2016年8月20日/21日托?？谡Z(yǔ)超小范圍預(yù)測(cè)
Task1：
1. Your friend unexpectedly received a large amount of money， how would suggest him to spend the money
2. Talk about one great aspect of the educational system of your country
3. Your friend wants to improve his grade，what suggestions would you like to give to him?
4. Your friend is planning to work for a year before entering college. What do you think?
5. Talk about an interesting school activity you recently attend.
6. Describe a person(a family member or friend) who you often like to talk to. Why do you like to talk to this person?
7. Talk about a good period of your life. Why do you like this period?
8. Your friend is planning to keep a pet. What pet do you suggest and what kind of suggestions would you give him about keeping pet?
9. Talk about two cities you've been to. What are the differences between these two cities.
10.Talk about a skill you have and want to improve. How would you like to improve it?
11. Talk about a subject that you don't like to study.
12. If you want to take your foreign friends to travel around your city. Which of the following place will you choose? a factory, an university, a museum.
13. What kind of volunteer work would like to do? teaching kids, taking old people to go for a ride, teaching adults how to read?
14. Talk about a popular type of clothing in your country.
15. What do you think is the biggest challenge for a student in his study? How to solve this problem?
16. Who do you think should take the responsibility of protecting the environment? the government, private organization or individual.
17. If you want to buy something, would you choose to borrow money from others or to earn the money by yourself?
18. Talk about a country or culture you would like to learn more about.
19. Describe a character in a book，film , poem. Explain why you like it.
20. Describe an experience that you worked well with another person. Explain why that experience is important to you. Include reasons and details to support your response.
2016年8月20日/21日托?？谡Z(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)Task2:
1. Agree or disagree: cellphones are necessary for someone to run a successful business
2. Agree or disagree: students should be taught how to use computers when they enter primary school.
3. Some people prefer to buy high-tech products when they first come out, others prefer to wait till the price becomes more accessible. which do you prefer?
4. Agree or disagree: college students should do part-time job.
5. Agree or disagree: it is a good thing to take classes with your best friends.
6. Some people prefer to take classes in big classroom. others prefer to take classes in small classroom. which do you prefer?
7. Some people prefer to watch a sport game from the audience seat, others prefer to be in the sport field and compete with others. Which do you prefer to do?
8. Some people take part in games and sports for fun. others join the games and sports for win. which do you prefer
9. Some people prefer recorded music. Others prefer to listen to live music. Which do you prefer?
10. Agree or disagree: it is more interesting to read fiction books than non-fiction books
11. Some people like to write diaries to record their lives. Others prefer to take photos to record their lives. Which do you prefer?
12. Some people like to buy their own cars. Others prefer to take public transportation. What about you?
13. Agree or disagree: advertisements have great impact on people's choices of what to buy?
14. Agree or disagree: it is a waste of time to take extra classes that are not related to one's major.
15. Agree or disagree: when children are old enough, they should be asked to do some housework.
16. Do you agree or disagree with the statement that young people today are more informed than their parents when they were young?
17. Agree or disagree: it is more important to keep relations with family members than with friends.
18. Agree or disagree：it is important to learn the history about where you live
19. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement： it's a good idea for first year students to join a sport club or any other kind of campus organization.
20. Agree or disagree: students should study in quite places.
2016年8月20日/21日托福口語(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)Task2：
1. Some people like to study/work while listening to the music. Others prefer to study/work in quite places. Which do you prefer?
2. When buying high-tech products, some prefer to buy them when they first come out. Others prefer to buy them later when the price goes down. Which do you prefer?
3. Agree or disagree: cellphones are necessary for someone to run a successful business
4. Some students like to study with others. Others prefer to study by themselves. Which do you prefer?
5. Some people like to watch games as the audience. Others prefer to entering the court and joining in the game as a member. Which do your prefer and why?
6. When learning how to use a new product, some prefer to read instructions/guidelines. Others prefer to figure out how to use it by themselves. Which do you prefer?
7. Some people prefer to live in old houses. Others prefer to live in new and modern places. Which do you prefer?
8. Agree or disagree: It is better to live in a place where the climate stays always the same all year around.
9. Agree or disagree: people today don't have to worry about memorizing dates of important historical events, since the information can be easily found on the internet.
10. Agree or disagree: people should dress themselves following the fashion trend.
11. Some people prefer to dress formally when they work. Others prefer to dress casually. Which do you prefer?
12. Some people prefer to get advice from old people. Others prefer to get advice from their friends. Which do you prefer?
13. Some prefer to do outdoor activities in summer. Others prefer to do outdoor activities in winter. Which do you prefer and why?
14. Some people prefer to sit in the front row when they have classes. Others prefer to sit in the back row. Which do you prefer and why?
15. Agree or disagree: rich people should help the poor people.
16. Some people prefer to finish reading a book in one setting, others prefer to read a few pages each time. Which do you prefer? Explain your answer in details.
17. When studying abroad, some students prefer to live by themselves or with their friends, others prefer to live with a local family. Which do you think is better?
18. Some people prefer to collect old things, others prefer to throw things away after they're done with them. Which do you prefer to do?
19. Do you agree or disagree with the statement that children should start school before the age of 5 or 6?
20. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement, it's a good idea for first year students to join a sport club or any other kinds of campus organizations.
2016年8月20日/21日托?？谡Z(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)Task 3：
No.1
The school plans to close the gym for 2 weeks during the spring break for some minor renovations. The woman in the conversation agrees.
First, the renovations won't cause much inconvenience because few students will stay on campus during the break. Those who do stay usually focus on their study and seldom use the gym. Like when she was staying on campus to finish up a project, she went to the gym once and no one was there. Second, outdoor facilities are still available if students do want to exercise. It is quite warm and actually perfect for outdoor activities.
NO.2
閱讀：學(xué)校說(shuō)下學(xué)期開(kāi)始給新生做的campus tour就不由admin來(lái)做了，讓高年級(jí)學(xué)生自己做
，聽(tīng)力：某女很同意，理由一是admin太忙了，理由二是學(xué)生對(duì)campus有不同的看法，并且這些看法更practical.
NO.3
Passage 一個(gè)letter關(guān)于教學(xué)樓內(nèi)improvement proposal. 一是在每層樓多設(shè) power plug. 二是每層樓設(shè)打印機(jī)。
Conversation:男生同意這個(gè)建議。第一條他說(shuō)現(xiàn)在很多學(xué)生都有l(wèi)aptop. 舉了個(gè)自己的例子，說(shuō)他帶laptop 去上課，但沒(méi)電了，他找不到power plug, 跑了很遠(yuǎn)充電。第二條是學(xué)生有可能在課間完成assignment, 需要打印。
NO.4
jazz band 要在 afternoon 在校園的 lawn 開(kāi) concert ，woman 不滿意 因?yàn)?1. 學(xué)生要學(xué)習(xí)， 會(huì)打擾，evening 更好 2. 很多人聚堆會(huì)踏壞草坪
The jazz band is going to hold free concerts on the lawn on campus in the afternoon.
The woman disagrees with it.
Reason 1: Students study in the afternoon, so concerts will disturb them. It's better to have concerts in the evening.
Reason 2: Too many people standing on the lawn will destroy it.
NO.5
學(xué)校要建個(gè)休息室給不住學(xué)校的學(xué)生用，可以放書，有l(wèi)ocker，放一些bus schedule。男生不同意一：住學(xué)校的同學(xué)也需要，因?yàn)樗奚岷苓h(yuǎn)。圖書館已經(jīng)有l(wèi)ocker，不需要再建。二：沒(méi)必要專門為放bus schedule建休息室，網(wǎng)上電話都可以查。
NO.6
報(bào)紙出通知：新生統(tǒng)一住校，原因有二：一是向?qū)W生提供建立學(xué)習(xí)小組的機(jī)會(huì);二是緩解校園停車場(chǎng)的壓力。
女的不同意：一，.她拿自己舉例，根本沒(méi)有因?yàn)樽⌒６W(xué)習(xí)小組;二，新生住校非但不能緩解停車場(chǎng)的壓力，反而會(huì)因?yàn)楦嗟膶W(xué)生住校帶來(lái)更多的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間霸占車位的現(xiàn)象而造成車位短缺加劇。
NO.7
Reading:
Suggestion: University should allow freshmen to part their cars on campus.
Reason 1: it's easier for them to find a job
Reason 2: they can drive home at weekends
Listening:
The woman disagrees.
Reason 1: freshmen are super busy with their study, it's unnecessary for them to find a job
Reason 2: driving home at weekends will only make them more homesick and make it harder for them to settle in the new environment
NO.8
說(shuō)2種survey
estimation survey(好像是這個(gè)詞)就是估算了,舉例:公司調(diào)查停車位,只要大概了解多少員工就可
B.精確survey(原詞忘記了),舉例:學(xué)校調(diào)查有多少老師教science,就需要精確數(shù)字
2016年8月20日/21日托福口語(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)NO.9
The letter proposes the school should open classes outside the classroom because good scenery will make the students focus and avoid boredom and the school has installed some benches and seats outside.
The student disagrees with the proposal.
First, there are too many distractions outside. Students will be distracted when friends are passing through.
Second, there aren't enough seats available, it's inconvenient for students to take notes if they have to stand there.
0
閱讀：停止爵士合唱團(tuán)，因?yàn)楦信d趣的人少，沒(méi)有必要繼續(xù)了
聽(tīng)力：女人覺(jué)得真不好。
理由一：主要是因?yàn)槠綍r(shí)訓(xùn)得太勤了，導(dǎo)致很多學(xué)生不來(lái)了
理由二：沒(méi)有其他選擇了，很多是經(jīng)典，但不是爵士，女人不喜歡，其他學(xué)生也不喜歡。
1
口語(yǔ)三：學(xué)校報(bào)社計(jì)劃推出一個(gè)pro-peering?project，即，在學(xué)生提交Paper前，報(bào)社人員幫助同學(xué)修改，有利于balabala
女生覺(jué)得 不好， 1)報(bào)社人員也是學(xué)生，不一定給出什么好建議。
2)即使好建議， 也不利于學(xué)生的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展， 還是培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立意識(shí)比較好。
2
閱讀：【公開(kāi)信】：小報(bào)上刊登了來(lái)自一個(gè)學(xué)生的公開(kāi)信. 倡議大學(xué)應(yīng)該to build an electronic board (電子告示板)at student center.
好處: 1. make student get information about coming up events easily rather than acquiring news at different places on campus by posters.
(之前使用貼在校園各處的海報(bào)不一定能讓所有人看見(jiàn)，而這個(gè)電子告示板在固定的位置，學(xué)校的人來(lái)來(lái)往往能看見(jiàn)，信息覆蓋面很大)
2. 學(xué)校也會(huì)更整潔,因?yàn)閴ι蠜](méi)海報(bào)了
聽(tīng)力：【學(xué)生議論】：男學(xué)生覺(jué)得這主意interesting， 女生反對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃.
理由:
It is better to get news from different locations on campus because
1. they are everywhere (more than one place). If they do not go to student center, they will miss the notice. 舉了她在圖書館看到海報(bào),所以didn't miss a show / concert的例子.
電子告示板不一定能夠像預(yù)想的那樣，讓那么多人獲取信息，因?yàn)楹芏嗳瞬辉敢饣〞r(shí)間特意經(jīng)過(guò)電子告示板來(lái)看有什么新的消息。舉例:她自己上周五去了圖書館看到海報(bào)，所以didn't miss a show / concert，如果沒(méi)有去過(guò)就看不到了，所以一個(gè)信息不能只在一個(gè)地方發(fā)布。
2. Even though the new bulletin board was estabilished, students will still do posters because of it is convenient (沒(méi)有人會(huì)提交information, 然后再等它post出來(lái))
question:explain the woman's opinion towards the suggestion and why she holds that opinion.
3
S3閱讀：是說(shuō)學(xué)校決定把每個(gè)班級(jí)的人數(shù)從8人增加到15人。原因是有更多的學(xué)生apply這些課程，但是學(xué)校的faculty有限。
聽(tīng)力;男同學(xué)的意見(jiàn)：
1、增加人數(shù)減少了communication with faculty，降低了小課堂的參與程度
2、既然有更多的學(xué)生，就可以獲得更多的錢，就可以請(qǐng)更多的faculty解決了人力不足的問(wèn)題。簡(jiǎn)言之就是 more students, more money, more faculty
問(wèn)題是：學(xué)校作出了怎樣的決定，男同學(xué)的意見(jiàn)是什么?
4
大學(xué)要建藝術(shù)教學(xué)樓，女生同意，因?yàn)樾聵菍挸髁?，有助于?chuàng)作;對(duì)教授的聲譽(yù)又有好處，因?yàn)樾Ｍ庖粯堑男藿?，?dǎo)致人們紛紛去那個(gè)樓去學(xué)藝術(shù)。
5
Reading: Only qualified students have the right to work at the computer center. There are 3 reasons for this, but they are irrelevant to the speaking part.
Listening:
Man: I don't think it works.
Reason:
1)There should be a minimum grade requirement. How do you decide if a student is qualified enough? The university should offer a computer repair course. (這個(gè)地方我不是很確定)
2)Even when prospective students' pass the minimum grade requirement, they should only be allowed to handle situations that aren't overly complicated.
6
Reading Part:
Nowadays, college newspaper hires students from different majors to write for them articles. In the future, they should only hire journalism students to write. This way they can deal with students who are actually interested in news and have more articles completed.
Listening part: Disagree
1) Students in other majors may also be interested in writing news pieces, so the school should encourage those students to write for college newspaper as well. Take this history major for example. He wants to enter the news industry in the future.
2) Having more articles isn't important. There is no point in having too many articles coming in, because the newspaper may not have the resources and time to deal with editing so much writing. The process of preparing an article is complicated, as it includes the efforts of both the editors and the writers. There is a lot of back and forth between those who write and those who review and edit.
7
Task 3
【學(xué)生寫信】：
學(xué)生寫信建議學(xué)校的劇院演出應(yīng)該向所有人免費(fèi)開(kāi)放。
好處1：當(dāng)?shù)鼐用衲軌虻玫絝ree entrainment;
好處2：觀眾多了演員會(huì)演的更有熱情。
【學(xué)生態(tài)度】：男生贊成此建議。
理由1：nearby沒(méi)有什么theater, 來(lái)回的交通費(fèi)加上演出費(fèi)很貴。開(kāi)放學(xué)校劇院能讓當(dāng)?shù)鼐用癫挥门芎苓h(yuǎn)就能欣賞到professional的演出;
理由2：男生自己作為一個(gè)actor, 覺(jué)得觀眾多可以給他鼓勵(lì)。舉例說(shuō)當(dāng)表演一段幽默戲的時(shí)候，底下只坐了一半人，沒(méi)什么人笑，會(huì)影響表演質(zhì)量。相反，要是人多，反響熱烈，表演也更有勁了。
Question：Explain the man's opinion and why he holds that opinion.
8
閱讀：一個(gè)學(xué)生給的提議，說(shuō)學(xué)校地上垃圾多，張貼畫也臟，多。提議學(xué)生組成volunteer,分組拾垃圾。
聽(tīng)力中兩個(gè)學(xué)生討論，一個(gè)女生就不同意，她說(shuō)：臟要看情況，我們學(xué)校這么大，人這么多。剛掃干凈，又會(huì)有垃圾，張貼畫，你撕了人家再貼，也是一樣的，而且學(xué)生到學(xué)校是學(xué)習(xí)的，不是做志愿者的。真要干凈校園，學(xué)校要雇人，花錢叫專人來(lái)干。
2016年8月20日/21日托?？谡Z(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)Task 4：
No.1
Recruitment: Insects release signals to inform other insects to come and cooperate. For example, there is a type of ant called the fire ant that live in nests in South America. Some ants have a special job which is to leave the nests to find food. When one ant finds a piece of fruit too big for it to carry back, it will walk back to recruit more ants while releasing a chemical that forms a trail on the way. When it arrives, other ants can then follow the trail and find the fruit and then carry it back together.
NO.2
Definition: Environment impact assessment, ""The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project."
Example: The professor gives an example of a construction company. The company was going to build a shopping center on a large land. Before the construction, they did a study and found the land was wetland. Their original plan was to fill solid soil into this land. But the environment impact assessment said that the wetland was very important for the environment. It could prevent flooding because it could hold water. So they decided not to fill the land and cancel this plan. Alternatively, they moved to another piece of land.
NO.3
閱讀部分講到實(shí)驗(yàn)考古學(xué)，研究人員運(yùn)用古人的技術(shù)和工具來(lái)實(shí)踐。聽(tīng)力部分講了個(gè)例子，說(shuō)有一塊大陸和一個(gè)島，這個(gè)島上的人早是不是從這個(gè)大陸來(lái)的呢?大陸上的人有木有這個(gè)能力到島上去。于是研究人員就用當(dāng)年的技術(shù)、木頭和繩索造了個(gè)木木筏，然后坐這個(gè)木筏穿過(guò)這片海洋，證明大陸上的人是有能力去島上的，所以很可能是島上的人的來(lái)源。
NO.4
Task4:
priming：人們?cè)缦鹊慕?jīng)歷會(huì)影響他們對(duì)事物的interpret
例子：如果一個(gè)男生，上車并且打開(kāi)notebook 然后寫東西：
一個(gè)女人早上遇到大學(xué)同學(xué)，就回想起大學(xué)生活。所以她認(rèn)為這個(gè)男生是學(xué)生并且在work for classes 或work for due paper
一個(gè)女人剛剛讀完詩(shī)歌，所以她認(rèn)為男生是詩(shī)人。
NO.5
Task 4:
anticipated emotion。人們采取行動(dòng)之前會(huì)對(duì)自己做了這個(gè)事情之后會(huì)有一個(gè)怎樣的心情有一個(gè)估測(cè)，然后根據(jù)這個(gè)估測(cè)決定自己是不是要做那件事。lecture 里，教授舉例子說(shuō)有去給妹妹買生日禮物，發(fā)現(xiàn)一件很想買的 jacket，但是買了 jacket 之后就只能給妹妹買很便宜的小禮物，于是他就想如果真的買了 jacket 的話他肯定會(huì)很愧疚，所以后決定還是不買了
Anticipated emotion: Before doing something, people will anticipate the kind of emotion they might have after doing it, and therefore decide whether they will do it or not based on the emotion.
Example: The professor went to buy his sister a birthday present, but saw a jacket he really wanted. If he bought the jacket, he would have to buy a cheaper present for his sister. Then thought about how he would feel if he had bought the jacket and thought he would feel guilty, so he decided not to buy the jacket.
NO.6
Task 4
Marketing
Reading material：廣告常用的訴求策略就是affiliation：a sense of being member of certain group.就是群體歸屬感。經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)為兩種方式：做對(duì)的事，成為群體一員;做錯(cuò)的事，被群體拋棄。
Listening material：廣告商經(jīng)常采取的營(yíng)銷策略，就是品牌歸屬感訴求。舉某種蘇打水Suda為例。
要么是一群男女，燈紅酒綠，都喝同一種品牌的Suda水，這意味著，喝這種品牌，就能享受共同的happy;
要么是一個(gè)人boy在酒吧里，燈紅酒綠，他開(kāi)了一瓶Suda，但很不幸是錯(cuò)的品牌brand，突然間全場(chǎng)安靜，朋友moving away,就是因?yàn)樗_(kāi)了錯(cuò)的Suda，就被群體孤立。
問(wèn)題：描述affiliation，及教授的內(nèi)容。
答案：The Reading material gave the definition of affiliation, that is……It manifests in two ways:…
In the listening material, the professor keeps on talk about it by introducing two examples:…
NO.7
報(bào)dormancy這一概念，閱讀材料講到冬眠的涵義：幫助渡過(guò)惡劣環(huán)境;降低自身生理能耗。
聽(tīng)力材料里professor講述了一個(gè)肺魚的例子：在河水干涸之后魚就躲在河床上之前就打好的洞里，這樣一方面可以隔熱、保濕，另一方面可以降低呼吸、心跳頻率。
NO.8
口四：報(bào)dormancy這一概念，閱讀材料講到冬眠的涵義：幫助渡過(guò)惡劣環(huán)境;降低自身生理能耗。
聽(tīng)力材料里professor講述了一個(gè)肺魚的例子：在河水干涸之后魚就躲在河床上之前就打好的洞里，這樣一方面可以隔熱、保濕，另一方面可以降低呼吸、心跳頻率。
NO.9
Reading part:
【名詞解釋】：
backward framing事后重塑
消費(fèi)者嘗試一種新產(chǎn)品后會(huì)做出評(píng)價(jià)，如果不喜歡，可以通過(guò)廣告改變其記憶，使記憶趨向積極的一面。
Listening part:
【教授舉例】：
Professor舉例說(shuō)，他們提供了coffee sample給一組愿意接受市場(chǎng)調(diào)查的人喝，在他們不知情的狀況下加了鹽和醋，喝起來(lái)味道會(huì)怪怪的。喝完coffee后，給他們看了一組廣告，廣告里人們坐在一起喝咖啡，很happy并且還面帶微笑。因?yàn)榭戳藦V告，所有人都還是跟廣告里面的人一樣評(píng)價(jià)說(shuō)這咖啡很棒。
Question：用聽(tīng)力的例子來(lái)解釋對(duì)這個(gè)概念的理解。
0
natural consequence 閱讀講的小孩做錯(cuò)事，大人口語(yǔ)不用懲罰，由著做錯(cuò)事的結(jié)果來(lái)懲罰孩子。 聽(tīng)力，教授給了個(gè)例子，教授5歲的女兒經(jīng)常把玩具放在后院，平常教授都幫女兒收拾。 一天女兒還是把玩具放在后院，教授沒(méi)有幫收拾，那天晚上下雨，把她的玩具損壞了，女兒在這件事后認(rèn)識(shí)到自己的錯(cuò)，以后再也不幫玩具放后院
1
4.大學(xué)旁邊住房問(wèn)題,rent等,聽(tīng)力里的woman完全不同意,大概說(shuō)了3個(gè)原因(我是說(shuō)了3個(gè)).1.貼廣告不一定能和需要系的人2.rent相比其他學(xué)校已經(jīng)很低3.一些學(xué)生喜歡在summer住在學(xué)校附近(這個(gè)跟新policy怎么聯(lián)系上的,忘記了) 問(wèn)題就是summary reasons.
2
4. Reading part: Priority Effects
environment before the other species come and avoid them to utilize the habitat.
Listening part:
alter the
Priority effects occur when a species that arrives first at a site impacts a species that arrives
later by reducing the availability of space or resources. The species coming first may
There's a kind of small ants(文中始終未給出該螞蟻名稱), when they first arrive a new habitat, say an "askentia(音) tree", their unique habit is to eat part of the tree which produces nectar, because they don't rely on it. They are altering the environment before any other species come.
There is a kind of bigger ants, they're more aggressive and can easily occupy the trees as they want, and can force the smaller ants to leave. However, they rely on the nectar produced by "askentia" tree very much. So the smaller ants stop the tree producing nectar to avoid the bigger ants to take up the tree, so that they can stay living there.
How does the example in the listening part explain the concept of priority effects?
3
閱讀：【課文要點(diǎn)】： Negative Ideation: a method used by people to resist desires by adding something negative. 就是說(shuō)通過(guò)聯(lián)系不好的情況來(lái)resist壞東西,幫人解決壞習(xí)慣.Brood parasites(孵育寄生動(dòng)物): animals that use a unconventional tactic to let other animals hatch their offspring for them.
就是說(shuō)通過(guò)聯(lián)系不好的情況來(lái)resist壞東西，幫人解決壞習(xí)慣。即 make negative associations with the thing, 這樣就可以讓這個(gè)東西變得less appealing and more resistible。教授用一個(gè)自己的例子解釋。
聽(tīng)力：【教授舉例】： 教授舉的他自己戒除巧克力的例子. 教授很喜歡loves chocolate bar because it is tasty, 但吃太多不好. But chocolate is not good. So he used the method of negative ideation to refuse chocolate. 后來(lái)Whenever he wanted to buy chocolate bar he would think it is associate with mud which is the mixture of dirt and water, 來(lái)reduce the temptation, 就戒了he stopped buying.
教授舉例他以前很喜歡吃巧克力，但是過(guò)高的糖分讓他過(guò)于肥胖。為了戒掉巧克力，讓自己更健康，他采取了這種technique，他把巧克力切成小碎末然后拍了一張照片。他想象巧克力是mud做的，這樣逐漸他就覺(jué)得巧克力很惡心，后來(lái)就戒掉了。
question:用聽(tīng)力的例子解釋對(duì)negative ideation的理解
4
閱讀：動(dòng)物有固定的patterns of behavior
聽(tīng)力：1、一種小魚：male fish會(huì)do attack dance to the finish entering its territory 而且是有red mark的，如果沒(méi)有red mark就不會(huì)
2、goose：female鵝生過(guò)蛋后會(huì)move its head back and forth，但是當(dāng)它的egg被moved away 以后，它仍然這樣
問(wèn)題是：講一講什么是動(dòng)物的這種慣性行為(文中用了縮寫，好象是AFS 還是FAS記不清了)，然后講講lecture中間的例子如何證明的。
5
廣告應(yīng)該忠實(shí)于產(chǎn)品的功能，但是現(xiàn)在的廣告為了達(dá)到吸引顧客的目的，紛紛引用名人說(shuō)的話，這樣可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)消費(fèi)者(quote out of context)。聽(tīng)力的例子是電影，電影開(kāi)場(chǎng)前，打的廣告是引用名人的話，但是電影播放后結(jié)果確實(shí)是很不好。
6
Task4:
文章：一個(gè)proposal, 建議學(xué)校拿出一部分activity budget給學(xué)生參加 academic conferences.
男生：覺(jué)得這個(gè)建議不好，有兩點(diǎn)原因：1) 活動(dòng)經(jīng)費(fèi)應(yīng)該就給那些原來(lái)intended for的活動(dòng)，比如cultural activities, extracurricular activities, for example, concerts. 2) 學(xué)校其他的academic departments 已經(jīng)有給學(xué)生參加學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議的經(jīng)費(fèi)預(yù)算，學(xué)生只要申請(qǐng)，教授會(huì)決定是否給錢讓學(xué)生去開(kāi)會(huì)。
要求：summarize proposal, 然后說(shuō)男生的評(píng)價(jià)
7
閱讀：內(nèi)在原因，當(dāng)人們找事情原因時(shí)，找自己的原因叫內(nèi)在原因。它可能會(huì)讓人失去自信，也可以自我鼓勵(lì)更加努力。
聽(tīng)力：教授舉例：自己在汽車公司管理銷售，第一個(gè)星期很落后，跟不上進(jìn)度，找自己的原因，覺(jué)得是自己的效率不高，不夠有條理，所以改進(jìn)的方法，后提高了效率。
8
TASK4
閱讀解釋概念：internal attribute: 將事物發(fā)生的原因歸結(jié)自己的內(nèi)在問(wèn)題，而不是外界因素。
聽(tīng)力教授舉自己的例子解釋這個(gè)概念。具體為：該教授青少年時(shí)期在一家公司工作，負(fù)責(zé)整理文件。他遇到困難總是不能及時(shí)完成工作。該教授沒(méi)有抱怨老板也沒(méi)有抱怨工作太多而是想辦法提高自己的能力。后教授提高自己的能力，能按時(shí)完成工作，變得非常擅長(zhǎng)自己的工作。
2016年8月20日/21日托?？谡Z(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)Task 5：
No.1
The woman is working as a teaching assistant for a professor and she's supposed to grade like 40 exam sheets which is due the next day. But she forgot that she's got other work to do tonight. The first solution is to talk to her professor to reschedule the job. The second solution is to stay up late for both tasks.
No.2
某女打翻了東西在她馬上要交的paper上，課15分鐘就要開(kāi)始了，她自己給了2種選擇，一是還是交，給老師解釋一下，二是跑去重新打印一份，后來(lái)她選擇了后者，但是上課遲到了，還被老師給說(shuō)了,然后要我們給一個(gè)solution,再給理由
NO.3
女生的室友轉(zhuǎn)校搬走了，她一個(gè)人付不起房租。有兩個(gè)辦法：第一是去打工，但她這學(xué)期非常忙還有論文要寫，怕影響學(xué)習(xí)。第二是再找個(gè)人合租，但是房子比較小，她和之前的室友是因?yàn)闀r(shí)間安排正好能錯(cuò)開(kāi)，才能成功合租的，她怕找不到合適的人合租。
NO.4
對(duì)話。
女生：遇到麻煩了。校報(bào)一個(gè)寫movie review的家伙叫Jack(聽(tīng)個(gè)大概，音)要回家去，這期不能寫專欄了，我很頭痛。
男生：你找別人寫一篇唄，現(xiàn)在好寫手很多。
女生：我怕觀眾不認(rèn)同，會(huì)unsatisfied.
Jack 的專欄已經(jīng)有些年頭了，大家都熟悉了
男生：要不，你就找一篇他的舊文章貼上去，關(guān)于movie啊，DVD啊，music啊。。
女生：舊文章。。。。這個(gè)。。。那就不是新的movie review 了呀。
男生：舊文章也挺好，正好幫助那些周末打算租碟的人選擇;也是他自己的風(fēng)格，不用害怕別人拍磚。。。
女生：這個(gè)。。。我再想想。
注意：這個(gè)是我復(fù)述出來(lái)的，簡(jiǎn)單，原文的信息很雜，而且啰唆。
NO.5
S5
修路啦，女的開(kāi)車上學(xué)不方便了。要不就坐火車吧，能在車上學(xué)習(xí)，還是花很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。要不就住學(xué)校邊上吧，要花錢的啊。咋辦?
NO.6
男的要去旅游但是數(shù)碼相機(jī)丟了。S1：買個(gè)新的，但貴，買了后旅游用的錢就少了，不過(guò)以后能用的到;S2:借朋友Jack的，但怕弄壞或丟了。
Problem: The man is going on a trip but he lost his camera.
Solution 1: He can buy a new camera. It will be good for future use, too, but it's expensive and he will have less money for the trip.
Solution 2: He can borrow Jack's camera, but he's worried he might break it or lose it.
NO.7
問(wèn)題：audition 和 concert同晚
1 go to the first part of the concert and go to the audition
評(píng)論：花了很多錢買門票，但是會(huì)準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)
2 go to ad. at another day
評(píng)論：另外的ad只選小部分演員
NO.8
Problem: The band that's supposed to come to perform in the university got a scheduling problem and now they can't come.
Solution 1: Hire another band
Pro: The show will still be on time
Con: The students may not like the new band
Solution 2: Hire the old band and postpone the performance
Pro:/
Con: People will be busy with the finals next week, it's hard to say if a lot of people will come
NO.9
【室友困難】：室友掛了整墻的畫，但很丑且占地方，不過(guò)直說(shuō)又會(huì)造成對(duì)室友的打擊。
【解決方案】：
一男一女討論對(duì)策，對(duì)策有二：一是忍氣吞聲，慢慢習(xí)慣;二是告訴她真實(shí)想法，希望她畫點(diǎn)別的。
【問(wèn)題】：Briefly summarize the problem and two possible solutions. Then state which solution you recommend and explain why.
0
【學(xué)生困難】：一女生的part time job是working with young，然后計(jì)劃下周要帶一群孩子去參觀science museum，但向?qū)our guy生病了very sick。于是女生沒(méi)辦法帶孩子去了。
【解決方案】：兩個(gè)方案：
女生說(shuō)出方案1、女生自己帶孩子們?nèi)⒂^博物館。但女生擔(dān)心自己沒(méi)向?qū)Ф枚?，沒(méi)向?qū)Ы庹f(shuō)得好。
男生說(shuō)出方案2、換個(gè)時(shí)間再去參觀reschedule her time。但女生說(shuō)換時(shí)間的話，又要和博物館重新預(yù)約，又要從家長(zhǎng)那里拿permission，還要arrange tickets。
問(wèn)題：選擇誰(shuí)的idea好。
1
The man's problem is that he left his keys in the dorm and he forgot to take his paper with him, which should be handed in today. He's roommate was in another city now. There are two solutions for him. First, he should tell the professor but his paper was regarded late. Second, he could ask the administrator of the dorm to open the door but it would cost him 15 dollars.
2
音樂(lè)會(huì)什么,因?yàn)橐掠?2個(gè)solutions, woman:貼告示說(shuō)移到下星期,man:雖然下雨會(huì)wet但是氣溫還warm,而且聽(tīng)眾可能不介意, woman又說(shuō):但是大家可能看到外面要下雨就打消來(lái)的年頭了,問(wèn)題:總結(jié)2個(gè)solutions
3
男生要打印東西，但是他要去學(xué)校和不方便，兩個(gè)方法，1 從同學(xué)那買個(gè)二手的打印機(jī)，但是比較容易壞，并且打印效果不好，2 買新的，貴，但是男生還有兩年畢業(yè)，可以買個(gè)新的也比較值
4
Man's Problem: He has a study group tomorrow with other students for a physics exam, but there is a presentation on writing novels held at the same time.
Possible Solutions:
1) Attend the study group:
- Can't change the time since other students aren't free at other times.
- It's better to study with them because they are better at physics than he is, and he has some materials that he doesn't fully understand. (Communicating by email isn't helpful)
- Can read the article and listen to the recording on the presentation afterwards.
2) Go to the Presentation:
- He is passionate about writing and really wants to go.
- The writer giving the presentation may not come to his university again。
- Reading the article on the event website is not the same as listening to the presentation in-person.
- The man can study on his own. The other members in the study group said he could email them if he had questions.
5
口語(yǔ)五：女生室友忘帶冬季外套讓她開(kāi)車到機(jī)場(chǎng)送， 她去， 時(shí)間太長(zhǎng);不去又不好， 況且她室友近幫了她的忙。
她室友還說(shuō)自己可以去借什么的。
6
一個(gè)女生生病了，不想外出，但是她是youth center的volunteer，應(yīng)該帶一幫小孩子去zoo看動(dòng)物。兩種解決辦法，方法一是reschedule去動(dòng)物園的時(shí)間，但這是一個(gè)special exhibit of 一種老虎，孩子們會(huì)很喜歡，而且是后一天，不去很可惜。方法二是讓另外一個(gè)志愿者M(jìn)egan代孩子們?nèi)ィ荕egan自己要復(fù)習(xí)物理課內(nèi)容參加考試，女生覺(jué)得讓朋友做出這種犧牲自己過(guò)意不去。
要求：讓考生描述情況和解決辦法，并推薦一個(gè)選擇一個(gè)方案還要說(shuō)理由
7
woman收到一個(gè)去marine research的offer，但是給的錢不夠她去交下學(xué)期的tuition. man說(shuō)：1、explain to them and ask for more money(women怕他們收回offer);2、take a part-time job(woman說(shuō)怕時(shí)間不夠太累) 問(wèn)題是：這個(gè)女生的Dilemma是什么，你認(rèn)為應(yīng)該怎么做，為什么?
8
男生向女生抱怨自己剛才正在做research project，結(jié)果不小心erased his data(刪掉了數(shù)據(jù))，而且沒(méi)有copy。女生提出了兩點(diǎn)possible solution：給emergence打電話，讓他們來(lái)修理，因?yàn)橛型黹g服務(wù)，但是男生說(shuō)太貴。女生于是建議向教授要求extension，男生擔(dān)心教授strict，會(huì)take points(減分)。
2016年8月20日/21日托?？谡Z(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)Task 6：
1. The professor talks about why solidarity develops in different societies.
One reason is that all society members do the same kind of job. For example, people in rural areas are mainly farmers who deal with basic work and so they share similar lives. Solidarity develops in this society because the same job creates a sense of unity.
The other reason is because of different divisions of job. For instance, people in town have different tasks like doctors and stuff, and they are interdependent. Solidarity develops in this kind of society because people depend on each other.
NO.2
Soil中也有生存的mammal . Firstly, they must be able to move, for the soil is not like the water, it's thick and condense. 2, able to protect themselves from things like the particles in soil.
接著教授舉了2 examples. 1,mow, has strong feet, like the shovel, that can dig deeply 2, ……。 has tiny eyes, also have hair that cover their eye from particle infection.
NO.3
廣告里的名人效應(yīng)。說(shuō)名人做廣告當(dāng)然很好，但是有兩點(diǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。第一是人們太關(guān)注明星而忽視了產(chǎn)品，舉了個(gè)pizza的例子，人們只注意看那個(gè)知名的喜劇演員了，誰(shuí)都不去注意pizza，結(jié)果pizza賣得不好。第二是有時(shí)候名人前后表現(xiàn)不一致，舉了電腦的例子，某名人在做廣告時(shí)說(shuō)她喜歡XX電腦，但接受雜志采訪時(shí)又說(shuō)其實(shí)自己不用電腦，結(jié)果這電腦也滯銷了。
NO.4
Waiting Time
很多成功營(yíng)銷的秘訣就是waiting time.但對(duì)商業(yè)行為而言，關(guān)鍵并不是實(shí)際等待的時(shí)間，而是感知等待時(shí)間conceived waiting time,就是the time that consumers think they are waiting.
商家一般通過(guò)兩種策略來(lái)cut conceived waiting time。
(1)，讓顧客有事可做：Let the consumers have something to do.給了兩個(gè)例子，一是在醫(yī)院休息室的doctor's waiting room，放一電視TV，大家看電視，不知不覺(jué)時(shí)間就過(guò)去了;二是在電梯口elevator，放一鏡子mirror，大家對(duì)著鏡子臭美一下，時(shí)間就過(guò)去了，就cannot conceived the waiting time了。
(2)，告訴顧客他們實(shí)際上等待了多久tell them the real waiting time。很多人就是自己覺(jué)得等得長(zhǎng)，他等了十分鐘覺(jué)得已經(jīng)等了二十分鐘了，于是就著急。這第二種策略常見(jiàn)的就是火車站，大喇叭里不停的告訴你，還有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，通過(guò)這種tell you the truth 的方式，來(lái)reduce conceived waiting time.
問(wèn)題：什么是conceived waiting time以及商家reduce conceived waiting time的策略。
NO.5
廣告的口號(hào)，兩種slogan，1、for the whole company 2、for specific product
EXAMPLE家具廠用自己的廣告告訴他們的東西結(jié)實(shí)。
EXAMPLE打印機(jī)
NO.6
Memory gaps, we fill our memory gaps inaccurately in two ways.
Way 1: with plausible guesses and assumptions
Example 1: 車禍后被要求回憶，他們會(huì)說(shuō)出一些有道理但不真實(shí)的原因，比如司機(jī)在打電話或安全帶沒(méi)系
Way 2: others' suggestions and opinions
Example 2: 車禍后被要求回憶，如果問(wèn)題是"司機(jī)當(dāng)時(shí)開(kāi)車的速度怎樣"，人們會(huì)被速度所影響
NO.7
【講課要點(diǎn)】：
動(dòng)物靠在空中放出pheromone來(lái)交流communicate。這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)有兩個(gè)用途：
1. 判斷l(xiāng)ocation: an insect can use this chemical to guide another insect from food to home。舉例：蜜蜂在外找食，在巢里的其他蜜蜂就會(huì)發(fā)出這種激素，幫助找食的蜜蜂找到自己的巢。
2. this chemical is the signal to show that female animals are ready to mate交配。舉例：a female moth can relapse this chemical, so a male moth can know this female moth is ready to mate and can find where it is。" S6: 暫時(shí)無(wú)法確定題目來(lái)源
NO.8
【講課要點(diǎn)】：
Protective Adaptation
1. Structure adaptation -- grow specific body structure
通過(guò)改變身體的部分來(lái)適應(yīng)環(huán)境，或是防御掠食者
EG:說(shuō)一種B鯊魚，個(gè)頭小，身體弱，vulnerable to big sharks，后經(jīng)歷漫長(zhǎng)的演化尾部長(zhǎng)出spike，防止其他比他大的鯊魚的attack。
2. Behavior adaptation -- change behavior
通過(guò)裝死、改變自身的行為來(lái)騙過(guò)掠食者
EG:說(shuō)北美的一種動(dòng)物，當(dāng)遇到天敵攻擊時(shí)就會(huì)pretend death, shut eyes, heart beat slow, breath slight…
NO.9
演員如何入戲?比如一個(gè)人要扮演國(guó)王，現(xiàn)在要會(huì)見(jiàn)一位來(lái)提親的男子，那么他登臺(tái)之前就應(yīng)該像一個(gè)國(guó)王那樣想問(wèn)題，比如說(shuō)他應(yīng)該想到來(lái)提親的是不是要奪我王位，沖著我的權(quán)力而來(lái)，這樣演員一上臺(tái)就進(jìn)入了國(guó)王的角色，觀眾也可以很快融入戲中，感覺(jué)真實(shí)而不是做戲。
0
說(shuō)是有兩種途徑讓動(dòng)物們既可以在白天活動(dòng)也可以在夜里活動(dòng)，第一種是make light怎么的(忘了)，給出的例子是fox有一種很特殊的layer 能借助月光看清東西。 第二種是 可以通過(guò)縮小眼睛的一個(gè)什么(eyes pupil不確定拼寫對(duì)不對(duì))瞳孔吧，例子還是FOX，可以調(diào)節(jié)瞳孔大小，來(lái)減少光的強(qiáng)度，所以他們還是可以在白天攝取食物。
1
The professor talks about two types of suspense in a movie.
The first type is that the audience feels interesting to guess the end. For example, two heroes set the same goal, but the audiences have no idea who comes first.
The second type is that the audiences know the end but they have no clue how to get to the end. For example, in a love story, the hero and heroine doom to meet in the end, but how they meet each other becomes intriguing.
2
Lecture: Small Business: drawbacks on home-based business
For many small businesses, instead of renting, they prefer to work from home. Though working from home has its merits, a home-based business has some drawbacks.
1) Can't Maintain a Professional Image
People working in home-based businesses don't set a clear boundary between business and personal life. The customers may think they are not professional and serious about the business. For example, if a home-based business is a catering service that provides food for some major event, a customer would call and not expect a baby crying in the background. However, if it happened, the customer will for sure think that the business is not professional enough for their event and not trust the ability of the caterer to provide good-quality food.
2) Will Affect the Lives of the Neighbors
Use the catering example again, the business may hire two or more workers to help with the preparation of food. These workers may need to park their cars on the street, which would take up the neighbors' parking spots. Having their spots taken, the neighbors would definitely complain.
Question： Describe the two drawbacks of home-based businesses.
3
Ecosystem engineering: 動(dòng)物住在一個(gè)地方，這個(gè)地方會(huì)變得適合其他動(dòng)物生存。兩種方式
1、在日常生活中慢慢去做。比如某個(gè)海鮮：mussels，在吃水里東西的時(shí)候把水過(guò)濾干凈了。
2、在一個(gè)群中間位置的時(shí)候，形成一個(gè)對(duì)其他動(dòng)物有保護(hù)的地方。再比如剛才那個(gè)海鮮：mussels。他們成群住在海洋地表，他們之間的空隙形成其他動(dòng)物能夠生存的空間。
4
口語(yǔ)六：老師總希望得到feedback， feedback DE characters 1 focus on students 2. focus on 其他
5
人類發(fā)明創(chuàng)造有2種可能：有目的性(intentional)，無(wú)目的性(accidental)。有目的性的舉例是發(fā)明一種眼鏡，可以不用讓人在看遠(yuǎn)距離和近距離的時(shí)候頻繁換眼鏡。無(wú)目的性的例子是X-RAY的發(fā)明，是某個(gè)科學(xué)家在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里發(fā)現(xiàn)的物體影像，進(jìn)而應(yīng)用于人體醫(yī)學(xué)。 "
6
Wetland's two benefits for animals.
1). for nursery, sharks lay eggs in wetlands close to the ocean, because wetlands are shallow, there are not large predators, baby sharks can grow safely in the wetlands and survive in the ocean.
作為孕育地。動(dòng)物可以lay eggs or give birth, 直到它們的寶寶長(zhǎng)大成熟。舉例，一種鯊魚在靠近海洋的濕地產(chǎn)卵，因?yàn)檫@里大動(dòng)物少，可以減少被捕食者捕食的幾率;
2). for rest and find food. Immigrating birds, for example, paper, during the long journey of immigration, stop the wetlands to find the food because they can find similar food like before.
question 6【講課要點(diǎn)】two ways the animals use wetland。
to rest and feed themselves. 舉例，一種要cross美洲的migrate bird， 在長(zhǎng)途遷徙的過(guò)程中需要休息或者覓食，這時(shí)候濕地發(fā)揮了很大的作用:在這里可以resting and setting，這里還有很多吃的，就跟它們平時(shí)吃的一樣，所以很適合停留。
7
講課要點(diǎn)】：Two Economic Changes in Ancient Civilization
1. Currency: this monetary form made life easier. For example, a man who bakes bread can now use money in exchange for a coat. Using money to trade can avoid the possible issue that the person who sells coats does not like bread.
2. Trade new things over a greater distance. For example, Romans can import silk fabric from China.
8
Lecture: Two Advantages of the Beta Testing Method in Business
A beta test is an opportunity that gives the intended audience some samples to try the product out first.
1) Get feedback from the customers
The producer can get feedback from the customers who try the product. They will know which aspects of the product the customers like and don't like. A camera company, for example, may give some professional photographers new sample cameras to test out. After testing, the photographers may report, for example, that the flash doesn't work well because it produces too much light. The company will then know they need to work on the flash to make the overall product more desirable.
2) Providing Free Advertising
If the tested audience thinks the new product is satisfactory, it will leave a positive impression in their minds and they may tell others about the product. Even if it's not a perfect product at first, the efforts taken by the company to improve it will convince the photographer customers that the new camera will be very good. They, in turn, will tell other photographer friends about the new product and encourage greater sales.
Task1：
1. Your friend unexpectedly received a large amount of money， how would suggest him to spend the money
2. Talk about one great aspect of the educational system of your country
3. Your friend wants to improve his grade，what suggestions would you like to give to him?
4. Your friend is planning to work for a year before entering college. What do you think?
5. Talk about an interesting school activity you recently attend.
6. Describe a person(a family member or friend) who you often like to talk to. Why do you like to talk to this person?
7. Talk about a good period of your life. Why do you like this period?
8. Your friend is planning to keep a pet. What pet do you suggest and what kind of suggestions would you give him about keeping pet?
9. Talk about two cities you've been to. What are the differences between these two cities.
10.Talk about a skill you have and want to improve. How would you like to improve it?
11. Talk about a subject that you don't like to study.
12. If you want to take your foreign friends to travel around your city. Which of the following place will you choose? a factory, an university, a museum.
13. What kind of volunteer work would like to do? teaching kids, taking old people to go for a ride, teaching adults how to read?
14. Talk about a popular type of clothing in your country.
15. What do you think is the biggest challenge for a student in his study? How to solve this problem?
16. Who do you think should take the responsibility of protecting the environment? the government, private organization or individual.
17. If you want to buy something, would you choose to borrow money from others or to earn the money by yourself?
18. Talk about a country or culture you would like to learn more about.
19. Describe a character in a book，film , poem. Explain why you like it.
20. Describe an experience that you worked well with another person. Explain why that experience is important to you. Include reasons and details to support your response.
2016年8月20日/21日托?？谡Z(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)Task2:
1. Agree or disagree: cellphones are necessary for someone to run a successful business
2. Agree or disagree: students should be taught how to use computers when they enter primary school.
3. Some people prefer to buy high-tech products when they first come out, others prefer to wait till the price becomes more accessible. which do you prefer?
4. Agree or disagree: college students should do part-time job.
5. Agree or disagree: it is a good thing to take classes with your best friends.
6. Some people prefer to take classes in big classroom. others prefer to take classes in small classroom. which do you prefer?
7. Some people prefer to watch a sport game from the audience seat, others prefer to be in the sport field and compete with others. Which do you prefer to do?
8. Some people take part in games and sports for fun. others join the games and sports for win. which do you prefer
9. Some people prefer recorded music. Others prefer to listen to live music. Which do you prefer?
10. Agree or disagree: it is more interesting to read fiction books than non-fiction books
11. Some people like to write diaries to record their lives. Others prefer to take photos to record their lives. Which do you prefer?
12. Some people like to buy their own cars. Others prefer to take public transportation. What about you?
13. Agree or disagree: advertisements have great impact on people's choices of what to buy?
14. Agree or disagree: it is a waste of time to take extra classes that are not related to one's major.
15. Agree or disagree: when children are old enough, they should be asked to do some housework.
16. Do you agree or disagree with the statement that young people today are more informed than their parents when they were young?
17. Agree or disagree: it is more important to keep relations with family members than with friends.
18. Agree or disagree：it is important to learn the history about where you live
19. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement： it's a good idea for first year students to join a sport club or any other kind of campus organization.
20. Agree or disagree: students should study in quite places.
2016年8月20日/21日托福口語(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)Task2：
1. Some people like to study/work while listening to the music. Others prefer to study/work in quite places. Which do you prefer?
2. When buying high-tech products, some prefer to buy them when they first come out. Others prefer to buy them later when the price goes down. Which do you prefer?
3. Agree or disagree: cellphones are necessary for someone to run a successful business
4. Some students like to study with others. Others prefer to study by themselves. Which do you prefer?
5. Some people like to watch games as the audience. Others prefer to entering the court and joining in the game as a member. Which do your prefer and why?
6. When learning how to use a new product, some prefer to read instructions/guidelines. Others prefer to figure out how to use it by themselves. Which do you prefer?
7. Some people prefer to live in old houses. Others prefer to live in new and modern places. Which do you prefer?
8. Agree or disagree: It is better to live in a place where the climate stays always the same all year around.
9. Agree or disagree: people today don't have to worry about memorizing dates of important historical events, since the information can be easily found on the internet.
10. Agree or disagree: people should dress themselves following the fashion trend.
11. Some people prefer to dress formally when they work. Others prefer to dress casually. Which do you prefer?
12. Some people prefer to get advice from old people. Others prefer to get advice from their friends. Which do you prefer?
13. Some prefer to do outdoor activities in summer. Others prefer to do outdoor activities in winter. Which do you prefer and why?
14. Some people prefer to sit in the front row when they have classes. Others prefer to sit in the back row. Which do you prefer and why?
15. Agree or disagree: rich people should help the poor people.
16. Some people prefer to finish reading a book in one setting, others prefer to read a few pages each time. Which do you prefer? Explain your answer in details.
17. When studying abroad, some students prefer to live by themselves or with their friends, others prefer to live with a local family. Which do you think is better?
18. Some people prefer to collect old things, others prefer to throw things away after they're done with them. Which do you prefer to do?
19. Do you agree or disagree with the statement that children should start school before the age of 5 or 6?
20. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement, it's a good idea for first year students to join a sport club or any other kinds of campus organizations.
2016年8月20日/21日托?？谡Z(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)Task 3：
No.1
The school plans to close the gym for 2 weeks during the spring break for some minor renovations. The woman in the conversation agrees.
First, the renovations won't cause much inconvenience because few students will stay on campus during the break. Those who do stay usually focus on their study and seldom use the gym. Like when she was staying on campus to finish up a project, she went to the gym once and no one was there. Second, outdoor facilities are still available if students do want to exercise. It is quite warm and actually perfect for outdoor activities.
NO.2
閱讀：學(xué)校說(shuō)下學(xué)期開(kāi)始給新生做的campus tour就不由admin來(lái)做了，讓高年級(jí)學(xué)生自己做
，聽(tīng)力：某女很同意，理由一是admin太忙了，理由二是學(xué)生對(duì)campus有不同的看法，并且這些看法更practical.
NO.3
Passage 一個(gè)letter關(guān)于教學(xué)樓內(nèi)improvement proposal. 一是在每層樓多設(shè) power plug. 二是每層樓設(shè)打印機(jī)。
Conversation:男生同意這個(gè)建議。第一條他說(shuō)現(xiàn)在很多學(xué)生都有l(wèi)aptop. 舉了個(gè)自己的例子，說(shuō)他帶laptop 去上課，但沒(méi)電了，他找不到power plug, 跑了很遠(yuǎn)充電。第二條是學(xué)生有可能在課間完成assignment, 需要打印。
NO.4
jazz band 要在 afternoon 在校園的 lawn 開(kāi) concert ，woman 不滿意 因?yàn)?1. 學(xué)生要學(xué)習(xí)， 會(huì)打擾，evening 更好 2. 很多人聚堆會(huì)踏壞草坪
The jazz band is going to hold free concerts on the lawn on campus in the afternoon.
The woman disagrees with it.
Reason 1: Students study in the afternoon, so concerts will disturb them. It's better to have concerts in the evening.
Reason 2: Too many people standing on the lawn will destroy it.
NO.5
學(xué)校要建個(gè)休息室給不住學(xué)校的學(xué)生用，可以放書，有l(wèi)ocker，放一些bus schedule。男生不同意一：住學(xué)校的同學(xué)也需要，因?yàn)樗奚岷苓h(yuǎn)。圖書館已經(jīng)有l(wèi)ocker，不需要再建。二：沒(méi)必要專門為放bus schedule建休息室，網(wǎng)上電話都可以查。
NO.6
報(bào)紙出通知：新生統(tǒng)一住校，原因有二：一是向?qū)W生提供建立學(xué)習(xí)小組的機(jī)會(huì);二是緩解校園停車場(chǎng)的壓力。
女的不同意：一，.她拿自己舉例，根本沒(méi)有因?yàn)樽⌒６W(xué)習(xí)小組;二，新生住校非但不能緩解停車場(chǎng)的壓力，反而會(huì)因?yàn)楦嗟膶W(xué)生住校帶來(lái)更多的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間霸占車位的現(xiàn)象而造成車位短缺加劇。
NO.7
Reading:
Suggestion: University should allow freshmen to part their cars on campus.
Reason 1: it's easier for them to find a job
Reason 2: they can drive home at weekends
Listening:
The woman disagrees.
Reason 1: freshmen are super busy with their study, it's unnecessary for them to find a job
Reason 2: driving home at weekends will only make them more homesick and make it harder for them to settle in the new environment
NO.8
說(shuō)2種survey
estimation survey(好像是這個(gè)詞)就是估算了,舉例:公司調(diào)查停車位,只要大概了解多少員工就可
B.精確survey(原詞忘記了),舉例:學(xué)校調(diào)查有多少老師教science,就需要精確數(shù)字
2016年8月20日/21日托福口語(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)NO.9
The letter proposes the school should open classes outside the classroom because good scenery will make the students focus and avoid boredom and the school has installed some benches and seats outside.
The student disagrees with the proposal.
First, there are too many distractions outside. Students will be distracted when friends are passing through.
Second, there aren't enough seats available, it's inconvenient for students to take notes if they have to stand there.
0
閱讀：停止爵士合唱團(tuán)，因?yàn)楦信d趣的人少，沒(méi)有必要繼續(xù)了
聽(tīng)力：女人覺(jué)得真不好。
理由一：主要是因?yàn)槠綍r(shí)訓(xùn)得太勤了，導(dǎo)致很多學(xué)生不來(lái)了
理由二：沒(méi)有其他選擇了，很多是經(jīng)典，但不是爵士，女人不喜歡，其他學(xué)生也不喜歡。
1
口語(yǔ)三：學(xué)校報(bào)社計(jì)劃推出一個(gè)pro-peering?project，即，在學(xué)生提交Paper前，報(bào)社人員幫助同學(xué)修改，有利于balabala
女生覺(jué)得 不好， 1)報(bào)社人員也是學(xué)生，不一定給出什么好建議。
2)即使好建議， 也不利于學(xué)生的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展， 還是培養(yǎng)獨(dú)立意識(shí)比較好。
2
閱讀：【公開(kāi)信】：小報(bào)上刊登了來(lái)自一個(gè)學(xué)生的公開(kāi)信. 倡議大學(xué)應(yīng)該to build an electronic board (電子告示板)at student center.
好處: 1. make student get information about coming up events easily rather than acquiring news at different places on campus by posters.
(之前使用貼在校園各處的海報(bào)不一定能讓所有人看見(jiàn)，而這個(gè)電子告示板在固定的位置，學(xué)校的人來(lái)來(lái)往往能看見(jiàn)，信息覆蓋面很大)
2. 學(xué)校也會(huì)更整潔,因?yàn)閴ι蠜](méi)海報(bào)了
聽(tīng)力：【學(xué)生議論】：男學(xué)生覺(jué)得這主意interesting， 女生反對(duì)這個(gè)計(jì)劃.
理由:
It is better to get news from different locations on campus because
1. they are everywhere (more than one place). If they do not go to student center, they will miss the notice. 舉了她在圖書館看到海報(bào),所以didn't miss a show / concert的例子.
電子告示板不一定能夠像預(yù)想的那樣，讓那么多人獲取信息，因?yàn)楹芏嗳瞬辉敢饣〞r(shí)間特意經(jīng)過(guò)電子告示板來(lái)看有什么新的消息。舉例:她自己上周五去了圖書館看到海報(bào)，所以didn't miss a show / concert，如果沒(méi)有去過(guò)就看不到了，所以一個(gè)信息不能只在一個(gè)地方發(fā)布。
2. Even though the new bulletin board was estabilished, students will still do posters because of it is convenient (沒(méi)有人會(huì)提交information, 然后再等它post出來(lái))
question:explain the woman's opinion towards the suggestion and why she holds that opinion.
3
S3閱讀：是說(shuō)學(xué)校決定把每個(gè)班級(jí)的人數(shù)從8人增加到15人。原因是有更多的學(xué)生apply這些課程，但是學(xué)校的faculty有限。
聽(tīng)力;男同學(xué)的意見(jiàn)：
1、增加人數(shù)減少了communication with faculty，降低了小課堂的參與程度
2、既然有更多的學(xué)生，就可以獲得更多的錢，就可以請(qǐng)更多的faculty解決了人力不足的問(wèn)題。簡(jiǎn)言之就是 more students, more money, more faculty
問(wèn)題是：學(xué)校作出了怎樣的決定，男同學(xué)的意見(jiàn)是什么?
4
大學(xué)要建藝術(shù)教學(xué)樓，女生同意，因?yàn)樾聵菍挸髁?，有助于?chuàng)作;對(duì)教授的聲譽(yù)又有好處，因?yàn)樾Ｍ庖粯堑男藿?，?dǎo)致人們紛紛去那個(gè)樓去學(xué)藝術(shù)。
5
Reading: Only qualified students have the right to work at the computer center. There are 3 reasons for this, but they are irrelevant to the speaking part.
Listening:
Man: I don't think it works.
Reason:
1)There should be a minimum grade requirement. How do you decide if a student is qualified enough? The university should offer a computer repair course. (這個(gè)地方我不是很確定)
2)Even when prospective students' pass the minimum grade requirement, they should only be allowed to handle situations that aren't overly complicated.
6
Reading Part:
Nowadays, college newspaper hires students from different majors to write for them articles. In the future, they should only hire journalism students to write. This way they can deal with students who are actually interested in news and have more articles completed.
Listening part: Disagree
1) Students in other majors may also be interested in writing news pieces, so the school should encourage those students to write for college newspaper as well. Take this history major for example. He wants to enter the news industry in the future.
2) Having more articles isn't important. There is no point in having too many articles coming in, because the newspaper may not have the resources and time to deal with editing so much writing. The process of preparing an article is complicated, as it includes the efforts of both the editors and the writers. There is a lot of back and forth between those who write and those who review and edit.
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Task 3
【學(xué)生寫信】：
學(xué)生寫信建議學(xué)校的劇院演出應(yīng)該向所有人免費(fèi)開(kāi)放。
好處1：當(dāng)?shù)鼐用衲軌虻玫絝ree entrainment;
好處2：觀眾多了演員會(huì)演的更有熱情。
【學(xué)生態(tài)度】：男生贊成此建議。
理由1：nearby沒(méi)有什么theater, 來(lái)回的交通費(fèi)加上演出費(fèi)很貴。開(kāi)放學(xué)校劇院能讓當(dāng)?shù)鼐用癫挥门芎苓h(yuǎn)就能欣賞到professional的演出;
理由2：男生自己作為一個(gè)actor, 覺(jué)得觀眾多可以給他鼓勵(lì)。舉例說(shuō)當(dāng)表演一段幽默戲的時(shí)候，底下只坐了一半人，沒(méi)什么人笑，會(huì)影響表演質(zhì)量。相反，要是人多，反響熱烈，表演也更有勁了。
Question：Explain the man's opinion and why he holds that opinion.
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閱讀：一個(gè)學(xué)生給的提議，說(shuō)學(xué)校地上垃圾多，張貼畫也臟，多。提議學(xué)生組成volunteer,分組拾垃圾。
聽(tīng)力中兩個(gè)學(xué)生討論，一個(gè)女生就不同意，她說(shuō)：臟要看情況，我們學(xué)校這么大，人這么多。剛掃干凈，又會(huì)有垃圾，張貼畫，你撕了人家再貼，也是一樣的，而且學(xué)生到學(xué)校是學(xué)習(xí)的，不是做志愿者的。真要干凈校園，學(xué)校要雇人，花錢叫專人來(lái)干。
2016年8月20日/21日托?？谡Z(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)Task 4：
No.1
Recruitment: Insects release signals to inform other insects to come and cooperate. For example, there is a type of ant called the fire ant that live in nests in South America. Some ants have a special job which is to leave the nests to find food. When one ant finds a piece of fruit too big for it to carry back, it will walk back to recruit more ants while releasing a chemical that forms a trail on the way. When it arrives, other ants can then follow the trail and find the fruit and then carry it back together.
NO.2
Definition: Environment impact assessment, ""The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project."
Example: The professor gives an example of a construction company. The company was going to build a shopping center on a large land. Before the construction, they did a study and found the land was wetland. Their original plan was to fill solid soil into this land. But the environment impact assessment said that the wetland was very important for the environment. It could prevent flooding because it could hold water. So they decided not to fill the land and cancel this plan. Alternatively, they moved to another piece of land.
NO.3
閱讀部分講到實(shí)驗(yàn)考古學(xué)，研究人員運(yùn)用古人的技術(shù)和工具來(lái)實(shí)踐。聽(tīng)力部分講了個(gè)例子，說(shuō)有一塊大陸和一個(gè)島，這個(gè)島上的人早是不是從這個(gè)大陸來(lái)的呢?大陸上的人有木有這個(gè)能力到島上去。于是研究人員就用當(dāng)年的技術(shù)、木頭和繩索造了個(gè)木木筏，然后坐這個(gè)木筏穿過(guò)這片海洋，證明大陸上的人是有能力去島上的，所以很可能是島上的人的來(lái)源。
NO.4
Task4:
priming：人們?cè)缦鹊慕?jīng)歷會(huì)影響他們對(duì)事物的interpret
例子：如果一個(gè)男生，上車并且打開(kāi)notebook 然后寫東西：
一個(gè)女人早上遇到大學(xué)同學(xué)，就回想起大學(xué)生活。所以她認(rèn)為這個(gè)男生是學(xué)生并且在work for classes 或work for due paper
一個(gè)女人剛剛讀完詩(shī)歌，所以她認(rèn)為男生是詩(shī)人。
NO.5
Task 4:
anticipated emotion。人們采取行動(dòng)之前會(huì)對(duì)自己做了這個(gè)事情之后會(huì)有一個(gè)怎樣的心情有一個(gè)估測(cè)，然后根據(jù)這個(gè)估測(cè)決定自己是不是要做那件事。lecture 里，教授舉例子說(shuō)有去給妹妹買生日禮物，發(fā)現(xiàn)一件很想買的 jacket，但是買了 jacket 之后就只能給妹妹買很便宜的小禮物，于是他就想如果真的買了 jacket 的話他肯定會(huì)很愧疚，所以后決定還是不買了
Anticipated emotion: Before doing something, people will anticipate the kind of emotion they might have after doing it, and therefore decide whether they will do it or not based on the emotion.
Example: The professor went to buy his sister a birthday present, but saw a jacket he really wanted. If he bought the jacket, he would have to buy a cheaper present for his sister. Then thought about how he would feel if he had bought the jacket and thought he would feel guilty, so he decided not to buy the jacket.
NO.6
Task 4
Marketing
Reading material：廣告常用的訴求策略就是affiliation：a sense of being member of certain group.就是群體歸屬感。經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)為兩種方式：做對(duì)的事，成為群體一員;做錯(cuò)的事，被群體拋棄。
Listening material：廣告商經(jīng)常采取的營(yíng)銷策略，就是品牌歸屬感訴求。舉某種蘇打水Suda為例。
要么是一群男女，燈紅酒綠，都喝同一種品牌的Suda水，這意味著，喝這種品牌，就能享受共同的happy;
要么是一個(gè)人boy在酒吧里，燈紅酒綠，他開(kāi)了一瓶Suda，但很不幸是錯(cuò)的品牌brand，突然間全場(chǎng)安靜，朋友moving away,就是因?yàn)樗_(kāi)了錯(cuò)的Suda，就被群體孤立。
問(wèn)題：描述affiliation，及教授的內(nèi)容。
答案：The Reading material gave the definition of affiliation, that is……It manifests in two ways:…
In the listening material, the professor keeps on talk about it by introducing two examples:…
NO.7
報(bào)dormancy這一概念，閱讀材料講到冬眠的涵義：幫助渡過(guò)惡劣環(huán)境;降低自身生理能耗。
聽(tīng)力材料里professor講述了一個(gè)肺魚的例子：在河水干涸之后魚就躲在河床上之前就打好的洞里，這樣一方面可以隔熱、保濕，另一方面可以降低呼吸、心跳頻率。
NO.8
口四：報(bào)dormancy這一概念，閱讀材料講到冬眠的涵義：幫助渡過(guò)惡劣環(huán)境;降低自身生理能耗。
聽(tīng)力材料里professor講述了一個(gè)肺魚的例子：在河水干涸之后魚就躲在河床上之前就打好的洞里，這樣一方面可以隔熱、保濕，另一方面可以降低呼吸、心跳頻率。
NO.9
Reading part:
【名詞解釋】：
backward framing事后重塑
消費(fèi)者嘗試一種新產(chǎn)品后會(huì)做出評(píng)價(jià)，如果不喜歡，可以通過(guò)廣告改變其記憶，使記憶趨向積極的一面。
Listening part:
【教授舉例】：
Professor舉例說(shuō)，他們提供了coffee sample給一組愿意接受市場(chǎng)調(diào)查的人喝，在他們不知情的狀況下加了鹽和醋，喝起來(lái)味道會(huì)怪怪的。喝完coffee后，給他們看了一組廣告，廣告里人們坐在一起喝咖啡，很happy并且還面帶微笑。因?yàn)榭戳藦V告，所有人都還是跟廣告里面的人一樣評(píng)價(jià)說(shuō)這咖啡很棒。
Question：用聽(tīng)力的例子來(lái)解釋對(duì)這個(gè)概念的理解。
0
natural consequence 閱讀講的小孩做錯(cuò)事，大人口語(yǔ)不用懲罰，由著做錯(cuò)事的結(jié)果來(lái)懲罰孩子。 聽(tīng)力，教授給了個(gè)例子，教授5歲的女兒經(jīng)常把玩具放在后院，平常教授都幫女兒收拾。 一天女兒還是把玩具放在后院，教授沒(méi)有幫收拾，那天晚上下雨，把她的玩具損壞了，女兒在這件事后認(rèn)識(shí)到自己的錯(cuò)，以后再也不幫玩具放后院
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4.大學(xué)旁邊住房問(wèn)題,rent等,聽(tīng)力里的woman完全不同意,大概說(shuō)了3個(gè)原因(我是說(shuō)了3個(gè)).1.貼廣告不一定能和需要系的人2.rent相比其他學(xué)校已經(jīng)很低3.一些學(xué)生喜歡在summer住在學(xué)校附近(這個(gè)跟新policy怎么聯(lián)系上的,忘記了) 問(wèn)題就是summary reasons.
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4. Reading part: Priority Effects
environment before the other species come and avoid them to utilize the habitat.
Listening part:
alter the
Priority effects occur when a species that arrives first at a site impacts a species that arrives
later by reducing the availability of space or resources. The species coming first may
There's a kind of small ants(文中始終未給出該螞蟻名稱), when they first arrive a new habitat, say an "askentia(音) tree", their unique habit is to eat part of the tree which produces nectar, because they don't rely on it. They are altering the environment before any other species come.
There is a kind of bigger ants, they're more aggressive and can easily occupy the trees as they want, and can force the smaller ants to leave. However, they rely on the nectar produced by "askentia" tree very much. So the smaller ants stop the tree producing nectar to avoid the bigger ants to take up the tree, so that they can stay living there.
How does the example in the listening part explain the concept of priority effects?
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閱讀：【課文要點(diǎn)】： Negative Ideation: a method used by people to resist desires by adding something negative. 就是說(shuō)通過(guò)聯(lián)系不好的情況來(lái)resist壞東西,幫人解決壞習(xí)慣.Brood parasites(孵育寄生動(dòng)物): animals that use a unconventional tactic to let other animals hatch their offspring for them.
就是說(shuō)通過(guò)聯(lián)系不好的情況來(lái)resist壞東西，幫人解決壞習(xí)慣。即 make negative associations with the thing, 這樣就可以讓這個(gè)東西變得less appealing and more resistible。教授用一個(gè)自己的例子解釋。
聽(tīng)力：【教授舉例】： 教授舉的他自己戒除巧克力的例子. 教授很喜歡loves chocolate bar because it is tasty, 但吃太多不好. But chocolate is not good. So he used the method of negative ideation to refuse chocolate. 后來(lái)Whenever he wanted to buy chocolate bar he would think it is associate with mud which is the mixture of dirt and water, 來(lái)reduce the temptation, 就戒了he stopped buying.
教授舉例他以前很喜歡吃巧克力，但是過(guò)高的糖分讓他過(guò)于肥胖。為了戒掉巧克力，讓自己更健康，他采取了這種technique，他把巧克力切成小碎末然后拍了一張照片。他想象巧克力是mud做的，這樣逐漸他就覺(jué)得巧克力很惡心，后來(lái)就戒掉了。
question:用聽(tīng)力的例子解釋對(duì)negative ideation的理解
4
閱讀：動(dòng)物有固定的patterns of behavior
聽(tīng)力：1、一種小魚：male fish會(huì)do attack dance to the finish entering its territory 而且是有red mark的，如果沒(méi)有red mark就不會(huì)
2、goose：female鵝生過(guò)蛋后會(huì)move its head back and forth，但是當(dāng)它的egg被moved away 以后，它仍然這樣
問(wèn)題是：講一講什么是動(dòng)物的這種慣性行為(文中用了縮寫，好象是AFS 還是FAS記不清了)，然后講講lecture中間的例子如何證明的。
5
廣告應(yīng)該忠實(shí)于產(chǎn)品的功能，但是現(xiàn)在的廣告為了達(dá)到吸引顧客的目的，紛紛引用名人說(shuō)的話，這樣可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)消費(fèi)者(quote out of context)。聽(tīng)力的例子是電影，電影開(kāi)場(chǎng)前，打的廣告是引用名人的話，但是電影播放后結(jié)果確實(shí)是很不好。
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Task4:
文章：一個(gè)proposal, 建議學(xué)校拿出一部分activity budget給學(xué)生參加 academic conferences.
男生：覺(jué)得這個(gè)建議不好，有兩點(diǎn)原因：1) 活動(dòng)經(jīng)費(fèi)應(yīng)該就給那些原來(lái)intended for的活動(dòng)，比如cultural activities, extracurricular activities, for example, concerts. 2) 學(xué)校其他的academic departments 已經(jīng)有給學(xué)生參加學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議的經(jīng)費(fèi)預(yù)算，學(xué)生只要申請(qǐng)，教授會(huì)決定是否給錢讓學(xué)生去開(kāi)會(huì)。
要求：summarize proposal, 然后說(shuō)男生的評(píng)價(jià)
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閱讀：內(nèi)在原因，當(dāng)人們找事情原因時(shí)，找自己的原因叫內(nèi)在原因。它可能會(huì)讓人失去自信，也可以自我鼓勵(lì)更加努力。
聽(tīng)力：教授舉例：自己在汽車公司管理銷售，第一個(gè)星期很落后，跟不上進(jìn)度，找自己的原因，覺(jué)得是自己的效率不高，不夠有條理，所以改進(jìn)的方法，后提高了效率。
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TASK4
閱讀解釋概念：internal attribute: 將事物發(fā)生的原因歸結(jié)自己的內(nèi)在問(wèn)題，而不是外界因素。
聽(tīng)力教授舉自己的例子解釋這個(gè)概念。具體為：該教授青少年時(shí)期在一家公司工作，負(fù)責(zé)整理文件。他遇到困難總是不能及時(shí)完成工作。該教授沒(méi)有抱怨老板也沒(méi)有抱怨工作太多而是想辦法提高自己的能力。后教授提高自己的能力，能按時(shí)完成工作，變得非常擅長(zhǎng)自己的工作。
2016年8月20日/21日托?？谡Z(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)Task 5：
No.1
The woman is working as a teaching assistant for a professor and she's supposed to grade like 40 exam sheets which is due the next day. But she forgot that she's got other work to do tonight. The first solution is to talk to her professor to reschedule the job. The second solution is to stay up late for both tasks.
No.2
某女打翻了東西在她馬上要交的paper上，課15分鐘就要開(kāi)始了，她自己給了2種選擇，一是還是交，給老師解釋一下，二是跑去重新打印一份，后來(lái)她選擇了后者，但是上課遲到了，還被老師給說(shuō)了,然后要我們給一個(gè)solution,再給理由
NO.3
女生的室友轉(zhuǎn)校搬走了，她一個(gè)人付不起房租。有兩個(gè)辦法：第一是去打工，但她這學(xué)期非常忙還有論文要寫，怕影響學(xué)習(xí)。第二是再找個(gè)人合租，但是房子比較小，她和之前的室友是因?yàn)闀r(shí)間安排正好能錯(cuò)開(kāi)，才能成功合租的，她怕找不到合適的人合租。
NO.4
對(duì)話。
女生：遇到麻煩了。校報(bào)一個(gè)寫movie review的家伙叫Jack(聽(tīng)個(gè)大概，音)要回家去，這期不能寫專欄了，我很頭痛。
男生：你找別人寫一篇唄，現(xiàn)在好寫手很多。
女生：我怕觀眾不認(rèn)同，會(huì)unsatisfied.
Jack 的專欄已經(jīng)有些年頭了，大家都熟悉了
男生：要不，你就找一篇他的舊文章貼上去，關(guān)于movie啊，DVD啊，music啊。。
女生：舊文章。。。。這個(gè)。。。那就不是新的movie review 了呀。
男生：舊文章也挺好，正好幫助那些周末打算租碟的人選擇;也是他自己的風(fēng)格，不用害怕別人拍磚。。。
女生：這個(gè)。。。我再想想。
注意：這個(gè)是我復(fù)述出來(lái)的，簡(jiǎn)單，原文的信息很雜，而且啰唆。
NO.5
S5
修路啦，女的開(kāi)車上學(xué)不方便了。要不就坐火車吧，能在車上學(xué)習(xí)，還是花很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。要不就住學(xué)校邊上吧，要花錢的啊。咋辦?
NO.6
男的要去旅游但是數(shù)碼相機(jī)丟了。S1：買個(gè)新的，但貴，買了后旅游用的錢就少了，不過(guò)以后能用的到;S2:借朋友Jack的，但怕弄壞或丟了。
Problem: The man is going on a trip but he lost his camera.
Solution 1: He can buy a new camera. It will be good for future use, too, but it's expensive and he will have less money for the trip.
Solution 2: He can borrow Jack's camera, but he's worried he might break it or lose it.
NO.7
問(wèn)題：audition 和 concert同晚
1 go to the first part of the concert and go to the audition
評(píng)論：花了很多錢買門票，但是會(huì)準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)
2 go to ad. at another day
評(píng)論：另外的ad只選小部分演員
NO.8
Problem: The band that's supposed to come to perform in the university got a scheduling problem and now they can't come.
Solution 1: Hire another band
Pro: The show will still be on time
Con: The students may not like the new band
Solution 2: Hire the old band and postpone the performance
Pro:/
Con: People will be busy with the finals next week, it's hard to say if a lot of people will come
NO.9
【室友困難】：室友掛了整墻的畫，但很丑且占地方，不過(guò)直說(shuō)又會(huì)造成對(duì)室友的打擊。
【解決方案】：
一男一女討論對(duì)策，對(duì)策有二：一是忍氣吞聲，慢慢習(xí)慣;二是告訴她真實(shí)想法，希望她畫點(diǎn)別的。
【問(wèn)題】：Briefly summarize the problem and two possible solutions. Then state which solution you recommend and explain why.
0
【學(xué)生困難】：一女生的part time job是working with young，然后計(jì)劃下周要帶一群孩子去參觀science museum，但向?qū)our guy生病了very sick。于是女生沒(méi)辦法帶孩子去了。
【解決方案】：兩個(gè)方案：
女生說(shuō)出方案1、女生自己帶孩子們?nèi)⒂^博物館。但女生擔(dān)心自己沒(méi)向?qū)Ф枚?，沒(méi)向?qū)Ы庹f(shuō)得好。
男生說(shuō)出方案2、換個(gè)時(shí)間再去參觀reschedule her time。但女生說(shuō)換時(shí)間的話，又要和博物館重新預(yù)約，又要從家長(zhǎng)那里拿permission，還要arrange tickets。
問(wèn)題：選擇誰(shuí)的idea好。
1
The man's problem is that he left his keys in the dorm and he forgot to take his paper with him, which should be handed in today. He's roommate was in another city now. There are two solutions for him. First, he should tell the professor but his paper was regarded late. Second, he could ask the administrator of the dorm to open the door but it would cost him 15 dollars.
2
音樂(lè)會(huì)什么,因?yàn)橐掠?2個(gè)solutions, woman:貼告示說(shuō)移到下星期,man:雖然下雨會(huì)wet但是氣溫還warm,而且聽(tīng)眾可能不介意, woman又說(shuō):但是大家可能看到外面要下雨就打消來(lái)的年頭了,問(wèn)題:總結(jié)2個(gè)solutions
3
男生要打印東西，但是他要去學(xué)校和不方便，兩個(gè)方法，1 從同學(xué)那買個(gè)二手的打印機(jī)，但是比較容易壞，并且打印效果不好，2 買新的，貴，但是男生還有兩年畢業(yè)，可以買個(gè)新的也比較值
4
Man's Problem: He has a study group tomorrow with other students for a physics exam, but there is a presentation on writing novels held at the same time.
Possible Solutions:
1) Attend the study group:
- Can't change the time since other students aren't free at other times.
- It's better to study with them because they are better at physics than he is, and he has some materials that he doesn't fully understand. (Communicating by email isn't helpful)
- Can read the article and listen to the recording on the presentation afterwards.
2) Go to the Presentation:
- He is passionate about writing and really wants to go.
- The writer giving the presentation may not come to his university again。
- Reading the article on the event website is not the same as listening to the presentation in-person.
- The man can study on his own. The other members in the study group said he could email them if he had questions.
5
口語(yǔ)五：女生室友忘帶冬季外套讓她開(kāi)車到機(jī)場(chǎng)送， 她去， 時(shí)間太長(zhǎng);不去又不好， 況且她室友近幫了她的忙。
她室友還說(shuō)自己可以去借什么的。
6
一個(gè)女生生病了，不想外出，但是她是youth center的volunteer，應(yīng)該帶一幫小孩子去zoo看動(dòng)物。兩種解決辦法，方法一是reschedule去動(dòng)物園的時(shí)間，但這是一個(gè)special exhibit of 一種老虎，孩子們會(huì)很喜歡，而且是后一天，不去很可惜。方法二是讓另外一個(gè)志愿者M(jìn)egan代孩子們?nèi)ィ荕egan自己要復(fù)習(xí)物理課內(nèi)容參加考試，女生覺(jué)得讓朋友做出這種犧牲自己過(guò)意不去。
要求：讓考生描述情況和解決辦法，并推薦一個(gè)選擇一個(gè)方案還要說(shuō)理由
7
woman收到一個(gè)去marine research的offer，但是給的錢不夠她去交下學(xué)期的tuition. man說(shuō)：1、explain to them and ask for more money(women怕他們收回offer);2、take a part-time job(woman說(shuō)怕時(shí)間不夠太累) 問(wèn)題是：這個(gè)女生的Dilemma是什么，你認(rèn)為應(yīng)該怎么做，為什么?
8
男生向女生抱怨自己剛才正在做research project，結(jié)果不小心erased his data(刪掉了數(shù)據(jù))，而且沒(méi)有copy。女生提出了兩點(diǎn)possible solution：給emergence打電話，讓他們來(lái)修理，因?yàn)橛型黹g服務(wù)，但是男生說(shuō)太貴。女生于是建議向教授要求extension，男生擔(dān)心教授strict，會(huì)take points(減分)。
2016年8月20日/21日托?？谡Z(yǔ)預(yù)測(cè)Task 6：
1. The professor talks about why solidarity develops in different societies.
One reason is that all society members do the same kind of job. For example, people in rural areas are mainly farmers who deal with basic work and so they share similar lives. Solidarity develops in this society because the same job creates a sense of unity.
The other reason is because of different divisions of job. For instance, people in town have different tasks like doctors and stuff, and they are interdependent. Solidarity develops in this kind of society because people depend on each other.
NO.2
Soil中也有生存的mammal . Firstly, they must be able to move, for the soil is not like the water, it's thick and condense. 2, able to protect themselves from things like the particles in soil.
接著教授舉了2 examples. 1,mow, has strong feet, like the shovel, that can dig deeply 2, ……。 has tiny eyes, also have hair that cover their eye from particle infection.
NO.3
廣告里的名人效應(yīng)。說(shuō)名人做廣告當(dāng)然很好，但是有兩點(diǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。第一是人們太關(guān)注明星而忽視了產(chǎn)品，舉了個(gè)pizza的例子，人們只注意看那個(gè)知名的喜劇演員了，誰(shuí)都不去注意pizza，結(jié)果pizza賣得不好。第二是有時(shí)候名人前后表現(xiàn)不一致，舉了電腦的例子，某名人在做廣告時(shí)說(shuō)她喜歡XX電腦，但接受雜志采訪時(shí)又說(shuō)其實(shí)自己不用電腦，結(jié)果這電腦也滯銷了。
NO.4
Waiting Time
很多成功營(yíng)銷的秘訣就是waiting time.但對(duì)商業(yè)行為而言，關(guān)鍵并不是實(shí)際等待的時(shí)間，而是感知等待時(shí)間conceived waiting time,就是the time that consumers think they are waiting.
商家一般通過(guò)兩種策略來(lái)cut conceived waiting time。
(1)，讓顧客有事可做：Let the consumers have something to do.給了兩個(gè)例子，一是在醫(yī)院休息室的doctor's waiting room，放一電視TV，大家看電視，不知不覺(jué)時(shí)間就過(guò)去了;二是在電梯口elevator，放一鏡子mirror，大家對(duì)著鏡子臭美一下，時(shí)間就過(guò)去了，就cannot conceived the waiting time了。
(2)，告訴顧客他們實(shí)際上等待了多久tell them the real waiting time。很多人就是自己覺(jué)得等得長(zhǎng)，他等了十分鐘覺(jué)得已經(jīng)等了二十分鐘了，于是就著急。這第二種策略常見(jiàn)的就是火車站，大喇叭里不停的告訴你，還有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，通過(guò)這種tell you the truth 的方式，來(lái)reduce conceived waiting time.
問(wèn)題：什么是conceived waiting time以及商家reduce conceived waiting time的策略。
NO.5
廣告的口號(hào)，兩種slogan，1、for the whole company 2、for specific product
EXAMPLE家具廠用自己的廣告告訴他們的東西結(jié)實(shí)。
EXAMPLE打印機(jī)
NO.6
Memory gaps, we fill our memory gaps inaccurately in two ways.
Way 1: with plausible guesses and assumptions
Example 1: 車禍后被要求回憶，他們會(huì)說(shuō)出一些有道理但不真實(shí)的原因，比如司機(jī)在打電話或安全帶沒(méi)系
Way 2: others' suggestions and opinions
Example 2: 車禍后被要求回憶，如果問(wèn)題是"司機(jī)當(dāng)時(shí)開(kāi)車的速度怎樣"，人們會(huì)被速度所影響
NO.7
【講課要點(diǎn)】：
動(dòng)物靠在空中放出pheromone來(lái)交流communicate。這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)有兩個(gè)用途：
1. 判斷l(xiāng)ocation: an insect can use this chemical to guide another insect from food to home。舉例：蜜蜂在外找食，在巢里的其他蜜蜂就會(huì)發(fā)出這種激素，幫助找食的蜜蜂找到自己的巢。
2. this chemical is the signal to show that female animals are ready to mate交配。舉例：a female moth can relapse this chemical, so a male moth can know this female moth is ready to mate and can find where it is。" S6: 暫時(shí)無(wú)法確定題目來(lái)源
NO.8
【講課要點(diǎn)】：
Protective Adaptation
1. Structure adaptation -- grow specific body structure
通過(guò)改變身體的部分來(lái)適應(yīng)環(huán)境，或是防御掠食者
EG:說(shuō)一種B鯊魚，個(gè)頭小，身體弱，vulnerable to big sharks，后經(jīng)歷漫長(zhǎng)的演化尾部長(zhǎng)出spike，防止其他比他大的鯊魚的attack。
2. Behavior adaptation -- change behavior
通過(guò)裝死、改變自身的行為來(lái)騙過(guò)掠食者
EG:說(shuō)北美的一種動(dòng)物，當(dāng)遇到天敵攻擊時(shí)就會(huì)pretend death, shut eyes, heart beat slow, breath slight…
NO.9
演員如何入戲?比如一個(gè)人要扮演國(guó)王，現(xiàn)在要會(huì)見(jiàn)一位來(lái)提親的男子，那么他登臺(tái)之前就應(yīng)該像一個(gè)國(guó)王那樣想問(wèn)題，比如說(shuō)他應(yīng)該想到來(lái)提親的是不是要奪我王位，沖著我的權(quán)力而來(lái)，這樣演員一上臺(tái)就進(jìn)入了國(guó)王的角色，觀眾也可以很快融入戲中，感覺(jué)真實(shí)而不是做戲。
0
說(shuō)是有兩種途徑讓動(dòng)物們既可以在白天活動(dòng)也可以在夜里活動(dòng)，第一種是make light怎么的(忘了)，給出的例子是fox有一種很特殊的layer 能借助月光看清東西。 第二種是 可以通過(guò)縮小眼睛的一個(gè)什么(eyes pupil不確定拼寫對(duì)不對(duì))瞳孔吧，例子還是FOX，可以調(diào)節(jié)瞳孔大小，來(lái)減少光的強(qiáng)度，所以他們還是可以在白天攝取食物。
1
The professor talks about two types of suspense in a movie.
The first type is that the audience feels interesting to guess the end. For example, two heroes set the same goal, but the audiences have no idea who comes first.
The second type is that the audiences know the end but they have no clue how to get to the end. For example, in a love story, the hero and heroine doom to meet in the end, but how they meet each other becomes intriguing.
2
Lecture: Small Business: drawbacks on home-based business
For many small businesses, instead of renting, they prefer to work from home. Though working from home has its merits, a home-based business has some drawbacks.
1) Can't Maintain a Professional Image
People working in home-based businesses don't set a clear boundary between business and personal life. The customers may think they are not professional and serious about the business. For example, if a home-based business is a catering service that provides food for some major event, a customer would call and not expect a baby crying in the background. However, if it happened, the customer will for sure think that the business is not professional enough for their event and not trust the ability of the caterer to provide good-quality food.
2) Will Affect the Lives of the Neighbors
Use the catering example again, the business may hire two or more workers to help with the preparation of food. These workers may need to park their cars on the street, which would take up the neighbors' parking spots. Having their spots taken, the neighbors would definitely complain.
Question： Describe the two drawbacks of home-based businesses.
3
Ecosystem engineering: 動(dòng)物住在一個(gè)地方，這個(gè)地方會(huì)變得適合其他動(dòng)物生存。兩種方式
1、在日常生活中慢慢去做。比如某個(gè)海鮮：mussels，在吃水里東西的時(shí)候把水過(guò)濾干凈了。
2、在一個(gè)群中間位置的時(shí)候，形成一個(gè)對(duì)其他動(dòng)物有保護(hù)的地方。再比如剛才那個(gè)海鮮：mussels。他們成群住在海洋地表，他們之間的空隙形成其他動(dòng)物能夠生存的空間。
4
口語(yǔ)六：老師總希望得到feedback， feedback DE characters 1 focus on students 2. focus on 其他
5
人類發(fā)明創(chuàng)造有2種可能：有目的性(intentional)，無(wú)目的性(accidental)。有目的性的舉例是發(fā)明一種眼鏡，可以不用讓人在看遠(yuǎn)距離和近距離的時(shí)候頻繁換眼鏡。無(wú)目的性的例子是X-RAY的發(fā)明，是某個(gè)科學(xué)家在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里發(fā)現(xiàn)的物體影像，進(jìn)而應(yīng)用于人體醫(yī)學(xué)。 "
6
Wetland's two benefits for animals.
1). for nursery, sharks lay eggs in wetlands close to the ocean, because wetlands are shallow, there are not large predators, baby sharks can grow safely in the wetlands and survive in the ocean.
作為孕育地。動(dòng)物可以lay eggs or give birth, 直到它們的寶寶長(zhǎng)大成熟。舉例，一種鯊魚在靠近海洋的濕地產(chǎn)卵，因?yàn)檫@里大動(dòng)物少，可以減少被捕食者捕食的幾率;
2). for rest and find food. Immigrating birds, for example, paper, during the long journey of immigration, stop the wetlands to find the food because they can find similar food like before.
question 6【講課要點(diǎn)】two ways the animals use wetland。
to rest and feed themselves. 舉例，一種要cross美洲的migrate bird， 在長(zhǎng)途遷徙的過(guò)程中需要休息或者覓食，這時(shí)候濕地發(fā)揮了很大的作用:在這里可以resting and setting，這里還有很多吃的，就跟它們平時(shí)吃的一樣，所以很適合停留。
7
講課要點(diǎn)】：Two Economic Changes in Ancient Civilization
1. Currency: this monetary form made life easier. For example, a man who bakes bread can now use money in exchange for a coat. Using money to trade can avoid the possible issue that the person who sells coats does not like bread.
2. Trade new things over a greater distance. For example, Romans can import silk fabric from China.
8
Lecture: Two Advantages of the Beta Testing Method in Business
A beta test is an opportunity that gives the intended audience some samples to try the product out first.
1) Get feedback from the customers
The producer can get feedback from the customers who try the product. They will know which aspects of the product the customers like and don't like. A camera company, for example, may give some professional photographers new sample cameras to test out. After testing, the photographers may report, for example, that the flash doesn't work well because it produces too much light. The company will then know they need to work on the flash to make the overall product more desirable.
2) Providing Free Advertising
If the tested audience thinks the new product is satisfactory, it will leave a positive impression in their minds and they may tell others about the product. Even if it's not a perfect product at first, the efforts taken by the company to improve it will convince the photographer customers that the new camera will be very good. They, in turn, will tell other photographer friends about the new product and encourage greater sales.