一.總結(jié)聽力材料summarize the lecture：
    The speaker talks about
    The lecture discusses/is mainly discussing
    The professor made the point that
    二.引出要點(diǎn)introduce key points：
    First/second/third
    First/then/another point is that
    Or express the key point directly in a topic sentence.
    三.引出例子introduce examples or reasons：
    For example (instance)/one example is/such as/that is
    四.增加例子add examples or reasons：
    Next/Furthermore/another example is/in addition
    五.對(duì)比觀點(diǎn)Shw contrast between ideas：
    However/In contrast/on the contrary/on the other hand/but
    六.精彩opening：
    1) The lecture discusses…which differs from the main idea in the reading that…
    2) The professor made the point that…. The reading does not discuss this point.
    Another important point is that…， but the reading does not discuss the point.
    Finally， the Professor stated that….
    In general， the Professor discusses problems of…that the reading does not include.
    3) According to the lecture， ….On the other hand/while the reading stated that…
    The professor made the point that…. On the contrary/however/in contrast， the writer demonstrated an idea that…
    The lecture supports/illustrates the idea that…
    The lecture contradicts/refutes/is in contrary to/is the opposite of the idea that…
    七.對(duì)材料的指稱：
    The speaker/lecturer/professor/listening material/lecture
    The writer/narrator/reading material/writing