>13 Skyscrapers2 and Environment
In the late 1960's, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed3 out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.
Skyscrapers are also lavish4 consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper1 office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts5 -- enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.
Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful6. The heat loss (or gain) through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry7 wall filled with insulation8 board. To lessen9 the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.
Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation10 facilities, too. If fully11 occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year -- as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut, which has a population of more than 109, 000.
摩天大樓與環(huán)境
60年代后期，許多北美人把注意力轉(zhuǎn)向了環(huán)境問(wèn)題，那些嶄新的玻璃鋼摩天大樓受到了廣泛的批評(píng)。 生態(tài)學(xué)家指出，城市中密集的高層建筑經(jīng)常給公共交通與停車場(chǎng)的承載能力造成過(guò)重的負(fù)擔(dān)。摩天大樓還是電能的過(guò)度消費(fèi)者與浪費(fèi)者。 最近的某一年，紐約市摩天寫字樓1，700萬(wàn)英尺辦公面積的增加使電能的日需求量提高了120，000千瓦。 這些電能足以供紐約的整個(gè)奧爾巴尼市使用一天。玻璃表面的摩天大樓特別地浪費(fèi)。 通過(guò)半英寸的平板玻璃墻壁損失(或增加)的熱量是典型的加入絕緣板的石墻所允許的熱量損失(或增加)的十倍以上。 為了減輕取暖設(shè)備或空調(diào)設(shè)備的壓力，摩天大樓的建造者們已經(jīng)開始使用雙面上釉的玻璃鑲板和涂上了金色或銀色反光薄膜的反光玻璃，來(lái)減少?gòu)?qiáng)光照射和熱量的增加；但是，鏡面的摩天大樓會(huì)提高周圍空氣的溫度并會(huì)對(duì)附近的建筑物產(chǎn)生影響。摩天大樓也對(duì)城市的衛(wèi)生設(shè)施造成了沉重的壓力。 單單紐約市的二個(gè)世界貿(mào)易中心大樓如果完全被占滿的話，每年就會(huì)產(chǎn)生2，250，000加侖的污水。 這相當(dāng)于康涅狄格州的斯坦福市這樣大的城市一年所產(chǎn)生的污水量，而康州的斯坦福市擁有109，000人口。
In the late 1960's, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed3 out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.
Skyscrapers are also lavish4 consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper1 office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts5 -- enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.
Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful6. The heat loss (or gain) through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry7 wall filled with insulation8 board. To lessen9 the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.
Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation10 facilities, too. If fully11 occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year -- as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut, which has a population of more than 109, 000.
摩天大樓與環(huán)境
60年代后期，許多北美人把注意力轉(zhuǎn)向了環(huán)境問(wèn)題，那些嶄新的玻璃鋼摩天大樓受到了廣泛的批評(píng)。 生態(tài)學(xué)家指出，城市中密集的高層建筑經(jīng)常給公共交通與停車場(chǎng)的承載能力造成過(guò)重的負(fù)擔(dān)。摩天大樓還是電能的過(guò)度消費(fèi)者與浪費(fèi)者。 最近的某一年，紐約市摩天寫字樓1，700萬(wàn)英尺辦公面積的增加使電能的日需求量提高了120，000千瓦。 這些電能足以供紐約的整個(gè)奧爾巴尼市使用一天。玻璃表面的摩天大樓特別地浪費(fèi)。 通過(guò)半英寸的平板玻璃墻壁損失(或增加)的熱量是典型的加入絕緣板的石墻所允許的熱量損失(或增加)的十倍以上。 為了減輕取暖設(shè)備或空調(diào)設(shè)備的壓力，摩天大樓的建造者們已經(jīng)開始使用雙面上釉的玻璃鑲板和涂上了金色或銀色反光薄膜的反光玻璃，來(lái)減少?gòu)?qiáng)光照射和熱量的增加；但是，鏡面的摩天大樓會(huì)提高周圍空氣的溫度并會(huì)對(duì)附近的建筑物產(chǎn)生影響。摩天大樓也對(duì)城市的衛(wèi)生設(shè)施造成了沉重的壓力。 單單紐約市的二個(gè)世界貿(mào)易中心大樓如果完全被占滿的話，每年就會(huì)產(chǎn)生2，250，000加侖的污水。 這相當(dāng)于康涅狄格州的斯坦福市這樣大的城市一年所產(chǎn)生的污水量，而康州的斯坦福市擁有109，000人口。