新概念英語作為家喻戶曉的英文學習教材,《新概念英語》在中國經(jīng)久不衰,影響了好幾代學習者。即使以今天的角度來看,這套出版于幾十年前的教材無論是在編排體系,題材和題材,詞匯還是語法上都有出彩之處,值得各個層次的人學習。為您整理了以下內(nèi)容,僅供參考。希望可以幫助到您!如果您想要了解更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容,歡迎關(guān)注!
【篇一】定語從句
1.了解定語從句的構(gòu)成,首先應(yīng)了解一些相關(guān)的基本概念。
a.被修飾的名詞等成分通常叫做先行詞;b.連接先行詞和定語從句的詞為關(guān)系詞。
2.定語從句由關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系限定詞三類關(guān)系詞連接而成,這三種也將在定語從句講解中一一說明。
定語從句講解關(guān)系詞的具體用法
1.關(guān)系代詞 which,who,whom,that 和 as
2.關(guān)系代詞,顧名思義,必有代替對象。上述五個關(guān)系代詞各有其具體指代對象,在從句中作相應(yīng)的成分。此外,它們引導的定語從句和先行詞是形容詞與名詞的修飾關(guān)系。
例句1:
Pumas are large,cat-like animals( that/which are found in America.)
【譯文】美洲獅是體形似貓的大型動物,產(chǎn)于美洲。
【注解】關(guān)系代詞作從句主語,不可省略。
例句2:
The house (that/which we built last year) is very attractive.
【譯文】我們?nèi)ツ杲ㄔ斓姆孔雍苡懭讼矚g。
【注解】關(guān)系代詞作從句賓語,可省略。
例句3:
The novel (with/which most of you are familiar) has been adapted for the screen.
【譯文】你們大多數(shù)都很熟悉的那部小說已被改編搬上了熒屏。
【注解】關(guān)系代詞直接置于介詞后作介詞賓語,此時不可被that替換,也不可省略。
例句4:
He was no longer the reckless young man( that/which he was two years ago).
【譯文】他不再是兩年前那個莽撞的小伙子了。
【注解】關(guān)系代詞作從句表語,可省略;此外,先行詞the young man代表一種狀態(tài),屬物的范疇,不能用who來引導定語從句。
例句5:
Migrant workers(to whom much more attention has been paid) strongly desire that their wages should be duly paid.
【譯文】現(xiàn)在民工受到了社會更大的關(guān)注,他們強烈渴望自己的工資能夠及時發(fā)放。
【注解】關(guān)系代詞直接置于介詞后作介詞賓語,此時不可被who替換,也不可省略。
例句6:
Such accommodations(as they could find) were generally expensive.
【譯文】他們能夠找到的這些住所費用往往比較昂貴。
【注解】之所以選擇關(guān)系代詞as引導定語從句,是因為前面有such之故。
例句7:
Such inns(as there were in the mountains) were generally poor.
【譯文】這些山區(qū)里的酒館條件往往比較糟糕。
【注解】之所以選擇關(guān)系代詞as引導定語從句,是因為前面有such之故。
例句8:
This is the same mosquito(as bit you just now).
【譯文】這只蚊子和剛才咬你的那只是同一種蚊子。
【注解】之所以選擇關(guān)系代詞as引導定語從句,是因為前面有the same之故。
定語從句講解小結(jié):
(1)一般來講,which和that用來替代指物的先行詞,在定語從句中可作主語、賓語或表語 (that不能作介詞后面的賓語);who替代指人的先行詞,在定語從句中作主語或賓語(但不能 作介詞后面的賓語);whom是who的賓格形式,替代指人的先行詞,在定語從句中只能作賓 語;as作為關(guān)系代詞,只能用于一些特殊搭配(such... as/the same... as)。
(2)that既可指物也可指人,但在當代英語中,多指物。
(3)當關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語或表語時,經(jīng)常可省略,但當which,whom 緊跟在介詞后則不可省略。
例如:
Is that the man(with whom you are going to set up a law firm)?
Is that the man(who/whom)(you are going to set up a law firm with)?
(4)只能用that的情形
a.當先行詞為 all,much,anything, something, nothing,everything, little,none 等不定代 詞,或先行詞被all,any,every等不定代詞修飾時,只能用that替代指物的先行詞。
例如:
①That'a all(that I ask for).
【譯文】這就是我要的一切。
②Is there anything(that I can do for you) ?
【譯文】我可以為您效勞嗎?
③Every tearo(that intends to participate in the contest) is to submit a fee of 2000.
【譯文】每一個意欲參加比賽的隊伍都應(yīng)該繳納兩千元的費用。
b.先行詞被形容詞最髙級修飾,或被the only,the first,the last,the next,the very等修飾時,只能用that替代指物的先行詞。
例如:
①He eats the finest food(that is available).
【譯文】他吃的是所提供的最精美的食物。
②The first case of bird flu( that was reported in Thailand) captured the attention of officials with WHO.
【譯文】泰閏報道的第一例禽流感引起了世界衛(wèi)生組織官員們的注意。
③This is the very book(that I have been hunting for a long time).
【譯文】這就是我長期以來一直尋找的那本書。
c.先行詞既包括人,又包括物時。
例如:
①He is always talking brilliantly of the book and author(that interested him)
【譯文】他對那本書及其作者很感興趣,總是興高采烈地談?wù)撝麄儭?BR> ② We were deeply impressed by the school and its teachers (that we had visited there).
【譯文】我們訪問的學校和老師給我們留下了深刻的印象。
(5)只能用which的情形
a.用于介詞之后(可參見A例句3)。
b.用于非限制定語從句中。
以上是對于定語從句講解中關(guān)系代詞的獨立講解,更多的關(guān)于定語從句講解知識將會陸續(xù)更新。
【篇二】限制性定語從句
限制性定語從句對被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用,使該詞的含義更具體,更明確。限制性定語從句不能被省略,否則句意就不完整。
關(guān)系代詞
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它們在從句中作主語或賓語,that在從句中作賓語時常可省略關(guān)系詞,which在從句中作賓語則不能省略。而且,如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞+介詞”的介詞的賓語,注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來的位置
2. which作賓語時,根據(jù)先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關(guān)系,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟
3. 代表物時多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括all, anything, much等,這時的that常被省略
4. who和whom引導的從句用來修飾人,分別作從句中的主語和賓語,whom作賓語時,要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語。
5.限定性定語從句在句中的主要作用是修飾前面的先行詞,并且兩者之間緊密聯(lián)系,無逗號。如出現(xiàn)關(guān)系代詞是that的情況,that是可以省略的。在句中起修飾限定作用,不能不省去。
A.The sports meeting will be held tomorrow when all the things are prepared.
明天所有的事情都準備就緒時,便會舉行運動會。(限定性)
B.We think about the final exam which (that)will become a standard of scores in the semester.
【篇三】時間狀語從句
一、定義
顧名思義,狀語從句就是指句子中的狀語原本是由單詞或短語來充當?shù)?,但當狀語是由句子來充當時,這個充當狀語的句子就叫狀語從句。如:
He left the party at eight.
He left the party when it was eight.第一句中的at eight是時間狀語,是由短語來充當?shù)摹?BR> 第二句中的when it was eight也是時間狀語,但是由句子來充當?shù)?,這個句子就叫(時間)狀語從句。
二、分類
英語里的狀語總共有九種,即:時間、地點、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、比較、方式、讓步。而英語里的狀語從句也因此包括這九種,接下去我們就一一來梳理這九種從句的用法。需要注意的是,狀語從句的學習其實就是有關(guān)連接這些狀語從句的連接副詞的學習。
時間狀語從句
常連接時間狀語從句的連接詞有:
when, while, as;
before, after;
as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...;
till, until;
since;
by, by the time, by the end of。
(一)when、while和as的用法
三者都表示“當...時候”,需要注意的是:
1、當所要描述的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時間是現(xiàn)在時間時
1)when要采用“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則,即:主句謂語動詞采用一般將來時,從句謂語動詞采用一般現(xiàn)在時。如:
When he comes, I will tell him the good news.
需要注意的是,此時的從句謂語動詞雖然采用的是一般現(xiàn)在時,但其實是表將來的。如上句中的he comes,他其實還沒來。
此外,主句也有可能是祈使句或是含有情態(tài)動詞的句子。如:
When he comes, please tell him the good news.
When he comes, you can tell him the good news.
2)as的用法跟when差不多,但其主句謂語動詞也可以使用一般現(xiàn)在時。如:
A sudden chill of horror sweeps over her as she feels the drip of saliva upon her hand. (當她感覺到滴到她雙手上的唾液時,恐怖的寒栗突然遍布了她全身。)
3)while所在的句子主從句的謂語動詞一般都采用現(xiàn)在進行時。如:
While my mother is cooking in the kitchen, my father is working in the garden.
2、當所要描述的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時間是過去時間時
1)when所在的從句謂語動詞一般采用一般過去時,主句謂語動詞采用過去進行時或是一般過去時。如:
When he entered the room, she was playing the piano.
But when I returned the door was open.
需要注意的是,when也有可能表示“正在這時”。如:
I was walking in the park, when a little child bumped into me. (我正在公園里散步,這時一個小孩撞到了我懷里。)
2)as與while的用法差不多,即:as和while所在的句子的謂語動詞一般用過去進行時,而另外一個句子的謂語動詞則采用過去進行時或一般過去時。如:
As/While the royal visitors were passing by, the crowd burst into cheers.
As/While she was reading in the study, he was watching TV in the living room.
(二)before和after的用法
before表示“在...之前”,after表示“在...之后”。使用時要注意要描述的動作或狀態(tài)時基于現(xiàn)在時間還是過去時間。
1、基于現(xiàn)在時間
這時,其用法基本遵循時間狀語從句的“主將從現(xiàn)原則”,即before或after所在的從句謂語動詞采用一般現(xiàn)在時,其主句謂語動詞采用一般將來時。如:
Before the guests come, we will have to clean the house.
After he comes, we will set out for Shanghai.
2、基于過去時間
這時,before所在的從句謂語動詞要采用一般過去時,其主句謂語動詞要采用過去完成時,而after所在的從句謂語動詞要采用過去完成時,其主句謂語動詞要采用一般過去時。如:
Before it began to rain, she had already arrived home.
After she had arrived home, it began to rain.
(三)“一...就...”的表達
英語里常用來表“一...就...”的結(jié)構(gòu)主要有:as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...。、
1、as soon as
as soon as既可以用在現(xiàn)在時間中,也可以用在過去時間中。當用在現(xiàn)在時間中時,遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則;當用在過去時間中時,as soon as所在的從句謂語動詞采用一般過去時,其主句謂語動詞采用一般過去時或過去完成時(如果要強調(diào)主從句謂語動作的連續(xù)性很強,則采用一般過去時)。如:
現(xiàn)在時間:As soon as she comes to the party, we will give her a big surprise.
過去時間:As soon as he got to the station, the train left/had left.
2、hardly...when...和no sooner...than...
這兩個句型都表示“一...就...”,而且用法都差不多,即when和than所在的從句謂語動詞采用一般過去時,其主句謂語動詞采用過去完成時。如:
He had hardly arrived at school when the class began.
He had no sooner arrived at school than the class began.
需要注意的是,hardly有時可以換成scarcely或rarely或barely。
3、特殊表達
英語中用來表達“一...就...”的結(jié)構(gòu)還有:the moment/instant/minute/second...;immediately/instantly/directly...;at/on等。如:
He came directly I called.
The moment she gets off the bus, we will give her a big hug.
On hearing the news, he burst into cries.
(四)till和until
都表示“直到...時候”,兩者一般可以相互替換,但till多用于肯定句,until多用于否定句。如:
She will stay in the office till he comes back.
She won't leave the office until he comes back.
需要注意的是,until常與not搭配使用,而且會用在強調(diào)句中。如:
He didn't arrive until the film had already begun.
It was not until the film had already begun that he arrived.
(五)since
當since用來引導時間狀語從句時,意思是“自從...以來”,其往往被當作是主句謂語動詞要采用完成時的標志性時間狀語。如:
Since he was born, he has lived here for over eighty years.
Since we last met, we haven't seen each other for more than ten years.
(六)by、by the time和by the end of
這組結(jié)構(gòu)都表示“到...時候為止”,其主句謂語動詞一般都要采用完成時。需要注意的是,這些結(jié)構(gòu)后面所接的時間不同,主句謂語動詞就要采用不同的完成時態(tài)。
1、后接將來時間
這時,主句謂語動詞一般要采用將來完成時或?qū)硗瓿蛇M行時。如:
He will have read ten books by next Friday this month.
She will have been learning English for ten years by the end of this term.
They will have already left by the time she comes.
2、后接過去時間
這時,主句謂語動詞一般要采用過去完成時。如:
They had learned English for ten years by last Saturday.
The students had already left the party by the time she arrived.
We had worked on the bridge for two years by the end of last month.