburned when the qing soldiers entered the pass. later, emperor qianlongrenovated the ming tombs in order to attract the han people, but mostly reducedthe scale.
    it is said that qianlong used the method of stealing beams and replacingpillars to transport the original coarse timber of the ming tombs to the westernand eastern tombs of the qing dynasty, and rebuilt the ming tombs with smalltimber. therefore, it is necessary to reduce the regulation. up to now, there isstill a popular saying that "qianlong, unjust, demolished the great tombs andchanged the small ming tombs".
    the first exhibition room mainly displays the relics unearthed from theemperor's coffin, including posthumous treasures, posthumous volumes, goldencrowns, jade belts, gold and silver vessels, silk fabrics, etc. the secondexhibition room mainly displays the cultural relics unearthed from the coffinsof the two queens, including phoenix crowns, headdresses, gemstones and otherdaily necessities used in life. now you can visit it free of charge. pleasedon't take photos or video in the exhibition room. thank you for yourcooperation. we will gather in front of minglou in ten minutes.
    北京旅游十三陵導(dǎo)游詞篇五
    the ming tombs are located at the foot of tianshou mountain in changpingdistrict of beijing. there are 13 ming emperors buried here, so they are calledming tombs. from the seventh year of yongle (1409) to the early year of shunzhiin qing dynasty, the construction of changling was 200 years. the ming tombssystem is completed with a large scale, which is the most complete mausoleumgroup in the world with many emperors buried. in 20__, the ming tombs werelisted in the "century heritage list" by unesco, becoming a must visit place forchinese and foreign tourists to beijing.
    there are sixteen emperors in the ming dynasty. why is there only the mingtombs? that's because there are three emperors in the ming dynasty who are notburied here. one is the founding emperor zhu yuanzhang, the second emperor zhuyunwen, and the other is the king tai emperor zhu qiyu. zhu di, the thirdemperor of the ming dynasty, was the first to build a mausoleum in beijing.
    in july of the fifth year of yongle in the ming dynasty (1407), the empressxu of zhu di, the founder of the ming dynasty, died. zhu di ordered zhao dan,the minister of rites, and liao junqing, a jiangxi warlock, to build a mausoleumin beijing. finally, the area around louziying of kangjiazhuang in changpingdistrict today was selected as the site of the mausoleum and reported to theemperor. after zhu di personally inspected the site, he was very satisfied. henamed the mountain "tianshou mountain" and chose "auspicious day of the yellowroad" to start the construction of the mausoleum.
    from the seventh year of yongle to the second year of xuande (1409-1427),it took 18 years to complete the mausoleum. empress xu was buried first, andthen zhu di himself. zhu di named his mausoleum "changling", which is the "firstmausoleum" of the ming tombs.
    the follow-up decoration of changling is not over. in the jiajing period ofming dynasty, zhu houfu ordered to build the shinto of changling. large stonearchways and stele towers on shinto were built one after another. so it tookmore than 130 years for changling to be built. the shinto of the changlingmausoleum was completed in turn with the mausoleums of the successive emperorsof the ming dynasty, and became the main shinto of the ming tombs.
    after the qing dynasty entered the gatt, it encountered great difficultiesin ruling the country, so the imperial court took many measures to ease thepeople's fierce resistance. for example, the postponement of shaving andchanging clothes, the restoration of imperial examination, the reuse of hanofficials, and the management of ming dynasty mausoleum.
    during the reign of kangxi, every time emperor kangxi visited the south, hewould go to nanjing's xiaoling of ming dynasty to offer sacrifices to zhuyuanzhang. he also went to the right side of the shinto of xiaoling of mingdynasty (the left side was the top in ancient times) to show his respect for zhuyuanzhang, the founding emperor of ming dynasty. during the reign of yongzheng,emperor yongzheng made a wish for his son to become his father, aiming to findthe direct descendants of the ming emperor. when you find it, you'll be theofficial. during the reign of qianlong, emperor qianlong granted the descendantsof the zhu royal family first-class yan'en marquis. in addition, the qinggovernment set up a special envoy, namely eunuch guarding the mausoleum, to beresponsible for specific related matters. the tomb owners are responsible fortaking care of the cemetery buildings and the trees in the cemetery area.
    during the period of the republic of china, the last generation of yan'enmarquis was zhu yuxun. because of his laziness and self-discipline, thegovernment of the republic of china removed him from all his duties related tothe custody of the mausoleum area, and from then on, yan'en hou withdrew fromthe stage of history.
    now the ming tombs, under the protection and repair of the government, haverestored part of the landscape. the whole mausoleum is composed of thirteenmausoleums: chang, xian, jing, yu, mao, tai, kang, yong, zhao, ding, qing, deand si, which are arranged at the foot of tianshou mountain. on the left ismangshan, which is a symbol of green dragon, and on the right is huyu, which isa symbol of white tiger. in front of the mountain, there is a small stream,which forms a pool in the southeast. this is the famous ming tombs are also 23 queens, one imperial concubine, dozens of people who died inthe funeral palace, seven imperial concubine tombs and one eunuch tomb.
    as tourist attractions, four of them are open to the outside world. theyare changling shinto, changling, dingling and zhaoling. i'm going to talk aboutchangling today.
    the owner of changling tomb is zhu di, the third emperor of ming dynastyand the fourth son of zhu yuanzhang, the emperor of ming dynasty. he was born in1360 and died in 1424.
    zhu di's life was full of ups and downs. at the age of 11, he was grantedthe title of king of yan. at the age of 17, he married xu da's eldest daughter,the xu family. at the age of 21, he took office in beiping (that is, beijing)and became the highest chief executive of beiping region, integrating military,political and power. at the age of 40, he fought in the name of "jingnan" andtook nanjing for four years. he won the throne from his nephew zhu yunwen andbecame the third emperor of the ming dynasty.
    zhu di has been in power for 22 years. when he was in power, he wasdiligent in government affairs, concerned about the people and lived a simplelife.
    the most outstanding achievements are as follows: first, he presided overthe compilation of yongle canon; second, he sent zheng he to the western ocean;third, he built four cultural relics and historic sites which are rated as"world cultural heritage" by modern people. (the palace museum, the temple ofheaven, the ming tombs, wudang mountain taoist complex in hubei province).
    of course, zhu di's life has also been seen by today's less glorious example, the establishment of the east chamber secret service, the "jingnancampaign" to usurp the throne, and the "renwu martyrdom" to kill the courtiersin zhu yunwen's period left a bad impression of being violent and murderous.
    zhu di is a "son of the horse". because of martial arts, he gained fame;because of martial arts, he won the throne; because of martial arts, he expandedhis territory. but death, also died in the march. zhu di died in yumuchuan, nowin duolun, inner mongolia, during his fifth personal expedition to mobei. he was65 years old and buried in changling.
    zhu di is another brilliant emperor after the founding emperor zhuyuanzhang of ming dynasty.
    changling, the mausoleum of zhu di, is located on the south side of themain peak of tianshou mountain. it is the largest, longest built and most wellpreserved mausoleum of the ming tombs. the layout features "front and backcircle". "front" refers to a group of three entrance courtyards, and "backcircle" refers to baoding, the tomb of zhu di.
    in front of this three entrance courtyard, the first entrance to thecourtyard is the mausoleum gate, with a single eaves resting on the top of themountain. it is five rooms wide and three doors open in the middle. it is builton the platform. the first thing you can see in the courtyard is a stelepavilion. other buildings were destroyed in the middle of the qing dynasty.
    the second gate to enter the courtyard is juen gate. when you enter juengate, you will see juen hall.
    the li'en hall of changling is covered with yellow glazed tiles, doubleeaves, veranda roof, 95 bay, supported by 60 phoebe pillars and covered with"gold bricks", covering an area of 1938 square meters. such a large hall, butalso are the pillars of phoebe, is rare in the domestic ancient itself is very precious. the 32 gold pillars in the li'en hall ofchangling are up to 12.58 meters in height and about 1 meter in diameter. thefour in the middle are the thickest, with a diameter of 1.124 meters. they can'tclose each other. moreover, the ming dynasty did not leave the standard for theofficial construction of ancient buildings. the juen hall of changling mausoleumhas become a rare object to study the official buildings in the early mingdynasty, but it is the only well preserved juen hall in the ming tombs, which isvery worthy of tourists to visit.
    after li en hall, through the inner red gate, we came to the thirdcourtyard. first of all, you can see the lingxing gate, and then you can see thestone confession case, on which there are stone five confessions. they are:incense burner in the middle, candlesticks on both sides, and incense bottles onboth sides. to the north of shiwugong is minglou.
    minglou is part of houyuan, which refers to zhu di's mausoleum. it iscomposed of minglou, fangcheng, baocheng and baoding (baoshan). if you see sucha ming tower in the ming tombs, it means that an emperor of the ming dynasty isburied behind it.
    the ming tower is built on the square city, with double eaves resting onthe top of the mountain. inside the ming tower is the "shenghao stele". thefirst part of the stele is engraved with "daming" in seal characters, and thebody of the stele is engraved with "the mausoleum of emperor chengzuwen". thepedestal under the body of the tablet is spanided into four layers. the firstlayer is erlongxizhu, followed by baiyun, mountains and sea water. "shenghaostele" is equivalent to the tombstone in front of the mausoleum, indicating thatzhu di was buried inside.
    behind minglou is baocheng baoding. baoding, also known as baoshan, isbuilt by hand rammed earth. baoshan is surrounded by a ring of city walls, 7.3meters high, with crenels on it, and the circumference is 1 km. it is calledbaocheng. below the mountain is the underground palace. but the undergroundpalace of changling was not opened. the only underground palace opened in theming tombs was dingling, the tomb of zhu yijun.
    it turns out that in the early ming dynasty, there was a system ofsacrificial burial after the death of the emperor, which was called the systemof sacrificial burial. originated in the primitive society, slaves were buriedwith a large number of slaves and livestock. after the death of zhu yuanzhang,the emperor of ming dynasty, this brutal system of human sacrifice was carriedout. when zhu yuanzhang died, 38 people were buried; zhu di buried 16 people;zhu gaochi buried 5 people; zhu zhanji buried 10 people. the palace maids orconcubines who were buried with the emperor were granted the title of "chaotianfemale household" by the emperor. it was not until zhuqi town, yingzong of mingdynasty, that the system of martyrdom was abolished.
    yingzong zhuqi town is fatuous and incompetent. after being a prisoner andlosing the throne, he was released by the enemy and returned to beijing. withthe help of eunuchs, he used stratagem to become emperor again. there are twoyears, one is orthodox and the other is tianshun. he was definitely not a goodemperor in the history of ming dynasty, but he abolished the system of humansacrifice, which was a good thing in his lifetime.
    however, it is not known where the maids were buried in the ming tombs, andit still needs to be researched by later generations.
    ok, i'll introduce you to the ming tombs.
    北京旅游十三陵導(dǎo)游詞篇六
    現(xiàn)在大家已經(jīng)來到了北京的遠(yuǎn)郊昌平區(qū)，那即將進(jìn)入的就是十三陵景區(qū)。利用這段時(shí)間，我來給大家講解一下十三陵的歷史背景和說明。
    明朝永樂皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些風(fēng)水術(shù)士到北京選擇“吉壤”，其實(shí)就是吉祥的土地，準(zhǔn)備修建陵寢。當(dāng)時(shí)這些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，開始他們選在了口外的屠家營，可是皇帝姓朱，與豬同音，犯了地諱。然后又選在了昌平西南的羊山腳下，可是后面有個(gè)村子叫“狼口峪”，這樣豈不是更危險(xiǎn)!后來選過京西的“燕家臺(tái)”，有與“宴駕”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永樂七年，才選定了現(xiàn)在的這片天壽山陵區(qū)，在周圍有蟒山，虎峪，龍山和天壽山。這里正符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是東青龍，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，還有溫榆河經(jīng)過這里，真可以說是風(fēng)水寶地。從此可見當(dāng)時(shí)皇帝要為自己修建一個(gè)陵寢要耗費(fèi)多少精力啊。隨后，就開始修建了長陵，經(jīng)過四年終于竣工了。那明朝歷代的皇帝，也陸續(xù)在這里修建了陵寢。而且從1409修建長陵一直到1644年明王朝滅亡，這200多年間，明十三陵的營建工程從來沒有間斷過。在這方圓40平方公里的范圍，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，還有許多的妃子，太子等等。可是這里也沒能夠完整的保留下來，在清兵入關(guān)以后，為了報(bào)復(fù)金人將清太祖的祖墳毀掉，所以就將這里燒了。后來在乾隆五十年的時(shí)候，為了籠絡(luò)漢人，就下令修繕陵區(qū)。在新中國成立以后，對(duì)這里進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模的開發(fā)，并且開放了的長陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宮已經(jīng)被發(fā)掘了?，F(xiàn)在這里已經(jīng)成為了全國重點(diǎn)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群?，F(xiàn)在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六個(gè)皇帝么?怎么在這里只有十三個(gè)皇帝的陵寢?其實(shí)原因很簡單，明太祖朱元璋因?yàn)榻ǘ寄暇?，所以他的陵墓?dāng)然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二個(gè)皇帝建文帝，因?yàn)楸恢扉Z取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以這里就沒有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的時(shí)候，他曾經(jīng)被宦官王振慫恿，率軍親征，后來在河北懷來的土木堡被瓦刺軍俘虜，這個(gè)事件稱為“土木之變”，一國不能無君，所以他的兄弟就被冊(cè)封為景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新奪取皇位的“奪門之變”，所以在十三陵中沒有景泰帝的陵墓，他以親王的禮節(jié)被安葬在西郊的金山口。這樣一來，大家一定都明白了為什么這里叫做十三陵了。
    現(xiàn)在大家沿途看到的這一個(gè)石牌坊，就是陵區(qū)的標(biāo)志，是嘉靖年間制造的。這個(gè)牌坊是5間6柱11樓，高有14米，寬達(dá)到了28.86米，是現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)保存下來最大、最精美的石牌坊，上邊的圖案裝飾也都是云龍圖案，反映了皇家建筑的特點(diǎn)。
    大宮門就是陵墓區(qū)的正門兒，也叫大紅門。門是南向的，分三洞，在這個(gè)門里邊就是陵墓區(qū)。在門兩側(cè)都有刻著“官員人等至此下馬”的下馬碑，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)規(guī)定這些人進(jìn)入陵區(qū)都是要步行，否則可是要治罪的。而且這里也是禁區(qū)，不是一般老百姓可以隨便進(jìn)入的地方，嚴(yán)重的是要被斬首的。而進(jìn)了這個(gè)門兒，也就走進(jìn)了貫穿陵園南北，能夠直接通到長陵陵門的神道，明朝的神道，也是我國歷代修建的帝王陵中神道最長的，其實(shí)他的主要作用就是讓皇帝靈魂通過的地方，全長有7公里。
    我們一邊走著，就可以看到前邊有一個(gè)碑亭。這個(gè)碑亭是重檐歇山頂?shù)慕ㄖ?，里邊有赑屃馱著巨碑，這個(gè)就是長陵的神功頌德碑，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永樂皇帝的長子朱高熾寫的頌德碑文，有3000多字，而背面則是在乾隆五十年撰寫的《哀明陵三十韻》，里邊詳細(xì)記錄了陵墓的破損情況。碑身的東面是清政府修繕陵墓的花費(fèi)，西側(cè)則是在嘉慶九年論述明王朝滅亡的原因。
    再往前走，就可以看到一座欞星門，也叫龍鳳門，取天門之意。在這個(gè)三門六柱的門中央位置上，有三個(gè)火焰寶珠，所以這里也被叫做火焰牌坊。
    我們其實(shí)一直都是沿著神道來前進(jìn)的，來回顧一下，先是石牌坊，然后到了大宮門，現(xiàn)在我們就要已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了長陵了。碑亭，石象生，過了龍鳳門，還有一段路程就可以到達(dá)長陵的陵門了。而我們所說的整個(gè)陵墓群的中軸線其實(shí)也就是這條貫穿陵園南北，全長共7公里的神道。
    說到長陵，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵，始建于1420xx年，在1420xx年全部建成，是明成祖永樂皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四個(gè)兒子，當(dāng)朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖難為名，從北平發(fā)兵攻下南京，并且從當(dāng)時(shí)的皇帝朱允文手中奪得了皇位，改年號(hào)為永樂，這件事歷史上稱之為靖難之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，當(dāng)了皇帝以后仍然為了鞏固明朝的統(tǒng)治而連年征戰(zhàn)，并且在1420xx年做出了遷都北京的重大決定。在他所統(tǒng)治的明朝年間，國庫充實(shí)，政局穩(wěn)定，而且還命人寫作了《永樂大典》這部我國歷史上最大的類書，派鄭和七下西洋，發(fā)展了各國之間友好關(guān)系。而他的賢內(nèi)助徐皇后，也就是明朝開國元?jiǎng)仔爝_(dá)的女兒也是一位有中國古典美的女性，她曾經(jīng)編寫了《內(nèi)訓(xùn)》和《勸善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的時(shí)候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入長陵的第一個(gè)人并不是朱棣，而是徐皇后。長陵共占地10公頃，中軸線由陵恩門，陵恩殿，明樓，寶城和寶頂共同組成。陵墓共有三進(jìn)院，第一進(jìn)院是從陵門道陵恩門，可以看到左右兩側(cè)各有一個(gè)小碑亭，但當(dāng)時(shí)上面都沒有文字，現(xiàn)在的文字是清順治皇帝寫上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二進(jìn)院落中，在1412，明永樂十四年建成，是供奉牌位和舉行祭祀活動(dòng)的地方。它面闊九間，進(jìn)深五間，是重檐廡殿頂?shù)慕ㄖ?，殿?nèi)有60根楠木柱，中間的四根直徑都達(dá)到了一米以上，是國內(nèi)最好的楠木殿。原來陵恩殿中陳列有大佛龕，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永樂皇帝坐像，大家可以繞道坐像的后邊來看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一條龍，而龍頭則正對(duì)著萬歷皇帝的頭部，這象征著皇帝是真龍?zhí)熳?。而四周則是出土文物的展覽。
    咱們從殿后的門一出來，就到達(dá)了第三進(jìn)院落，每座陵墓的標(biāo)志——明樓就在這里。大家可以看到這里也有一個(gè)碑亭，石碑上刻有成祖文皇帝之陵，因?yàn)榛实坌罩欤员硪捕际怯玫闹焐凹t色。
    由于長陵的地宮沒有發(fā)掘，所以我們?cè)陂L陵的游覽就先告一段落。不過大家不用著急，接下來我們將要去的定陵，就可以讓大家參觀到古代皇帝的地下宮殿了。
    定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗萬歷朱翊鈞和孝端、孝靖兩位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊鈞是明朝在位最久的皇帝，他的為人和永樂皇帝朱棣可以說成為了鮮明的對(duì)比。他非常貪婪懶惰，在他九歲即位的時(shí)候，由于有大臣張居正的輔佐，國家發(fā)展的還算比較穩(wěn)定，可是后來張居正病逝，他便利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)為自己選擇了陵地，花費(fèi)了800萬兩白銀，用了六年時(shí)間，建了工程質(zhì)量最好的定陵，而他居然因?yàn)榱陮嬓藿ǖ姆浅M意，而在地宮當(dāng)中舉行了盛大的宴會(huì)，真實(shí)一位讓人苦笑不得的皇帝。而他不僅如此，在他在位的48年當(dāng)中，竟然有20xx年不理朝政，導(dǎo)致國家處于癱瘓狀態(tài)。后人評(píng)論，其實(shí)明朝滅亡的命運(yùn)，在萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞時(shí)就已經(jīng)成為定局了。他有兩位皇后，其實(shí)在開始的時(shí)候孝靖皇后身份低下，可是與他有了一個(gè)男孩，就是后來的“一月天子”朱常洛，母以子貴，她就被封為貴妃。但是她比朱翊鈞早死了九年，并沒有葬在定陵里，直到后來追封她為太皇太后的時(shí)候，才與萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞，孝端皇后共同葬入陵寢。朱翊鈞的另一個(gè)皇后孝端與他沒有孩子，在她去世后不到百日，朱翊鈞也去世了，所以他們是同日葬入定陵的。
    過了碑亭，我們所看到的兩座高石臺(tái)基就是定陵陵恩門和陵恩殿的遺址。這里原來也叫享殿，它是舉行祭祀典禮的地方，當(dāng)時(shí)面闊七間，清兵入關(guān)的時(shí)候曾經(jīng)遭到破壞，到了乾隆年間，對(duì)這里進(jìn)行了修復(fù)，但是后來又遭到了破壞。
    在往前走，我們可以看到一個(gè)陳列室，這里陳列展出的都是定陵的出土文物，是在地宮挖掘之后興建的。展室分為南北兩個(gè)部分，南側(cè)主要陳列地宮出土的萬歷皇帝的隨葬品，北側(cè)則是兩位太后的隨葬品，都非常精美，各位盡可以一飽眼福。
    現(xiàn)在來到了明樓，它也是定陵陵墓的標(biāo)志。明樓為石結(jié)構(gòu)建筑，是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑，始終沒有遭到破壞。在明樓黃色琉璃瓦頂上，鑲有一塊高大的石榜，刻有定陵二字，在明樓內(nèi)的碑額上篆有大名二字，而碑身上則刻有神宗顯皇帝之陵七個(gè)大字。它與寶城相連。寶城是一道用城磚壘起的圓形大墻，墻上有垛口，城墻高7.5米，上厚下薄，周長800米，在它圍繞的中間有一個(gè)人工堆成的大土丘，其實(shí)就是皇陵的墳頭，叫做寶頂。
    咱們現(xiàn)在正從左側(cè)的通道走入地宮。定陵地宮的挖掘工作是從1956年5月開始的，在1958年結(jié)束。最開始，工作人員是發(fā)現(xiàn)了寶城西南側(cè)墻上露出了一處券門，于是就正對(duì)著券門開了第一條探溝，到了底部發(fā)現(xiàn)了用城磚砌成的隧道。在三個(gè)月以后，沿著隧道的方向在明樓西面開了第二條探溝，在這條探溝的挖掘過程中，碰到了刻有“此時(shí)至今剛墻前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑，從而得到了關(guān)于打開地宮的正確方向。工作人員沿著這個(gè)方向，又開了第三條探溝，最終找到了石隧道，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)了金剛墻，打開金剛墻，里邊有一個(gè)方形的石券室，在西側(cè)正中有兩扇漢白玉的石門，從里邊頂著“自來石”，而工作人員只用了鐵絲和木板，不到五分鐘，就將沉睡了337年的定陵地宮打開了。
    地宮深度是27米，總面積達(dá)到了1195平方米，整個(gè)建筑的用料都是磚石，可以說是地下的無梁殿，禮制上是仿明堂的“九重法宮制”，分為前中后左右五個(gè)殿堂由七扇漢白玉門連接，最大的一扇高3.3米，寬1.7米，重達(dá)4噸，看上去很笨重，其實(shí)設(shè)計(jì)非常的合理。石門的重心偏向門軸，所以開關(guān)自如;門扇上橫著設(shè)有防止倒塌的青銅扇管，重量大約是10噸;在門正面雕刻有乳狀門釘和銜環(huán)鋪首，背面與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的地方有一個(gè)凸起的部分，關(guān)門以后，自來石就承托在這里。
    在地宮前殿和左右兩個(gè)配殿中沒有任何的陳設(shè)。而現(xiàn)在到達(dá)的中殿高7.2米，寬6米，地面是金磚鋪地，據(jù)記載，這種磚會(huì)越擦越亮的。殿中陳設(shè)有漢白玉石寶座，它的樣式和皇帝生前寶座是一樣的，在前邊也就是孝靖和孝端皇后的寶座雕有鳳頭，而萬歷皇帝的寶座靠背和扶手都雕有龍頭。原來寶座的陳列是呈品字形的，后來為了方便游人參觀，才改變了陳設(shè)。在三個(gè)寶座之前，設(shè)有祭祀用具黃琉璃五供，包括一個(gè)香爐，兩個(gè)燭臺(tái)，和兩個(gè)香瓶，和嘉靖年間的青花云龍大瓷缸，這個(gè)缸中原來是盛有香油，里邊放有燈芯的，叫做長明燈，但是由于關(guān)門后地宮缺氧，所以這盞燈并沒有長明。
    在中殿后面的就是后殿，它是地宮中最大的一個(gè)殿，高大9.5米，長31米，寬9.1米，地面上鋪設(shè)的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中設(shè)有白石鑲邊的棺床一座，中央有一個(gè)長型方孔，中間填的是黃土，也就是選擇墓穴時(shí)的第一鏟黃土，叫做金井，它是整座陵寢建筑格局的基本點(diǎn)。在棺槨四周和棺槨內(nèi)放有玉石，或者在死者口中含有玉石，稱為玉葬。之所以這樣，是因?yàn)楣湃苏J(rèn)為金井可以溝通陰陽，交流生氣，而玉葬能夠保持尸體不腐爛。金井玉葬在明清兩代是最高等級(jí)的葬禮。當(dāng)然這些都是古人的理想而已，沒有什么科學(xué)根據(jù)。在棺床的上安放有萬歷皇帝和兩位皇后的棺槨，還有裝隨葬品的26個(gè)木箱。
    隨著參觀定陵的活動(dòng)結(jié)束，我們今天的明十三陵之行也將近尾聲了，相信大家一定都為這座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感嘆，隨著我國文物保護(hù)工作的不斷開展，國家投入了大量的資金修繕明十三陵，這座規(guī)模宏大的帝王陵寢也將被永久的保存下去。同時(shí)，我也希望各位游客能對(duì)這里留下美好的印象，歡迎各位下次再來參觀。
    北京旅游十三陵導(dǎo)游詞篇七
    現(xiàn)在大家已經(jīng)來到了北京的遠(yuǎn)郊昌平區(qū)，那即將進(jìn)入的就是十三陵景區(qū)。利用這段時(shí)間，我來給大家講解一下十三陵的歷史背景和說明。
    明朝永樂皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些風(fēng)水術(shù)士到北京選擇“吉壤”，其實(shí)就是吉祥的土地，準(zhǔn)備修建陵寢。當(dāng)時(shí)這些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，開始他們選在了口外的屠家營，可是皇帝姓朱，與豬同音，犯了地諱。然后又選在了昌平西南的羊山腳下，可是后面有個(gè)村子叫“狼口峪”，這樣豈不是更危險(xiǎn)!后來選過京西的“燕家臺(tái)”，有與“宴駕”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永樂七年，才選定了現(xiàn)在的這片天壽山陵區(qū)，在周圍有蟒山，虎峪，龍山和天壽山。這里正符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是東青龍，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，還有溫榆河經(jīng)過這里，真可以說是風(fēng)水寶地。從此可見當(dāng)時(shí)皇帝要為自己修建一個(gè)陵寢要耗費(fèi)多少精力啊。隨后，就開始修建了長陵，經(jīng)過四年終于竣工了。那明朝歷代的皇帝，也陸續(xù)在這里修建了陵寢。而且從1409修建長陵一直到1644年明王朝滅亡，這200多年間，明十三陵的營建工程從來沒有間斷過。在這方圓40平方公里的范圍，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，還有許多的妃子，太子等等?？墒沁@里也沒能夠完整的保留下來，在清兵入關(guān)以后，為了報(bào)復(fù)金人將清太祖的祖墳毀掉，所以就將這里燒了。后來在乾隆五十年的時(shí)候，為了籠絡(luò)漢人，就下令修繕陵區(qū)。在新中國成立以后，對(duì)這里進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模的開發(fā)，并且開放了的長陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宮已經(jīng)被發(fā)掘了?，F(xiàn)在這里已經(jīng)成為了全國重點(diǎn)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。現(xiàn)在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六個(gè)皇帝么?怎么在這里只有十三個(gè)皇帝的陵寢?其實(shí)原因很簡單，明太祖朱元璋因?yàn)榻ǘ寄暇运牧昴巩?dāng)然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二個(gè)皇帝建文帝，因?yàn)楸恢扉Z取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以這里就沒有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的時(shí)候，他曾經(jīng)被宦官王振慫恿，率軍親征，后來在河北懷來的土木堡被瓦刺軍俘虜，這個(gè)事件稱為“土木之變”，一國不能無君，所以他的兄弟就被冊(cè)封為景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新奪取皇位的“奪門之變”，所以在十三陵中沒有景泰帝的陵墓，他以親王的禮節(jié)被安葬在西郊的金山口。這樣一來，大家一定都明白了為什么這里叫做十三陵了。
    現(xiàn)在大家沿途看到的這一個(gè)石牌坊，就是陵區(qū)的標(biāo)志，是嘉靖年間制造的。這個(gè)牌坊是5間6柱11樓，高有14米，寬達(dá)到了28.86米，是現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)保存下來最大、最精美的石牌坊，上邊的圖案裝飾也都是云龍圖案，反映了皇家建筑的特點(diǎn)。
    大宮門就是陵墓區(qū)的正門兒，也叫大紅門。門是南向的，分三洞，在這個(gè)門里邊就是陵墓區(qū)。在門兩側(cè)都有刻著“官員人等至此下馬”的下馬碑，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)規(guī)定這些人進(jìn)入陵區(qū)都是要步行，否則可是要治罪的。而且這里也是禁區(qū)，不是一般老百姓可以隨便進(jìn)入的地方，嚴(yán)重的是要被斬首的。而進(jìn)了這個(gè)門兒，也就走進(jìn)了貫穿陵園南北，能夠直接通到長陵陵門的神道，明朝的神道，也是我國歷代修建的帝王陵中神道最長的，其實(shí)他的主要作用就是讓皇帝靈魂通過的地方，全長有7公里。
    我們一邊走著，就可以看到前邊有一個(gè)碑亭。這個(gè)碑亭是重檐歇山頂?shù)慕ㄖ镞呌汹P屃馱著巨碑，這個(gè)就是長陵的神功頌德碑，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永樂皇帝的長子朱高熾寫的頌德碑文，有3000多字，而背面則是在乾隆五十年撰寫的《哀明陵三十韻》，里邊詳細(xì)記錄了陵墓的破損情況。碑身的東面是清政府修繕陵墓的花費(fèi)，西側(cè)則是在嘉慶九年論述明王朝滅亡的原因。
    過了碑亭，我們繼續(xù)沿著神道行走，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在神路兩側(cè)，都有很多石雕。其實(shí)這里一共有36座石雕，叫做石像生。緊挨著碑亭后邊的是兩根石望柱，接下來就是獅子、獬豸、駱駝、大象、麒麟、馬，各有四匹，按照先臥后立的順序排列。然后是武臣、文臣和勛臣各有四人。修建這些，都是為了體現(xiàn)帝王生前的儀仗和死后的尊嚴(yán)。所以體積都非常大，雕刻的都非常精細(xì)。而且這些也都象征著皇帝在生前可以得到尊崇，到了死后也是同樣得到尊崇。，各方神圣和文武百官還是要為我獨(dú)尊。
    再往前走，就可以看到一座欞星門，也叫龍鳳門，取天門之意。在這個(gè)三門六柱的門中央位置上，有三個(gè)火焰寶珠，所以這里也被叫做火焰牌坊。
    我們其實(shí)一直都是沿著神道來前進(jìn)的，來回顧一下，先是石牌坊，然后到了大宮門，現(xiàn)在我們就要已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了長陵了。碑亭，石象生，過了龍鳳門，還有一段路程就可以到達(dá)長陵的陵門了。而我們所說的整個(gè)陵墓群的中軸線其實(shí)也就是這條貫穿陵園南北，全長共7公里的神道。
    說到長陵，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵，始建于1420xx年，在1420xx年全部建成，是明成祖永樂皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四個(gè)兒子，當(dāng)朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖難為名，從北平發(fā)兵攻下南京，并且從當(dāng)時(shí)的皇帝朱允文手中奪得了皇位，改年號(hào)為永樂，這件事歷史上稱之為靖難之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，當(dāng)了皇帝以后仍然為了鞏固明朝的統(tǒng)治而連年征戰(zhàn)，并且在1420xx年做出了遷都北京的重大決定。在他所統(tǒng)治的明朝年間，國庫充實(shí)，政局穩(wěn)定，而且還命人寫作了《永樂大典》這部我國歷史上最大的類書，派鄭和七下西洋，發(fā)展了各國之間友好關(guān)系。而他的賢內(nèi)助徐皇后，也就是明朝開國元?jiǎng)仔爝_(dá)的女兒也是一位有中國古典美的女性，她曾經(jīng)編寫了《內(nèi)訓(xùn)》和《勸善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的時(shí)候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入長陵的第一個(gè)人并不是朱棣，而是徐皇后。長陵共占地10公頃，中軸線由陵恩門，陵恩殿，明樓，寶城和寶頂共同組成。陵墓共有三進(jìn)院，第一進(jìn)院是從陵門道陵恩門，可以看到左右兩側(cè)各有一個(gè)小碑亭，但當(dāng)時(shí)上面都沒有文字，現(xiàn)在的文字是清順治皇帝寫上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二進(jìn)院落中，在1412，明永樂十四年建成，是供奉牌位和舉行祭祀活動(dòng)的地方。它面闊九間，進(jìn)深五間，是重檐廡殿頂?shù)慕ㄖ?，殿?nèi)有60根楠木柱，中間的四根直徑都達(dá)到了一米以上，是國內(nèi)最好的楠木殿。原來陵恩殿中陳列有大佛龕，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永樂皇帝坐像，大家可以繞道坐像的后邊來看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一條龍，而龍頭則正對(duì)著萬歷皇帝的頭部，這象征著皇帝是真龍?zhí)熳?。而四周則是出土文物的展覽。
    在中殿后面的就是后殿，它是地宮中最大的一個(gè)殿，高大9.5米，長31米，寬9.1米，地面上鋪設(shè)的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中設(shè)有白石鑲邊的棺床一座，中央有一個(gè)長型方孔，中間填的是黃土，也就是選擇墓穴時(shí)的第一鏟黃土，叫做金井，它是整座陵寢建筑格局的基本點(diǎn)。在棺槨四周和棺槨內(nèi)放有玉石，或者在死者口中含有玉石，稱為玉葬。之所以這樣，是因?yàn)楣湃苏J(rèn)為金井可以溝通陰陽，交流生氣，而玉葬能夠保持尸體不腐爛。金井玉葬在明清兩代是最高等級(jí)的葬禮。當(dāng)然這些都是古人的理想而已，沒有什么科學(xué)根據(jù)。在棺床的上安放有萬歷皇帝和兩位皇后的棺槨，還有裝隨葬品的26個(gè)木箱。
    按照皇帝陵寢的規(guī)置，后殿只是安放皇帝棺槨用的，那為什么兩個(gè)皇后的棺槨也出現(xiàn)在這里呢?這個(gè)現(xiàn)象在史料中是沒有明確記載的，可是根據(jù)專家推測：在萬歷四十八年的時(shí)候，先是孝端皇后病逝，接著七月就是萬歷皇帝去世，而他的兒子朱常洛也在即位29天死于紅丸案，在這短短百日之內(nèi)，死了兩位皇帝，一位皇后，還有孝靖皇后還要遷葬，這么巨大的任務(wù)都?jí)涸诹藙倓偧次坏幕实壑煊尚Ｉ砩?，所以?zhǔn)備工作十分的倉促。而且當(dāng)時(shí)正好是雨季，安放皇后的配殿不方便打開，于是皇帝皇后的棺槨就都從正門進(jìn)去了?？墒堑搅说貙m發(fā)現(xiàn)配殿的甬道太窄了，皇后的棺槨進(jìn)不去，所以只好將它們一并放入了后殿當(dāng)中?，F(xiàn)在大家可以明白地宮中棺槨的擺設(shè)呈這樣是怎樣一回事兒了吧。那好，現(xiàn)在就請(qǐng)大家跟隨我走出地宮。
    隨著參觀定陵的活動(dòng)結(jié)束，我們今天的明十三陵之行也將近尾聲了，相信大家一定都為這座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感嘆，隨著我國文物保護(hù)工作的不斷開展，國家投入了大量的資金修繕明十三陵，這座規(guī)模宏大的帝王陵寢也將被永久的保存下去。同時(shí)，我也希望各位游客能對(duì)這里留下美好的印象，歡迎各位下次再來參觀。
    北京旅游十三陵導(dǎo)游詞篇八
    現(xiàn)在大家已經(jīng)來到了北京的遠(yuǎn)郊昌平區(qū)，那即將進(jìn)入的就是十三陵景區(qū)。利用這段時(shí)間，我來給大家講解一下十三陵的歷史背景和說明。
    明朝永樂皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些風(fēng)水術(shù)士到北京選擇“吉壤”，其實(shí)就是吉祥的土地，準(zhǔn)備修建陵寢。當(dāng)時(shí)這些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，開始他們選在了口外的屠家營，可是皇帝姓朱，與豬同音，犯了地諱。然后又選在了昌平西南的羊山腳下，可是后面有個(gè)村子叫“狼口峪”，這樣豈不是更危險(xiǎn)!后來選過京西的“燕家臺(tái)”，有與“宴駕”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永樂七年，才選定了現(xiàn)在的這片天壽山陵區(qū)，在周圍有蟒山，虎峪，龍山和天壽山。這里正符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是東青龍，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，還有溫榆河經(jīng)過這里，真可以說是風(fēng)水寶地。從此可見當(dāng)時(shí)皇帝要為自己修建一個(gè)陵寢要耗費(fèi)多少精力啊。隨后，就開始修建了長陵，經(jīng)過四年終于竣工了。那明朝歷代的皇帝，也陸續(xù)在這里修建了陵寢。而且從1409修建長陵一直到1644年明王朝滅亡，這200多年間，明十三陵的營建工程從來沒有間斷過。在這方圓40平方公里的范圍，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，還有許多的妃子，太子等等?？墒沁@里也沒能夠完整的保留下來，在清兵入關(guān)以后，為了報(bào)復(fù)金人將清太祖的祖墳毀掉，所以就將這里燒了。后來在乾隆五十年的時(shí)候，為了籠絡(luò)漢人，就下令修繕陵區(qū)。在新中國成立以后，對(duì)這里進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模的開發(fā)，并且開放了的長陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宮已經(jīng)被發(fā)掘了。現(xiàn)在這里已經(jīng)成為了全國重點(diǎn)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。現(xiàn)在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六個(gè)皇帝么?怎么在這里只有十三個(gè)皇帝的陵寢?其實(shí)原因很簡單，明太祖朱元璋因?yàn)榻ǘ寄暇运牧昴巩?dāng)然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二個(gè)皇帝建文帝，因?yàn)楸恢扉Z取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以這里就沒有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的時(shí)候，他曾經(jīng)被宦官王振慫恿，率軍親征，后來在河北懷來的土木堡被瓦刺軍俘虜，這個(gè)事件稱為“土木之變”，一國不能無君，所以他的兄弟就被冊(cè)封為景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新奪取皇位的“奪門之變”，所以在十三陵中沒有景泰帝的陵墓，他以親王的禮節(jié)被安葬在西郊的金山口。這樣一來，大家一定都明白了為什么這里叫做十三陵了。
    現(xiàn)在大家沿途看到的這一個(gè)石牌坊，就是陵區(qū)的標(biāo)志，是嘉靖年間制造的。這個(gè)牌坊是5間6柱11樓，高有14米，寬達(dá)到了28.86米，是現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)保存下來最大、最精美的石牌坊，上邊的圖案裝飾也都是云龍圖案，反映了皇家建筑的特點(diǎn)。
    大宮門就是陵墓區(qū)的正門兒，也叫大紅門。門是南向的，分三洞，在這個(gè)門里邊就是陵墓區(qū)。在門兩側(cè)都有刻著“官員人等至此下馬”的下馬碑，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)規(guī)定這些人進(jìn)入陵區(qū)都是要步行，否則可是要治罪的。而且這里也是禁區(qū)，不是一般老百姓可以隨便進(jìn)入的地方，嚴(yán)重的是要被斬首的。而進(jìn)了這個(gè)門兒，也就走進(jìn)了貫穿陵園南北，能夠直接通到長陵陵門的神道，明朝的神道，也是我國歷代修建的帝王陵中神道最長的，其實(shí)他的主要作用就是讓皇帝靈魂通過的地方，全長有7公里。
    我們一邊走著，就可以看到前邊有一個(gè)碑亭。這個(gè)碑亭是重檐歇山頂?shù)慕ㄖ?，里邊有赑屃馱著巨碑，這個(gè)就是長陵的神功頌德碑，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永樂皇帝的長子朱高熾寫的頌德碑文，有3000多字，而背面則是在乾隆五十年撰寫的《哀明陵三十韻》，里邊詳細(xì)記錄了陵墓的破損情況。碑身的東面是清政府修繕陵墓的花費(fèi)，西側(cè)則是在嘉慶九年論述明王朝滅亡的原因。
    再往前走，就可以看到一座欞星門，也叫龍鳳門，取天門之意。在這個(gè)三門六柱的門中央位置上，有三個(gè)火焰寶珠，所以這里也被叫做火焰牌坊。
    我們其實(shí)一直都是沿著神道來前進(jìn)的，來回顧一下，先是石牌坊，然后到了大宮門，現(xiàn)在我們就要已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了長陵了。碑亭，石象生，過了龍鳳門，還有一段路程就可以到達(dá)長陵的陵門了。而我們所說的整個(gè)陵墓群的中軸線其實(shí)也就是這條貫穿陵園南北，全長共7公里的神道。
    說到長陵，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵，始建于1420xx年，在1420xx年全部建成，是明成祖永樂皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四個(gè)兒子，當(dāng)朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖難為名，從北平發(fā)兵攻下南京，并且從當(dāng)時(shí)的皇帝朱允文手中奪得了皇位，改年號(hào)為永樂，這件事歷史上稱之為靖難之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，當(dāng)了皇帝以后仍然為了鞏固明朝的統(tǒng)治而連年征戰(zhàn)，并且在1420xx年做出了遷都北京的重大決定。在他所統(tǒng)治的明朝年間，國庫充實(shí)，政局穩(wěn)定，而且還命人寫作了《永樂大典》這部我國歷史上最大的類書，派鄭和七下西洋，發(fā)展了各國之間友好關(guān)系。而他的賢內(nèi)助徐皇后，也就是明朝開國元?jiǎng)仔爝_(dá)的女兒也是一位有中國古典美的女性，她曾經(jīng)編寫了《內(nèi)訓(xùn)》和《勸善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的時(shí)候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入長陵的第一個(gè)人并不是朱棣，而是徐皇后。長陵共占地10公頃，中軸線由陵恩門，陵恩殿，明樓，寶城和寶頂共同組成。陵墓共有三進(jìn)院，第一進(jìn)院是從陵門道陵恩門，可以看到左右兩側(cè)各有一個(gè)小碑亭，但當(dāng)時(shí)上面都沒有文字，現(xiàn)在的文字是清順治皇帝寫上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二進(jìn)院落中，在1412，明永樂十四年建成，是供奉牌位和舉行祭祀活動(dòng)的地方。它面闊九間，進(jìn)深五間，是重檐廡殿頂?shù)慕ㄖ?，殿?nèi)有60根楠木柱，中間的四根直徑都達(dá)到了一米以上，是國內(nèi)最好的楠木殿。原來陵恩殿中陳列有大佛龕，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永樂皇帝坐像，大家可以繞道坐像的后邊來看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一條龍，而龍頭則正對(duì)著萬歷皇帝的頭部，這象征著皇帝是真龍?zhí)熳印６闹軇t是出土文物的展覽。
    咱們從殿后的門一出來，就到達(dá)了第三進(jìn)院落，每座陵墓的標(biāo)志——明樓就在這里。大家可以看到這里也有一個(gè)碑亭，石碑上刻有成祖文皇帝之陵，因?yàn)榛实坌罩欤员硪捕际怯玫闹焐凹t色。
    由于長陵的地宮沒有發(fā)掘，所以我們?cè)陂L陵的游覽就先告一段落。不過大家不用著急，接下來我們將要去的定陵，就可以讓大家參觀到古代皇帝的地下宮殿了。
    定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗萬歷朱翊鈞和孝端、孝靖兩位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊鈞是明朝在位最久的皇帝，他的為人和永樂皇帝朱棣可以說成為了鮮明的對(duì)比。他非常貪婪懶惰，在他九歲即位的時(shí)候，由于有大臣張居正的輔佐，國家發(fā)展的還算比較穩(wěn)定，可是后來張居正病逝，他便利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)為自己選擇了陵地，花費(fèi)了800萬兩白銀，用了六年時(shí)間，建了工程質(zhì)量最好的定陵，而他居然因?yàn)榱陮嬓藿ǖ姆浅M意，而在地宮當(dāng)中舉行了盛大的宴會(huì)，真實(shí)一位讓人苦笑不得的皇帝。而他不僅如此，在他在位的48年當(dāng)中，竟然有20xx年不理朝政，導(dǎo)致國家處于癱瘓狀態(tài)。后人評(píng)論，其實(shí)明朝滅亡的命運(yùn)，在萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞時(shí)就已經(jīng)成為定局了。他有兩位皇后，其實(shí)在開始的時(shí)候孝靖皇后身份低下，可是與他有了一個(gè)男孩，就是后來的“一月天子”朱常洛，母以子貴，她就被封為貴妃。但是她比朱翊鈞早死了九年，并沒有葬在定陵里，直到后來追封她為太皇太后的時(shí)候，才與萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞，孝端皇后共同葬入陵寢。朱翊鈞的另一個(gè)皇后孝端與他沒有孩子，在她去世后不到百日，朱翊鈞也去世了，所以他們是同日葬入定陵的。
    過了碑亭，我們所看到的兩座高石臺(tái)基就是定陵陵恩門和陵恩殿的遺址。這里原來也叫享殿，它是舉行祭祀典禮的地方，當(dāng)時(shí)面闊七間，清兵入關(guān)的時(shí)候曾經(jīng)遭到破壞，到了乾隆年間，對(duì)這里進(jìn)行了修復(fù)，但是后來又遭到了破壞。
    在往前走，我們可以看到一個(gè)陳列室，這里陳列展出的都是定陵的出土文物，是在地宮挖掘之后興建的。展室分為南北兩個(gè)部分，南側(cè)主要陳列地宮出土的萬歷皇帝的隨葬品，北側(cè)則是兩位太后的隨葬品，都非常精美，各位盡可以一飽眼福。
    現(xiàn)在來到了明樓，它也是定陵陵墓的標(biāo)志。明樓為石結(jié)構(gòu)建筑，是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑，始終沒有遭到破壞。在明樓黃色琉璃瓦頂上，鑲有一塊高大的石榜，刻有定陵二字，在明樓內(nèi)的碑額上篆有大名二字，而碑身上則刻有神宗顯皇帝之陵七個(gè)大字。它與寶城相連。寶城是一道用城磚壘起的圓形大墻，墻上有垛口，城墻高7.5米，上厚下薄，周長800米，在它圍繞的中間有一個(gè)人工堆成的大土丘，其實(shí)就是皇陵的墳頭，叫做寶頂。
    咱們現(xiàn)在正從左側(cè)的通道走入地宮。定陵地宮的挖掘工作是從1956年5月開始的，在1958年結(jié)束。最開始，工作人員是發(fā)現(xiàn)了寶城西南側(cè)墻上露出了一處券門，于是就正對(duì)著券門開了第一條探溝，到了底部發(fā)現(xiàn)了用城磚砌成的隧道。在三個(gè)月以后，沿著隧道的方向在明樓西面開了第二條探溝，在這條探溝的挖掘過程中，碰到了刻有“此時(shí)至今剛墻前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑，從而得到了關(guān)于打開地宮的正確方向。工作人員沿著這個(gè)方向，又開了第三條探溝，最終找到了石隧道，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)了金剛墻，打開金剛墻，里邊有一個(gè)方形的石券室，在西側(cè)正中有兩扇漢白玉的石門，從里邊頂著“自來石”，而工作人員只用了鐵絲和木板，不到五分鐘，就將沉睡了337年的定陵地宮打開了。
    地宮深度是27米，總面積達(dá)到了1195平方米，整個(gè)建筑的用料都是磚石，可以說是地下的無梁殿，禮制上是仿明堂的“九重法宮制”，分為前中后左右五個(gè)殿堂由七扇漢白玉門連接，最大的一扇高3.3米，寬1.7米，重達(dá)4噸，看上去很笨重，其實(shí)設(shè)計(jì)非常的合理。石門的重心偏向門軸，所以開關(guān)自如;門扇上橫著設(shè)有防止倒塌的青銅扇管，重量大約是10噸;在門正面雕刻有乳狀門釘和銜環(huán)鋪首，背面與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的地方有一個(gè)凸起的部分，關(guān)門以后，自來石就承托在這里。
    在地宮前殿和左右兩個(gè)配殿中沒有任何的陳設(shè)。而現(xiàn)在到達(dá)的中殿高7.2米，寬6米，地面是金磚鋪地，據(jù)記載，這種磚會(huì)越擦越亮的。殿中陳設(shè)有漢白玉石寶座，它的樣式和皇帝生前寶座是一樣的，在前邊也就是孝靖和孝端皇后的寶座雕有鳳頭，而萬歷皇帝的寶座靠背和扶手都雕有龍頭。原來寶座的陳列是呈品字形的，后來為了方便游人參觀，才改變了陳設(shè)。在三個(gè)寶座之前，設(shè)有祭祀用具黃琉璃五供，包括一個(gè)香爐，兩個(gè)燭臺(tái)，和兩個(gè)香瓶，和嘉靖年間的青花云龍大瓷缸，這個(gè)缸中原來是盛有香油，里邊放有燈芯的，叫做長明燈，但是由于關(guān)門后地宮缺氧，所以這盞燈并沒有長明。
    在中殿后面的就是后殿，它是地宮中最大的一個(gè)殿，高大9.5米，長31米，寬9.1米，地面上鋪設(shè)的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中設(shè)有白石鑲邊的棺床一座，中央有一個(gè)長型方孔，中間填的是黃土，也就是選擇墓穴時(shí)的第一鏟黃土，叫做金井，它是整座陵寢建筑格局的基本點(diǎn)。在棺槨四周和棺槨內(nèi)放有玉石，或者在死者口中含有玉石，稱為玉葬。之所以這樣，是因?yàn)楣湃苏J(rèn)為金井可以溝通陰陽，交流生氣，而玉葬能夠保持尸體不腐爛。金井玉葬在明清兩代是最高等級(jí)的葬禮。當(dāng)然這些都是古人的理想而已，沒有什么科學(xué)根據(jù)。在棺床的上安放有萬歷皇帝和兩位皇后的棺槨，還有裝隨葬品的26個(gè)木箱。
    隨著參觀定陵的活動(dòng)結(jié)束，我們今天的明十三陵之行也將近尾聲了，相信大家一定都為這座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感嘆，隨著我國文物保護(hù)工作的不斷開展，國家投入了大量的資金修繕明十三陵，這座規(guī)模宏大的帝王陵寢也將被永久的保存下去。同時(shí)，我也希望各位游客能對(duì)這里留下美好的印象，歡迎各位下次再來參觀。
    北京旅游十三陵導(dǎo)游詞篇九
    各位朋友，現(xiàn)在我為大家介紹一下定陵，定陵是十三陵中唯一打開地宮的陵，它是明朝第十三位皇帝朱翊鈞和他的兩位皇孝端和孝靖的合葬陵，位于天壽山的大峪山前，建成于公元1590年。
    朱翊鈞年號(hào)萬歷，意思是要做一萬年的皇帝，雖然沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)，但也創(chuàng)下了明朝皇帝的一項(xiàng)記錄，即在位年數(shù)最長的皇帝。萬歷皇帝10歲繼位，22歲就開始為自己修陵，建地宮。整個(gè)工程歷時(shí)六年，耗銀八百多萬兩。他在位48年，幾乎不理朝政，終日沉緬于后宮，他好飲酒，經(jīng)常酒醉殺人，死后葬在了定陵。
    萬歷皇帝有兩個(gè)皇后，孝端皇后和孝靖皇后。孝靖皇后死時(shí)只是一個(gè)貴妃，按明朝規(guī)定，皇貴妃死后不能入地宮，于是葬在了其它地方。皇太子繼位后，追封孝靖為皇太后。孝端皇后和萬歷皇帝去世后，有將孝靖皇后遷葬到地宮。所以地宮中葬有一帝二后。定陵的地下宮殿于1957年被打開，出土文物3000余件，舉世轟動(dòng)。
    目前，定陵已成為全國重點(diǎn)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)，4a級(jí)景點(diǎn)，每天都有來自世界各地的旅游者前來參觀。
    整個(gè)陵園原來由陵門、陵恩門、陵恩殿、明樓、寶城、寶頂及明樓前的左右配殿組成。歷經(jīng)近520xx年的蒼桑，原來的陵恩門及陵恩殿已毀，僅存基座。由于定陵的明樓為石質(zhì)，不怕火燒、故至今保存完好?，F(xiàn)在我們先來看一看陵恩門及陵恩殿遺址。各位，現(xiàn)在我們所站的位置即為定陵陵恩殿的遺址，現(xiàn)在還可以看到當(dāng)年大殿的柱礎(chǔ)。陵恩殿是用于祭祀的大殿，原來大殿內(nèi)供有皇帝和皇后的牌位。定陵的陵恩門及陵恩殿在清兵入關(guān)時(shí)曾被焚毀，后來乾隆皇帝為了攏絡(luò)漢人，重新修繕十三陵，但大多縮小了規(guī)模。據(jù)說乾隆使用了偷梁換柱的方法，把十三陵原來的粗大木料等運(yùn)往清西陵及清東陵，用小型木料重修十三陵，所以要縮小規(guī)制，至今民間仍流傳著“乾隆爺、心不公、拆大改小十三陵”的說法。
    前面東西兩個(gè)配殿內(nèi)是十三陵出土文物展，第一陳列室主要展出了皇帝棺槨中出土的文物，包括謚寶、謚冊(cè)、金冠、玉帶、金銀器皿、絲織品等。第二陳列室主要展出自兩位皇后的棺槨中出土的文物，隨葬品，包括鳳冠、頭飾、寶石及其它生前使用過的生活用品，現(xiàn)在各位可以免費(fèi)參觀，請(qǐng)不要在展室內(nèi)拍照，攝像，謝謝大家的合作，咱們十分鐘后在明樓前集合。
    (在明樓下)
    各位請(qǐng)看，這就是定陵的明樓，明樓是一個(gè)陵的標(biāo)志性建筑，也是每個(gè)陵的最高建筑，為什么定陵的明樓能保存如此完好呢?剛才我們已經(jīng)說了，這座明樓看起來斗、拱、梁、枋俱全，再加上油漆彩繪象是木結(jié)構(gòu)的，但實(shí)際上完全是石制的，故不怕火燒，不怕日曬雨淋，所以保存相當(dāng)完好。明樓的兩側(cè)連接環(huán)繞著周長800米的圍墻，它叫寶城，在寶城的正中的高大土丘被稱為寶頂，在寶頂下方即是地宮了?，F(xiàn)在，請(qǐng)各位隨我上寶城，我給大家講一講定陵發(fā)掘的經(jīng)過。各位朋友，請(qǐng)到這里來，大家肯定很關(guān)心當(dāng)年發(fā)掘定陵地宮的情況，這得從1955年說起。當(dāng)時(shí)北京市委的幾位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)及我國著名的學(xué)者吳晗、郭沫若、沈雁冰等人聯(lián)合上書國務(wù)院，建議發(fā)掘明陵，以研究明史。經(jīng)周總理的批示后，成立了發(fā)掘委員會(huì)，發(fā)掘隊(duì)長是年僅29歲的趙其昌。發(fā)掘工作于1956年5月正式開始。
    各位請(qǐng)看!發(fā)掘隊(duì)首先從寶城西側(cè)了一條探溝。很遺憾，一無所獲。后來又挖了一條更長，更寬的探溝，當(dāng)挖到7.5米的時(shí)候，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一塊小石碑，上刻“此石至金剛墻前皮十六丈，深三丈五尺”的字樣。發(fā)掘隊(duì)按小石碑提供的線索，在正對(duì)明樓的中軸線上又挖了第三條探溝。于1957年5月在隧道的盡頭發(fā)現(xiàn)了金剛墻。拆開金剛墻進(jìn)入與地宮的過渡的隧道券，當(dāng)然大家興奮極了，一年的汗水和心血終于有了回報(bào)。突然，人們一片沉寂，怎么了?原來呀，在大家面前赫然出現(xiàn)兩扇巨大的堅(jiān)閉的漢白玉石門。每扇石門高有三米三，寬有一米八，有四噸重，門上有青銅門梁，用人力無法推開。更糟的是，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)在石門的背后還有一塊長條小石碑似的“頂門杠”，死死地頂在門后，怎么辦?危難之處總會(huì)有人顯身手。忽然，有人說：“讓我來試試!”大家回頭一看，喲!一個(gè)小伙子從人群中走出來。信不信由你，他只用了一根木條及一些鐵絲，不到5分鐘便打開了大門，真神了!就這樣，這座沉睡了337年的地宮被打開了，那么到底那位年輕人是怎么打開地宮大門的，地宮內(nèi)有什么呢?好!現(xiàn)在我們就去揭開地宮秘密。
    北京旅游十三陵導(dǎo)游詞篇十
    現(xiàn)在大家已經(jīng)來到了北京的遠(yuǎn)郊昌平區(qū)，那即將進(jìn)入的就是十三陵景區(qū)。利用這段時(shí)間，我來給大家講解一下十三陵的歷史背景和說明。
    明朝永樂皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些風(fēng)水術(shù)士到北京選擇“吉壤”，其實(shí)就是吉祥的土地，準(zhǔn)備修建陵寢。當(dāng)時(shí)這些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，開始他們選在了口外的屠家營，可是皇帝姓朱，與豬同音，犯了地諱。然后又選在了昌平西南的羊山腳下，可是后面有個(gè)村子叫“狼口峪”，這樣豈不是更危險(xiǎn)!后來選過京西的“燕家臺(tái)”，有與“宴駕”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永樂七年，才選定了現(xiàn)在的這片天壽山陵區(qū)，在周圍有蟒山，虎峪，龍山和天壽山。這里正符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是東青龍，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，還有溫榆河經(jīng)過這里，真可以說是風(fēng)水寶地。從此可見當(dāng)時(shí)皇帝要為自己修建一個(gè)陵寢要耗費(fèi)多少精力啊。隨后，就開始修建了長陵，經(jīng)過四年終于竣工了。那明朝歷代的皇帝，也陸續(xù)在這里修建了陵寢。而且從1409修建長陵一直到1644年明王朝滅亡，這200多年間，明十三陵的營建工程從來沒有間斷過。在這方圓40平方公里的范圍，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，還有許多的妃子，太子等等?？墒沁@里也沒能夠完整的保留下來，在清兵入關(guān)以后，為了報(bào)復(fù)金人將清太祖的祖墳毀掉，所以就將這里燒了。后來在乾隆五十年的時(shí)候，為了籠絡(luò)漢人，就下令修繕陵區(qū)。在新中國成立以后，對(duì)這里進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模的開發(fā)，并且開放了的長陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宮已經(jīng)被發(fā)掘了?，F(xiàn)在這里已經(jīng)成為了全國重點(diǎn)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群?，F(xiàn)在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六個(gè)皇帝么?怎么在這里只有十三個(gè)皇帝的陵寢?其實(shí)原因很簡單，明太祖朱元璋因?yàn)榻ǘ寄暇?，所以他的陵墓?dāng)然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二個(gè)皇帝建文帝，因?yàn)楸恢扉Z取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以這里就沒有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的時(shí)候，他曾經(jīng)被宦官王振慫恿，率軍親征，后來在河北懷來的土木堡被瓦刺軍俘虜，這個(gè)事件稱為“土木之變”，一國不能無君，所以他的兄弟就被冊(cè)封為景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新奪取皇位的“奪門之變”，所以在十三陵中沒有景泰帝的陵墓，他以親王的禮節(jié)被安葬在西郊的金山口。這樣一來，大家一定都明白了為什么這里叫做十三陵了。
    現(xiàn)在大家沿途看到的這一個(gè)石牌坊，就是陵區(qū)的標(biāo)志，是嘉靖年間制造的。這個(gè)牌坊是5間6柱11樓，高有14米，寬達(dá)到了28.86米，是現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)保存下來最大、最精美的石牌坊，上邊的圖案裝飾也都是云龍圖案，反映了皇家建筑的特點(diǎn)。
    大宮門就是陵墓區(qū)的正門兒，也叫大紅門。門是南向的，分三洞，在這個(gè)門里邊就是陵墓區(qū)。在門兩側(cè)都有刻著“官員人等至此下馬”的下馬碑，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)規(guī)定這些人進(jìn)入陵區(qū)都是要步行，否則可是要治罪的。而且這里也是禁區(qū)，不是一般老百姓可以隨便進(jìn)入的地方，嚴(yán)重的是要被斬首的。而進(jìn)了這個(gè)門兒，也就走進(jìn)了貫穿陵園南北，能夠直接通到長陵陵門的神道，明朝的神道，也是我國歷代修建的帝王陵中神道最長的，其實(shí)他的主要作用就是讓皇帝靈魂通過的地方，全長有7公里。
    我們一邊走著，就可以看到前邊有一個(gè)碑亭。這個(gè)碑亭是重檐歇山頂?shù)慕ㄖ镞呌汹P屃馱著巨碑，這個(gè)就是長陵的神功頌德碑，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永樂皇帝的長子朱高熾寫的頌德碑文，有3000多字，而背面則是在乾隆五十年撰寫的《哀明陵三十韻》，里邊詳細(xì)記錄了陵墓的破損情況。碑身的東面是清政府修繕陵墓的花費(fèi)，西側(cè)則是在嘉慶九年論述明王朝滅亡的原因。
    過了碑亭，我們繼續(xù)沿著神道行走，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在神路兩側(cè)，都有很多石雕。其實(shí)這里一共有36座石雕，叫做石像生。緊挨著碑亭后邊的是兩根石望柱，接下來就是獅子、獬豸、駱駝、大象、麒麟、馬，各有四匹，按照先臥后立的順序排列。然后是武臣、文臣和勛臣各有四人。修建這些，都是為了體現(xiàn)帝王生前的儀仗和死后的尊嚴(yán)。所以體積都非常大，雕刻的都非常精細(xì)。而且這些也都象征著皇帝在生前可以得到尊崇，到了死后也是同樣得到尊崇。，各方神圣和文武百官還是要為我獨(dú)尊。
    再往前走，就可以看到一座欞星門，也叫龍鳳門，取天門之意。在這個(gè)三門六柱的門中央位置上，有三個(gè)火焰寶珠，所以這里也被叫做火焰牌坊。
    我們其實(shí)一直都是沿著神道來前進(jìn)的，來回顧一下，先是石牌坊，然后到了大宮門，現(xiàn)在我們就要已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了長陵了。碑亭，石象生，過了龍鳳門，還有一段路程就可以到達(dá)長陵的陵門了。而我們所說的整個(gè)陵墓群的中軸線其實(shí)也就是這條貫穿陵園南北，全長共7公里的神道。
    說到長陵，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵，始建于1420xx年，在1420xx年全部建成，是明成祖永樂皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四個(gè)兒子，當(dāng)朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖難為名，從北平發(fā)兵攻下南京，并且從當(dāng)時(shí)的皇帝朱允文手中奪得了皇位，改年號(hào)為永樂，這件事歷史上稱之為靖難之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，當(dāng)了皇帝以后仍然為了鞏固明朝的統(tǒng)治而連年征戰(zhàn)，并且在1420xx年做出了遷都北京的重大決定。在他所統(tǒng)治的明朝年間，國庫充實(shí)，政局穩(wěn)定，而且還命人寫作了《永樂大典》這部我國歷史上最大的類書，派鄭和七下西洋，發(fā)展了各國之間友好關(guān)系。而他的賢內(nèi)助徐皇后，也就是明朝開國元?jiǎng)仔爝_(dá)的女兒也是一位有中國古典美的女性，她曾經(jīng)編寫了《內(nèi)訓(xùn)》和《勸善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的時(shí)候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入長陵的第一個(gè)人并不是朱棣，而是徐皇后。長陵共占地10公頃，中軸線由陵恩門，陵恩殿，明樓，寶城和寶頂共同組成。陵墓共有三進(jìn)院，第一進(jìn)院是從陵門道陵恩門，可以看到左右兩側(cè)各有一個(gè)小碑亭，但當(dāng)時(shí)上面都沒有文字，現(xiàn)在的文字是清順治皇帝寫上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二進(jìn)院落中，在1412，明永樂十四年建成，是供奉牌位和舉行祭祀活動(dòng)的地方。它面闊九間，進(jìn)深五間，是重檐廡殿頂?shù)慕ㄖ顑?nèi)有60根楠木柱，中間的四根直徑都達(dá)到了一米以上，是國內(nèi)最好的楠木殿。原來陵恩殿中陳列有大佛龕，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永樂皇帝坐像，大家可以繞道坐像的后邊來看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一條龍，而龍頭則正對(duì)著萬歷皇帝的頭部，這象征著皇帝是真龍?zhí)熳印６闹軇t是出土文物的展覽。
    在中殿后面的就是后殿，它是地宮中最大的一個(gè)殿，高大9.5米，長31米，寬9.1米，地面上鋪設(shè)的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中設(shè)有白石鑲邊的棺床一座，中央有一個(gè)長型方孔，中間填的是黃土，也就是選擇墓穴時(shí)的第一鏟黃土，叫做金井，它是整座陵寢建筑格局的基本點(diǎn)。在棺槨四周和棺槨內(nèi)放有玉石，或者在死者口中含有玉石，稱為玉葬。之所以這樣，是因?yàn)楣湃苏J(rèn)為金井可以溝通陰陽，交流生氣，而玉葬能夠保持尸體不腐爛。金井玉葬在明清兩代是最高等級(jí)的葬禮。當(dāng)然這些都是古人的理想而已，沒有什么科學(xué)根據(jù)。在棺床的上安放有萬歷皇帝和兩位皇后的棺槨，還有裝隨葬品的26個(gè)木箱。
    按照皇帝陵寢的規(guī)置，后殿只是安放皇帝棺槨用的，那為什么兩個(gè)皇后的棺槨也出現(xiàn)在這里呢?這個(gè)現(xiàn)象在史料中是沒有明確記載的，可是根據(jù)專家推測：在萬歷四十八年的時(shí)候，先是孝端皇后病逝，接著七月就是萬歷皇帝去世，而他的兒子朱常洛也在即位29天死于紅丸案，在這短短百日之內(nèi)，死了兩位皇帝，一位皇后，還有孝靖皇后還要遷葬，這么巨大的任務(wù)都?jí)涸诹藙倓偧次坏幕实壑煊尚Ｉ砩?，所以?zhǔn)備工作十分的倉促。而且當(dāng)時(shí)正好是雨季，安放皇后的配殿不方便打開，于是皇帝皇后的棺槨就都從正門進(jìn)去了?？墒堑搅说貙m發(fā)現(xiàn)配殿的甬道太窄了，皇后的棺槨進(jìn)不去，所以只好將它們一并放入了后殿當(dāng)中?，F(xiàn)在大家可以明白地宮中棺槨的擺設(shè)呈這樣是怎樣一回事兒了吧。那好，現(xiàn)在就請(qǐng)大家跟隨我走出地宮。
    隨著參觀定陵的活動(dòng)結(jié)束，我們今天的明十三陵之行也將近尾聲了，相信大家一定都為這座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感嘆，隨著我國文物保護(hù)工作的不斷開展，國家投入了大量的資金修繕明十三陵，這座規(guī)模宏大的帝王陵寢也將被永久的保存下去。同時(shí)，我也希望各位游客能對(duì)這里留下美好的印象，歡迎各位下次再來參觀。