蜜蜂升溫
Ingestion of food containing spores（孢子） of the pathogen Ascosphaera apis causes a fatal fungal disease known as chalk brood in honeybee larvae. However, larvae must be chilled to about 30°C(normal brood-comb temperature is 33-36°C)for the disease to develop. Accordingly（因此）, chalk brood is most common in spring and in small colonies. A recent study revealed that honeybees responsible for hive-temperature maintenance purposely raised the hives’ temperature when colonies were inoculated with A.apis. this “fever,” or up-regulation of temperature, occurred before any larvae died, suggesting that the response is preventative and that either honeybee workers detect the infection before symptoms are visible or larvae communicate the ingestion of the pathogen.
Temperature returned to normal by the end of the study, suggesting that increased temperature is not optimal when broods are not infected, as well as that the fever does not result merely from normal colony growth (i.e., an increase in the number of workers available for temperature maintenance).
【文章說了一種病原體,簡(jiǎn)稱A病原體.蜜蜂幼蟲吃了含有A的食物之后,體內(nèi)會(huì)長(zhǎng)一種致命的菌簡(jiǎn)稱CB.但是CB要在低于幼蟲正常體溫的情況下才會(huì)發(fā)作,所以CB主要是在春天侵害小規(guī)模的蜜蜂群. 最近一個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn).在蜂群感染了A之后,那些負(fù)責(zé)維持蜂房溫度的蜜蜂會(huì)有意識(shí)地提高蜂房溫度. 而這個(gè)"發(fā)燒現(xiàn)象",或者說溫度的提升是在沒有一個(gè)幼蟲(因病)死亡之前發(fā)生的.(這個(gè)現(xiàn)象)可能說明蜜蜂的這一反應(yīng)(提高溫度)是一個(gè)保護(hù)性措施.而且(還說明)要么是那些蜜蜂在感染癥狀出現(xiàn)之前就發(fā)現(xiàn)了它們,要么就是幼蟲把感染信息告訴了蜜蜂. 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束的時(shí)候,(蜂房的溫度)又恢復(fù)正常了,說明升高的溫度并不是蜂群的溫度,也說明這個(gè)"發(fā)燒現(xiàn)象"不僅僅是蜂群數(shù)量增大的結(jié)果.】
24. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) discuss the findings and implications of a particular study
(B) illustrate a process that formerly had been misunderstood
(C) outline the methods used to investigate a problem
(D) provide evidence to support a controversial theory
(E) contrast alternative interpretations of certain date
25. According to the passage, researchers concluded that fever in honeybee coloniesis preventative because their study showed that such fever
(這題多數(shù)同學(xué)選的C. 問的是為什么研究人員認(rèn)為"發(fā)熱"是保護(hù)行為)
(A) does not occur when hive temperatures are within normal range 該行為不發(fā)生在蜂房溫度正常的情況下.(應(yīng)該非常好排除吧,升溫和蜂房原來溫度無關(guān),只有感染了才會(huì)升)
(B) protests adult bees from contracting chalk brood infection 防止成年蜜蜂接觸感染.(升溫的作用是防止發(fā)作,文章中沒有提到是否能隔絕傳染. )
(C) occurs prior to the death of any larvae 在任何幼蟲死亡之前發(fā)生.
(文中原話,雖然直接得有點(diǎn)讓人不敢選,但是確實(shí)是答案.)
(D) is more likely to occur in spring than in summer 相較于在夏天,更可能在春天發(fā)生. (than是GRE閱讀中需要引起注意的詞.文中沒有明確指出,不如C來得更直接,而且有點(diǎn)答非所問.)
(E) does not have an effect on uninfected broods 對(duì)于沒有感染的蜜蜂沒有影響.(答非所問).
26. The passage implies that if hive temperature had not returned to normal by the end of the study in question, a probable conclusion of the researchers would have been that
(這題牽涉到對(duì)文章最后一句的理解,只要取反就可以了.所以我覺得是B,這題爭(zhēng)議比較嚴(yán)重.其實(shí)最后一句的意思就是最終的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果(溫度回歸)說明暫時(shí)升高的溫度不是蜂群的最愛---說明是不得以而為之;而后半句溫度升高不僅僅是蜜蜂數(shù)量的增多,說明熱量不是數(shù)量上升累積的結(jié)果而是有別的什么因素促成.換而言 之還是說明了溫度升高是有意識(shí)地保護(hù)行為.所以回答這題的時(shí)候把這兩點(diǎn)的想法取反就OK了)
(A) up-regulation of temperature is a preventative measure against chalk brood 說明升溫是保護(hù)性措施. (和上述說法取反后不同吧.)
(B) honeybees are incapable of purposely raising hive temperatures 蜜蜂不能有意識(shí)地升高蜂房溫度. (正確,符合上述第二個(gè)說法取反的結(jié)果).（第二種說法是說升溫不是種群自然增大的結(jié)果，如果取反也不是這個(gè)吧）
(C) A. apis cannot be completely eradicated throughup-regulation of temperature along 說明僅僅通過升溫A不能完全被消除. (到底A有沒有被消除實(shí)驗(yàn)沒有說吧.)
(D) honeybee larvae have a mechanism to alert adult honeybees to the presenceof A. apis 幼蟲有能力向成年蜜蜂報(bào)警. (完全沒關(guān)系的回答吧.)
Ingestion of food containing spores（孢子） of the pathogen Ascosphaera apis causes a fatal fungal disease known as chalk brood in honeybee larvae. However, larvae must be chilled to about 30°C(normal brood-comb temperature is 33-36°C)for the disease to develop. Accordingly（因此）, chalk brood is most common in spring and in small colonies. A recent study revealed that honeybees responsible for hive-temperature maintenance purposely raised the hives’ temperature when colonies were inoculated with A.apis. this “fever,” or up-regulation of temperature, occurred before any larvae died, suggesting that the response is preventative and that either honeybee workers detect the infection before symptoms are visible or larvae communicate the ingestion of the pathogen.
Temperature returned to normal by the end of the study, suggesting that increased temperature is not optimal when broods are not infected, as well as that the fever does not result merely from normal colony growth (i.e., an increase in the number of workers available for temperature maintenance).
【文章說了一種病原體,簡(jiǎn)稱A病原體.蜜蜂幼蟲吃了含有A的食物之后,體內(nèi)會(huì)長(zhǎng)一種致命的菌簡(jiǎn)稱CB.但是CB要在低于幼蟲正常體溫的情況下才會(huì)發(fā)作,所以CB主要是在春天侵害小規(guī)模的蜜蜂群. 最近一個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn).在蜂群感染了A之后,那些負(fù)責(zé)維持蜂房溫度的蜜蜂會(huì)有意識(shí)地提高蜂房溫度. 而這個(gè)"發(fā)燒現(xiàn)象",或者說溫度的提升是在沒有一個(gè)幼蟲(因病)死亡之前發(fā)生的.(這個(gè)現(xiàn)象)可能說明蜜蜂的這一反應(yīng)(提高溫度)是一個(gè)保護(hù)性措施.而且(還說明)要么是那些蜜蜂在感染癥狀出現(xiàn)之前就發(fā)現(xiàn)了它們,要么就是幼蟲把感染信息告訴了蜜蜂. 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束的時(shí)候,(蜂房的溫度)又恢復(fù)正常了,說明升高的溫度并不是蜂群的溫度,也說明這個(gè)"發(fā)燒現(xiàn)象"不僅僅是蜂群數(shù)量增大的結(jié)果.】
24. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) discuss the findings and implications of a particular study
(B) illustrate a process that formerly had been misunderstood
(C) outline the methods used to investigate a problem
(D) provide evidence to support a controversial theory
(E) contrast alternative interpretations of certain date
25. According to the passage, researchers concluded that fever in honeybee coloniesis preventative because their study showed that such fever
(這題多數(shù)同學(xué)選的C. 問的是為什么研究人員認(rèn)為"發(fā)熱"是保護(hù)行為)
(A) does not occur when hive temperatures are within normal range 該行為不發(fā)生在蜂房溫度正常的情況下.(應(yīng)該非常好排除吧,升溫和蜂房原來溫度無關(guān),只有感染了才會(huì)升)
(B) protests adult bees from contracting chalk brood infection 防止成年蜜蜂接觸感染.(升溫的作用是防止發(fā)作,文章中沒有提到是否能隔絕傳染. )
(C) occurs prior to the death of any larvae 在任何幼蟲死亡之前發(fā)生.
(文中原話,雖然直接得有點(diǎn)讓人不敢選,但是確實(shí)是答案.)
(D) is more likely to occur in spring than in summer 相較于在夏天,更可能在春天發(fā)生. (than是GRE閱讀中需要引起注意的詞.文中沒有明確指出,不如C來得更直接,而且有點(diǎn)答非所問.)
(E) does not have an effect on uninfected broods 對(duì)于沒有感染的蜜蜂沒有影響.(答非所問).
26. The passage implies that if hive temperature had not returned to normal by the end of the study in question, a probable conclusion of the researchers would have been that
(這題牽涉到對(duì)文章最后一句的理解,只要取反就可以了.所以我覺得是B,這題爭(zhēng)議比較嚴(yán)重.其實(shí)最后一句的意思就是最終的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果(溫度回歸)說明暫時(shí)升高的溫度不是蜂群的最愛---說明是不得以而為之;而后半句溫度升高不僅僅是蜜蜂數(shù)量的增多,說明熱量不是數(shù)量上升累積的結(jié)果而是有別的什么因素促成.換而言 之還是說明了溫度升高是有意識(shí)地保護(hù)行為.所以回答這題的時(shí)候把這兩點(diǎn)的想法取反就OK了)
(A) up-regulation of temperature is a preventative measure against chalk brood 說明升溫是保護(hù)性措施. (和上述說法取反后不同吧.)
(B) honeybees are incapable of purposely raising hive temperatures 蜜蜂不能有意識(shí)地升高蜂房溫度. (正確,符合上述第二個(gè)說法取反的結(jié)果).（第二種說法是說升溫不是種群自然增大的結(jié)果，如果取反也不是這個(gè)吧）
(C) A. apis cannot be completely eradicated throughup-regulation of temperature along 說明僅僅通過升溫A不能完全被消除. (到底A有沒有被消除實(shí)驗(yàn)沒有說吧.)
(D) honeybee larvae have a mechanism to alert adult honeybees to the presenceof A. apis 幼蟲有能力向成年蜜蜂報(bào)警. (完全沒關(guān)系的回答吧.)