一．表示原因
1）There are three reasons for this． 2）The reasons for this are as follows． 3）The reason for this is obvious． 4）The reason for this is not far to seek． 5）The reason for this is that．．． 6）We have good reason to believe that．．． 例如：There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life． 注：如考生寫第一個句子沒有把握，可將其改寫成兩個句子。 如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．這樣寫可以避免套用中的表達失誤。
二．表示好處 1）It has the following advantages． 2）It does us a lot of good． 3）It benefits us quite a lot． 4）It is beneficial to us． 5）It is of great benefit to us． 例如：Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．
三．表示壞處 1）It has more disadvantages than advantages． 2）It does us much harm． 3）It is harmful to us． 例如：However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television．
四．表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能 1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth． 2）We think it necessary to do sth． 3）It plays an important role in our life． 例如：Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．
五．表示措施 1）We should take some effective measures． 2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties． 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth． 4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with． 例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Thereforewe must take some effective measures to solve it．
六．表示變化 1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years． 2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications． 3）The computer has brought about many changes in education． 例如：Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and morepeople are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．
七．表示事實、現(xiàn)狀 1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．． 2）No one can deny the fact that．．． 3）There is no denying the fact that．．． 4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in． 5）However，that’s not the case． 例如：We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems，we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．
八．表示比較 1）Compared with A，B．．． 2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV． 3）There is a striking contrast between them． 例如：Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．
九．表示數(shù)量 1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．． 2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000． 3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January． 例如：With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased． 再如：From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．
十．表示看法 1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth． 2）People have different opinions on this problem． 3）People take different views of（on）the question． 4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．． 例如：People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However，others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers． 再如：Do “l(fā)ucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it． 注：一個段落有時很適宜以問句開始，考生應掌握這一寫作方法。
十一．表示結(jié)論 1）In short，it can be said that ．．． 2）It may be briefly summed up as follows． 3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．． 例如：From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved． 注：例句1可用于任何一個段落的結(jié)論句；例句3則多用文章結(jié)論段的第一句。
十二．套語 1）It’s well known to us that ．．． 2）As is known to us，．．． 3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about． 4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．． 5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way． 例如：As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus． The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate． 再如：Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it．
十三.原因結(jié)果
1….(結(jié)果)…, owing to (原因) [owing to 為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)] 2….(結(jié)果)…, attributable to（原因） [attributable to為形容詞短語] 3….(結(jié)果) lie in the fact that（原因） [ 同位語從句 ] 4….（結(jié)果）result from（原因） [句型一般] 5. It is precisely because （原因）…that （導致結(jié)果）… [強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)] 6. …, as a result, …（導致結(jié)果）… [as a result做插入語] 7. （原因）be responsible for（結(jié)果） [常見句型] 8. （原因），which in turn（結(jié)果） eg. They give rise to unfair competition, which in turn throws original businesses into a commercial panic. 十四．方式，比較 1. (Just) as …, so… 正如… [ 比較句型 ] eg. Just as water is the most important of liquids, so air is the most important of gases. 2. in much the same way/manner that… 正如…, 和…一樣 eg. The Americans spend Christmas Day in much the same way that the Europeans do. 十五. 強調(diào)句 1. only [既是強調(diào)句,又是倒裝句] eg. Only in this way can you hope to improve the present situation. 2. It is …that… eg. It is because he was too careless that he failed in the exam. 3. nothing but 只不過；只有… eg. If what we have been striving for is nothing but pleasure-seeking, our nation will be deprived of the right to rise.(這里nothing but 可以去掉,不影響句意,但有了nothing but,就強調(diào)了后面的名詞) 十六. 假設 1. Supposing……, it is likely that…. 假設…, 那么很可能… [假設, 虛擬語態(tài)] eg. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. from an advertisement. 十七. 否定 1. 雙重否定 not uncommon = common 平常的,普通的 not unusual = usual 平常的，通常的 not inevitable=evitable 可以避免的 (盡量把要強調(diào)的普通的形容詞改成雙重否定, 為文章多增加亮點) 十八.直陳觀點 1. more than…can 簡直不,無法,難以… eg. The beauty of the city is more than I can describe. 2. beyond description 無法描述 eg. The beauty of the city is beyond description. 3. There is no point(use) in doing… …是沒有任何意義的. 4. The first nut for us to crack is … 我們首先要解決的問題是… 5. short-sighted policy 眼光短淺的政策 6. while ……with one hand, ……with the other. 當(我們)一方面…., 而另一方面… eg. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other. 7. far from 遠離,遠遠不,非但不 eg. Far from taking exception(take exception:反對), no one is even mildly surprised. 8. be bound to eg. Any discussion of this topic is bound to question the aims of education. 9. (or) vice-versa 反之亦然 10. sth. be measured in terms of … sth.用…來衡量 eg. “success” is measured in terms of freedom from insecurity. 11…. (現(xiàn)象)…, upon which views vary from person to person. 12.A be more essential to B. 對B來說, A是尤為關(guān)鍵重要的. 13.Distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter of opportunity and of continuous and concentrated effort over long years. (很優(yōu)美的句子,值得借鑒) 14. from the …point of view 從…角度來看 eg. From the health point of view 從健康的角度來看 15. ……must be rooted out in order to …. …必須根除以… eg. Moral corruption must be rooted out in order to preserve the integrity of the state. 為了使國家健康發(fā)展,必須根除腐敗. 16. …represent only the tip of the iceberg. …….只是冰山一角 eg. The most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg. 17….demonstrate the value of one’s life and work hard to achieve feats that will live up to the expectations of the people and the times. 證實自己的人生價值,努力的工作取得成就,而不辜負人民和時代的期望. (出處同上) 18.When asked about…, the overwhelming majority of people say that ….But other people think of … as…. / But I think quite differently. (對報刊上某一問題(已有不同的人發(fā)表了不同的觀點)發(fā)表自己的觀點) 19.It is generally believed/accepted/held that… 通常認為…. 20. It is no denying the fact that…. 無可否認…
十九.副詞 1. admittedly 應當承認: 2. 1. admittedly 應當承認: 3. discreetly 小心謹慎地: 4. conceivably 可以想象地 5. surely 肯定地 6. eagerly 渴望地 7. increasingly 不斷增長地 8. honestly: 誠實地 9. certainly: 當然地
Culture 文化篇 A great poem is a fountain forever overflowing with the waters of wisdom and delight.(P. B. Shelley , British poet ) 偉大的詩篇即是永遠噴出智慧和歡欣之水的噴泉。 (英國詩人 雪萊. P. B) Art is a lie that tells the truth .( Picasso , Spanish painter ) 美術(shù)是揭示真理的謊言。 (西班牙畫家 畢加索) Humor has been well defined as thinking in fun while feeling in earnest. (Mark Twain , American novelist ) 幽默被人正確地解釋為"以誠摯表達感受，寓深思于嬉笑"。(美國小說家 馬克?吐溫) The decline of literature indicates the decline of a nation ; the two keep in their downward tendency.( Johan Wolfgang von Goethe , German poet ) 文學的衰落表明一個民族的衰落。這兩者走下坡路的時間是齊頭并進的。 (德國詩人 歌德 . J . W .) When one loves one's art no service seems too hard .(O. Henry, American novelist) 一旦熱愛藝術(shù)，什么奉獻也不難。 (美國小說家 歐?亨利)
Education 教育篇 And gladly would learn , and gladly teach .( Chaucer , British poet) 勤于學習的人才能樂意施教。(英國詩人, 喬叟) Better be unborn than untaught , for ignorance is the root of misfortune .(Plato , Ancient Greek philosopher) 與其不受教育,不如不生,因為無知是不幸的根源.(古希臘哲學家 柏拉圖)
Friendship 友誼篇 "Some friends come and go like a season. Others are arranged in our lives for good reason." ---Sharita Gadison "A true friend is someone you can disagree with and still remain friends. For if not, they weren't true friends in the first place."
"比如"的表達方式： For example, For instance, It can be given a concrete example, Take ... for an example, it is a very obvious case There is one impressive example I want to mention here. Let's see an example. It is best illustrated if given the following example. Let me provide an example. Perhaps the most important example of ...is that... As I remember,/ I now still remember that. I will never forget that To illustrate this, there is an example that is very persuasive. An instance that accompanies this reason is that... An example can give the details of this argument, ... It is a forceful example to demonstrate the importance of ... History presented many examples of... In order to see this point clearly, let us see an example.
1）There are three reasons for this． 2）The reasons for this are as follows． 3）The reason for this is obvious． 4）The reason for this is not far to seek． 5）The reason for this is that．．． 6）We have good reason to believe that．．． 例如：There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life． 注：如考生寫第一個句子沒有把握，可將其改寫成兩個句子。 如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．這樣寫可以避免套用中的表達失誤。
二．表示好處 1）It has the following advantages． 2）It does us a lot of good． 3）It benefits us quite a lot． 4）It is beneficial to us． 5）It is of great benefit to us． 例如：Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．
三．表示壞處 1）It has more disadvantages than advantages． 2）It does us much harm． 3）It is harmful to us． 例如：However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television．
四．表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能 1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth． 2）We think it necessary to do sth． 3）It plays an important role in our life． 例如：Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．
五．表示措施 1）We should take some effective measures． 2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties． 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth． 4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with． 例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Thereforewe must take some effective measures to solve it．
六．表示變化 1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years． 2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications． 3）The computer has brought about many changes in education． 例如：Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and morepeople are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．
七．表示事實、現(xiàn)狀 1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．． 2）No one can deny the fact that．．． 3）There is no denying the fact that．．． 4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in． 5）However，that’s not the case． 例如：We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems，we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．
八．表示比較 1）Compared with A，B．．． 2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV． 3）There is a striking contrast between them． 例如：Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．
九．表示數(shù)量 1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．． 2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000． 3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January． 例如：With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased． 再如：From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．
十．表示看法 1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth． 2）People have different opinions on this problem． 3）People take different views of（on）the question． 4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．． 例如：People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However，others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers． 再如：Do “l(fā)ucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it． 注：一個段落有時很適宜以問句開始，考生應掌握這一寫作方法。
十一．表示結(jié)論 1）In short，it can be said that ．．． 2）It may be briefly summed up as follows． 3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．． 例如：From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved． 注：例句1可用于任何一個段落的結(jié)論句；例句3則多用文章結(jié)論段的第一句。
十二．套語 1）It’s well known to us that ．．． 2）As is known to us，．．． 3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about． 4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．． 5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way． 例如：As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus． The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate． 再如：Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it．
十三.原因結(jié)果
1….(結(jié)果)…, owing to (原因) [owing to 為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)] 2….(結(jié)果)…, attributable to（原因） [attributable to為形容詞短語] 3….(結(jié)果) lie in the fact that（原因） [ 同位語從句 ] 4….（結(jié)果）result from（原因） [句型一般] 5. It is precisely because （原因）…that （導致結(jié)果）… [強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)] 6. …, as a result, …（導致結(jié)果）… [as a result做插入語] 7. （原因）be responsible for（結(jié)果） [常見句型] 8. （原因），which in turn（結(jié)果） eg. They give rise to unfair competition, which in turn throws original businesses into a commercial panic. 十四．方式，比較 1. (Just) as …, so… 正如… [ 比較句型 ] eg. Just as water is the most important of liquids, so air is the most important of gases. 2. in much the same way/manner that… 正如…, 和…一樣 eg. The Americans spend Christmas Day in much the same way that the Europeans do. 十五. 強調(diào)句 1. only [既是強調(diào)句,又是倒裝句] eg. Only in this way can you hope to improve the present situation. 2. It is …that… eg. It is because he was too careless that he failed in the exam. 3. nothing but 只不過；只有… eg. If what we have been striving for is nothing but pleasure-seeking, our nation will be deprived of the right to rise.(這里nothing but 可以去掉,不影響句意,但有了nothing but,就強調(diào)了后面的名詞) 十六. 假設 1. Supposing……, it is likely that…. 假設…, 那么很可能… [假設, 虛擬語態(tài)] eg. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. from an advertisement. 十七. 否定 1. 雙重否定 not uncommon = common 平常的,普通的 not unusual = usual 平常的，通常的 not inevitable=evitable 可以避免的 (盡量把要強調(diào)的普通的形容詞改成雙重否定, 為文章多增加亮點) 十八.直陳觀點 1. more than…can 簡直不,無法,難以… eg. The beauty of the city is more than I can describe. 2. beyond description 無法描述 eg. The beauty of the city is beyond description. 3. There is no point(use) in doing… …是沒有任何意義的. 4. The first nut for us to crack is … 我們首先要解決的問題是… 5. short-sighted policy 眼光短淺的政策 6. while ……with one hand, ……with the other. 當(我們)一方面…., 而另一方面… eg. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other. 7. far from 遠離,遠遠不,非但不 eg. Far from taking exception(take exception:反對), no one is even mildly surprised. 8. be bound to eg. Any discussion of this topic is bound to question the aims of education. 9. (or) vice-versa 反之亦然 10. sth. be measured in terms of … sth.用…來衡量 eg. “success” is measured in terms of freedom from insecurity. 11…. (現(xiàn)象)…, upon which views vary from person to person. 12.A be more essential to B. 對B來說, A是尤為關(guān)鍵重要的. 13.Distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter of opportunity and of continuous and concentrated effort over long years. (很優(yōu)美的句子,值得借鑒) 14. from the …point of view 從…角度來看 eg. From the health point of view 從健康的角度來看 15. ……must be rooted out in order to …. …必須根除以… eg. Moral corruption must be rooted out in order to preserve the integrity of the state. 為了使國家健康發(fā)展,必須根除腐敗. 16. …represent only the tip of the iceberg. …….只是冰山一角 eg. The most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg. 17….demonstrate the value of one’s life and work hard to achieve feats that will live up to the expectations of the people and the times. 證實自己的人生價值,努力的工作取得成就,而不辜負人民和時代的期望. (出處同上) 18.When asked about…, the overwhelming majority of people say that ….But other people think of … as…. / But I think quite differently. (對報刊上某一問題(已有不同的人發(fā)表了不同的觀點)發(fā)表自己的觀點) 19.It is generally believed/accepted/held that… 通常認為…. 20. It is no denying the fact that…. 無可否認…
十九.副詞 1. admittedly 應當承認: 2. 1. admittedly 應當承認: 3. discreetly 小心謹慎地: 4. conceivably 可以想象地 5. surely 肯定地 6. eagerly 渴望地 7. increasingly 不斷增長地 8. honestly: 誠實地 9. certainly: 當然地
Culture 文化篇 A great poem is a fountain forever overflowing with the waters of wisdom and delight.(P. B. Shelley , British poet ) 偉大的詩篇即是永遠噴出智慧和歡欣之水的噴泉。 (英國詩人 雪萊. P. B) Art is a lie that tells the truth .( Picasso , Spanish painter ) 美術(shù)是揭示真理的謊言。 (西班牙畫家 畢加索) Humor has been well defined as thinking in fun while feeling in earnest. (Mark Twain , American novelist ) 幽默被人正確地解釋為"以誠摯表達感受，寓深思于嬉笑"。(美國小說家 馬克?吐溫) The decline of literature indicates the decline of a nation ; the two keep in their downward tendency.( Johan Wolfgang von Goethe , German poet ) 文學的衰落表明一個民族的衰落。這兩者走下坡路的時間是齊頭并進的。 (德國詩人 歌德 . J . W .) When one loves one's art no service seems too hard .(O. Henry, American novelist) 一旦熱愛藝術(shù)，什么奉獻也不難。 (美國小說家 歐?亨利)
Education 教育篇 And gladly would learn , and gladly teach .( Chaucer , British poet) 勤于學習的人才能樂意施教。(英國詩人, 喬叟) Better be unborn than untaught , for ignorance is the root of misfortune .(Plato , Ancient Greek philosopher) 與其不受教育,不如不生,因為無知是不幸的根源.(古希臘哲學家 柏拉圖)
Friendship 友誼篇 "Some friends come and go like a season. Others are arranged in our lives for good reason." ---Sharita Gadison "A true friend is someone you can disagree with and still remain friends. For if not, they weren't true friends in the first place."
"比如"的表達方式： For example, For instance, It can be given a concrete example, Take ... for an example, it is a very obvious case There is one impressive example I want to mention here. Let's see an example. It is best illustrated if given the following example. Let me provide an example. Perhaps the most important example of ...is that... As I remember,/ I now still remember that. I will never forget that To illustrate this, there is an example that is very persuasive. An instance that accompanies this reason is that... An example can give the details of this argument, ... It is a forceful example to demonstrate the importance of ... History presented many examples of... In order to see this point clearly, let us see an example.