Lesson 39 What every writer wants 作家之所需
    First listen and then answer the following question.
    聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
    How do professional writers ignore what they were taught at school about writing?
    I have known very few writers, but those I have known, and whom I respect, confess at once that they have little idea where they are going when they first set pen to paper. They have a character, perhaps two; they are in that condition of eager discomfort which passes for inspiration; all admit radical changes of destination once the journey has begun; one, to my certain knowledge, spent nine months on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the whole thing in the Scottish Highlands. I never heard of anyone making a 'skeleton', as we were taught at school. In the breaking and remaking, in the timing, interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern things in his material which were not consciously in his mind when he began. This organic process, often leading to moments of extraordinary self-discovery, is of an indescribable fascination. A blurred image appears; he adds a brushstroke and another, and it is gone; but something was there, and he will not rest till he has captured it. Sometimes the yeast within a writer outlives a book he has written. I have heard of writers who read nothing but their own books; like adolescents they stand before the mirror, and still cannot fathom the exact outline of the vision before them. For the same reason, writers talk interminably about their own books, winkling out hidden meanings, super-imposing new ones, begging response from those around them. Of course a writer doing this is misunderstood: he might as well try to explain a crime or a love affair. He is also, incidentally, an unforgivable bore.
    This temptation to cover the distance between himself and the reader, to study his image in the sight of those who do not know him, can be his undoing: he has begun to write to please.
    A young English writer made the pertinent observation a year or two back that the talent goes into the first draft, and the art into the drafts that follow. For this reason also the writer, like any other artist, has no resting place, no crowd or movement in which he may take comfort, no judgment from outside which can replace the judgment from within. A writer makes order out of the anarchy of his heart; he submits himself to a more ruthless discipline than any critic dreamed of, and when he flirts with fame, he is taking time off from living with himself, from the search for what his world contains at its inmost point.【參考譯文】
    我的認(rèn)識的作家寥寥無幾，然而凡是我所認(rèn)識和尊敬的作家，都立即承認(rèn)在他們動筆時，不清楚要寫什么，怎么寫。他們心中只在一個或兩個角色。他們處于急切不安的狀態(tài)，而被當(dāng)作是靈感。他們無不承認(rèn)，一旦“旅程”開始，“目的地”常有急劇的變化。據(jù)我所知，有位作家花了9個月的時間寫了一部關(guān)克什米爾的小說，后來卻把整個故事背景換成了蘇格蘭高地。我從未聽說過任何一位作家像我們在學(xué)校那樣，動筆前先列什么提綱。作家在剪裁修改、構(gòu)思時間、穿插情節(jié)、以至從頭重寫的過程中，會領(lǐng)悟到素材中很多東西是他剛動筆時所未意識到的。這種有機(jī)的加工過程往往達(dá)到不尋常自我發(fā)現(xiàn)的境界，具有難以言表的構(gòu)思魅力。一個朦朧的形象出現(xiàn)在作家的腦海里，他左添一筆，右添一筆，形象反而消逝了；可是，好像還有什么東西存在著，不把它捕捉到，作家是不會罷休的。有時，一個作家一本書寫完了，但興奮仍不消散。我聽說一些作家，除了自己的書外，別的書一概不讀，猶如希臘神話中那位漂亮的少年，站在鏡前，不能辨認(rèn)自身的真面目。由于這個原因，作家喋喋不休地談?wù)撟约旱臅?，挖掘其隱晦的含義，詢問周圍人的反應(yīng)。作家如此行事當(dāng)然被人誤解。他還不如給人講一個犯罪案件或一個戀愛故事。順便說一句，他也是個不可饒恕的令人厭煩的人。
    這種企圖消除自己和讀者之間距離的作法，企圖用不了解自己的人的觀點(diǎn)來研究自己塑造的形象的作法，會導(dǎo)致作家的毀滅，因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)開始為取悅他人而寫作了。
    一兩年前，一位年輕的英國作家發(fā)表了中肯的看法。他說，初稿是才華，以后各稿是藝術(shù)。也是由于這個原因，作家同任何藝術(shù)家一樣，找不到可休息的場所，找不到伙伴和活動使自己得到安逸。任何局外人的判斷也比不上他內(nèi)心的正確判斷。一旦作家從內(nèi)心的紊亂中理出頭緒，就應(yīng)該按任何評論家想像不到的無情規(guī)范約束自己寫作；當(dāng)他沽名釣譽(yù)時，他就脫離了自我生活，脫離了對自己靈魂最深處世界的探索。1.confess
    v. 承認(rèn)
    例句：The criminal soon confessed.
    罪犯很快就供認(rèn)了。
    2.inspiration
    n. 靈感
    例句：These events provided the inspiration for his first novel.
    這些事件給了他創(chuàng)作第一部小說的靈感。
    3.Kashmir
    n. 克什米爾
    4.interweave
    v. 交織
    例句：They interwove the red and gold threads.
    他們把紅色線和金色線交織在一起。
    5.afresh
    adv. 重新
    例句：His complex anger flamed afresh, and Ruth was in terror of him.
    他的無名火又冒上來了, 羅絲見他真害怕。
    6.discern
    v. 辨明，領(lǐng)悟
    例句：I soon discerned that the man was lying.
    我很快便察覺出這個人是在撒謊。
    7.indescribable
    adj. 無法描述的
    例句：indescribable beauty
    難以形容的美
    8.blur
    v. 使...模糊不清
    例句：Dust blurred my vision.
    灰塵模糊了我的視線。
    9.yeast
    n. 激動
    10.fathom
    v. 領(lǐng)悟，徹底了解
    例句：I can’t fathom him.
    我摸不透他的心思。
    11.interminably
    adv. 沒完沒了地
    12.winkle
    v. 挖掘
    例句：I managed to winkle the news out.
    我好不容易才探聽到那消息。
    13.incidentally
    adv. 順便說一下
    例句：Incidentally, I think you still owe me some money.
    順便說一句, 我想你還欠我一些錢。
    14.pertinent
    adj. 中肯的
    例句：The expert made some pertinent comments on the scheme.
    那專家對規(guī)劃提出了一些中肯的意見。
    15.flirt
    v. 調(diào)情
    例句：She flirts with every man she meets.
    她同她遇到的每個男人調(diào)情。
    16.inmost
    adj. 內(nèi)心深處
    例句：You read my inmost thoughts.
    你看出了我內(nèi)心深處的思想。1.I have known very few writers, but those I have known, and whom I respect, confess at once that they have little idea where they are going when they first set pen to paper.
    這句話的主干是：those and whom confess ……that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，表達(dá)承認(rèn)的內(nèi)容。have little idea表示不知道，相當(dāng)于don't know. where they are going是賓語從句，不知道的內(nèi)容。when they first set pen to paper是時間狀語從句。
    這句話前面說我認(rèn)識的作家很少，后面說，但是只要是我認(rèn)識的和我尊重的……注意學(xué)會這種表達(dá)方法。
    2.I never heard of anyone making a 'skeleton', as we were taught at school.
    hear of得悉, 聽說
    例句：I heard of his death last week.
    我上周聽說他死了。
    We don't know the singer, but we have heard of her.
    我們不認(rèn)識那位歌唱家, 但我們聽說過她。
    as的用法，見語法部分
    3.In the breaking and remaking, in the timing, interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern things in his material which were not consciously in his mind when he began.
    come to突然想起
    例句：I was already on my way when it suddenly came to me that I hadn't hung out my washing.
    我上路以后才想起我沒有把洗完的衣服晾起來。
    which were not consciously in his mind是定語從句，修飾discern things。when he began是時間狀語從句。
    4.A blurred image appears; he adds a brushstroke and another, and it is gone; but something was there, and he will not rest till he has captured it.
    not till直到，才，相當(dāng)于not until
    till和until的區(qū)別
    1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
    Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
    直到你告訴我以前，出了什么事我一點(diǎn)也不知道。
    2)Until when 疑問句中，until要放在句首。
    ---Until when are you staying?你呆到什么時候？
    --- Until next Monday.呆到下周一。
    5.This organic process, often leading to moments of extraordinary self-discovery, is of an indescribable fascination.
    is of an indescribable fascination是be of 名詞表示形容詞的意思。
    “of＋抽象名詞”的用法與形容詞用法相同，在句中可作表語、定語、補(bǔ)語。在抽象名詞(如use, value, help, importance, difference等)
    前面可用little, some, any, no, great, not much 等修飾；有的可用同根形容詞代替，如：
    The work I am doing is not of much value. 我做的工作沒有多大價值。
    His speech is of little significance. 他的講話毫不重要。
    It is of greatest consequence. 它極為重要。
    6.A writer makes order out of the anarchy of his heart; he submits himself to a more ruthless discipline than any critic dreamed of, and when he flirts with fame, he is taking time off from living with himself, from the search for what his world contains at its inmost point.
    submit to使(自己)聽命于〔聽從〕…
    例句：The people had to submit to the new rulers when they lost the war.
    戰(zhàn)敗的人們不得不服從新的統(tǒng)治者。
    The students must submit themselves to the disciplines at school.
    學(xué)生在學(xué)校必須遵守紀(jì)律。as的用法：
    1. as 作為副詞，常與連詞 as 連用，意為“和……一樣”。例如： as easy as ABC （非常容易）， as cool as cucumber （沉著的）， as stubborn as a mule （非常頑強(qiáng)的，倔強(qiáng)的）， as clear as crystal （非常透明的）， as poor as a church mouse （非常貧困的）， as busy as a bee （非常繁忙的）。在這些短語中，第一個 as 是副詞，第二個 as 是連。在否定句中，作副詞用的 as 可以用 so 代替。例如：
    It's not so easy as I thought. （這不像我想的那么容易。）
    2. as 作為連詞，其意義和用法主要有：
    （1 ）意為“當(dāng)……之時”，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，在意思上相當(dāng)于 when 和 while 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。例如：
    As he grew up， he became silent. （他長大以后，變得沉默寡言。）
    （2 ） 意為“既然，因?yàn)椤?，引?dǎo)原因狀語從句，不過它引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句時所表示的原因不如 because 引導(dǎo)的從句所表示的原因那么直接和強(qiáng)烈。試比較：
    As he wasn't ready， we went without him. （既然他沒有準(zhǔn)備好，我們就自己去了。）
    Because he was ill， he couldn't go to school. （因?yàn)樗×?，所以不能去上學(xué)。）（原因狀語從句表示“不能去上學(xué)”的直接原因）
    （3 ） 意為“雖然，盡管”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，在意思上相當(dāng)于 although 引導(dǎo)的從句。 as 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時，常以下列句式出現(xiàn)：名詞 / 副詞 / 動詞 （原形） / 形容詞 as 主語 其他成分。例如：
    Child as he is （=Although he is a child） ， he can speak English. （盡管他是個孩子，他卻能講英語。）
    Young as you are （=Although you are young ） ， you can do it very well. （雖然你年輕，但你卻能做得很好。）
    Much as I like it ， I'll not buy it. （雖然我很喜歡它，我也不會買。）
    Try as he may， he has little hope to win. （盡管他會盡力，但取勝的希望卻很小。）
    （4 ） 意為“如，像”，引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句。例如：
    You must do as I tell you . （你必須按照我告訴你的那樣去做。）
    （5 ） 意為“作為……（某種身份），當(dāng)做，視為”。例如：
    As a student， you must obey the rules. （作為學(xué)生，你必須遵守紀(jì)律。 ）
    3. as 作介詞，意為“如同，作為”。例如：
    Unite as one man. （團(tuán)結(jié)得像一個人。）
    as 還可以用于 regard ， view ， treat ， acknowledge 及類似意義的動詞之后，構(gòu)成固定搭配。例如：
    Most of us regard him as a kind man. （我們大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為他是個好心人。）
    We treat them as our friends. （我們把他們當(dāng)作朋友。）
    4. as 用作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，并在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語等，有“正如……”或“據(jù)……”的意思；它所引導(dǎo)的從句位置較靈活，可以位于句首、句中或句末。例如：
    As we know from his accent， he is from Shanghai. （正如我們從他的口音中所知道的，他來自上海。）（從句位于句首）
    Mary， as we had expected， passed the exam. （正如我們所預(yù)料到的，瑪麗通過了考試。）（從句位于句中）
    as 還可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句。若先行詞被 the same ， such 修飾，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用 as .例如：
    This is such an interesting book as everybody likes to read. （這是一本有趣的、每個人都喜歡看的書。）（as 在從句中作賓語）
    This is such a good book as will help you in your study. （這是一本對你學(xué)習(xí)有幫助的好書。）（ as 在從句中作主語）
    He is not such a kind boy as he looks. （他看上去地個善良的男孩，實(shí)際上卻不是。）（ as 在從句中作表語）
    You must show my wife the same respect as you show me. （你必須尊重我的妻子，就像尊重我一樣。）（as 在從句中作賓語）
    需要注意 as 引導(dǎo)定語從句時與 so/such……that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句的區(qū)別。試比較：
    This is such an interesting book as everybody likes to read. （ as 引導(dǎo)定語從句，代替先行詞 book ，在從句中作賓語）
    This is such an interesting book the everybody likes to read it . （ that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，因?yàn)閺木渲?read 后面有代詞 it 作賓語。）1.I have known very few writers,but those I have known, and whom I respect, confess at once that they have little idea where they the are going when they first set pen to paper.
    我的認(rèn)識的作家寥寥無幾，然而凡是我所認(rèn)識和尊敬的作家，都立即承認(rèn)在他們動筆時，不清楚要寫什么，怎么寫。
    2.This organic process, often leading to moments of extraordinary self-discovery, is of an indescribable fascination.
    這種有機(jī)的加工過程往往達(dá)到不尋常自我發(fā)現(xiàn)的境界，具有難以言表的構(gòu)思魅力。
    3.but something was there, and he will not rest till he has captured it.
    可是，好像還有什么東西存在著，不把它捕捉到，作家是不會罷休的。
    4.For the same reason, writers talk interminably about their own books, winkling out hidden meanings, super-imposing new ones, begging response from those around them.
    由于這個原因，作家喋喋不休地談?wù)撟约旱臅诰蚱潆[晦的含義，詢問周圍人的反應(yīng)。
    5.He is also, incidentally, an unforgivable bore.
    順便說一句，他也是個不可饒恕的令人厭煩的人。
    6.A young English writer made the pertinent observation a year or two back that the talent goes into the first draft, and the art into the drafts that follow.
    一兩年前，一位年輕的英國作家發(fā)表了中肯的看法。他說，初稿是才華，以后各稿是藝術(shù)。