亚洲免费乱码视频,日韩 欧美 国产 动漫 一区,97在线观看免费视频播国产,中文字幕亚洲图片

      1. <legend id="ppnor"></legend>

      2. 
        
        <sup id="ppnor"><input id="ppnor"></input></sup>
        <s id="ppnor"></s>

        新概念課程講解第四冊Lesson14

        字號:

        新概念頻道為大家整理的新概念課程講解第四冊Lesson14 ,供大家參考。更多閱讀請查看本站 新概念英語網(wǎng)頻道
            Lesson 14 The Butterfly Effect蝴蝶效應(yīng)
            First listen and then answer the following question.
            聽錄音,然后回答以下問題。
            Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system with a high degree of accuracy?
            Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.
            The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.
            The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data has to be guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 1202, then 12.03...
            The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.【參考譯文】
            世界上好的兩三天以上的天氣預(yù)報(bào)具有很強(qiáng)的猜測性,如果超過六七天,天氣預(yù)報(bào)就沒有了任何價(jià)值。
            原因是蝴蝶效應(yīng)。對于小片的惡劣天氣 -- 對一個全球性的氣象預(yù)報(bào)員來說,“小”可以意味著雷暴雨和暴風(fēng)雪 -- 任何預(yù)測的質(zhì)量會很快下降。錯誤和不可靠性上升,接踵而來的是一系列湍流的徵狀,從小塵暴和暴風(fēng)發(fā)展到只有衛(wèi)星上可以看到的席卷整塊大陸的旋渦。
            現(xiàn)代氣象模型以一個坐標(biāo)圖來顯示,圖中每個點(diǎn)大約是間隔60英里。既使是這樣,有些開始時(shí)的資料也不得不依靠推測,因?yàn)榈孛婀ぷ髡竞托l(wèi)星不可能看到地球上的每一個地方。假設(shè)地球上可以布滿傳感器,每個相隔1英尺,并按1英尺的間隔從地面一直排列到大氣層的頂端。再假定每個傳感器都極極端準(zhǔn)確地讀出了溫度、氣壓、溫度和氣象學(xué)家需要的任何其他數(shù)據(jù)。在正午時(shí)分,一個功能巨大的計(jì)算機(jī)搜集了所有的資料,并算出在每一個點(diǎn)上12:01、12:02、12:03時(shí)可能出現(xiàn)的情況。
            計(jì)算機(jī)無法推斷出1個月以后的某一天,新澤西州的普林斯頓究竟是晴天還是雨天。正午時(shí)分,傳感器之間的距離會掩蓋計(jì)算機(jī)無法知道的波動、任何偏平均值的變化。到12:01時(shí),那些波動就已經(jīng)會在1英尺遠(yuǎn)的地方造成偏差。很快這種偏差會增加到尺10英的范圍,如此等等,一直到全球的范圍。1.forecast n.預(yù)報(bào)
            例句:I listened to the weather forecast.
            我聽了天氣預(yù)報(bào)。
            2.speculative adj.推測的
            例句:His talking is full of speculative thinking, it sounds quite logical.
            他講話的思辨性極強(qiáng),聽起來很有邏輯。
            3.blizzard n.暴風(fēng)雪
            4.deteriorate v.變壞
            例句:His health is deteriorating from fatigue.
            他的健康狀況因疲勞而惡化。
            5.multiply v.增加
            例句:We must multiply our efforts to clear up the mystery.
            我們必須加倍努力來澄清這一神秘的事件。
            6.cascade v.瀑布似地落下
            7.turbulent adj.狂暴的
            例句:He was born in a turbulent age.
            他出生時(shí)正逢變亂。
            8.dust devil小塵暴,塵旋風(fēng)
            9.squall n.暴風(fēng)
            10.eddy n.旋渦
            11.grid n. 坐標(biāo)方格
            12.sensor n.傳感器
            13.humidity n.溫度
            14.meteorologist n.氣象學(xué)家
            15.Princeton n.普林斯頓(美國城市名)
            16.New Jersey n.新澤西(美國州名)
            17.fluctuation n.起伏,波動
            例句:Nowadays, with the huge fluctuation in the real estate market, it is hard to predict housing prices.
            現(xiàn)在房產(chǎn)市場波動很大,房價(jià)很難準(zhǔn)確預(yù)估。
            18.deviation n.偏差
            例句:The deviation is reduced to one millimetre.
            偏差減為一毫米。1.Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.
            worthless在這里的意思是沒有價(jià)值的。試比較一下下面幾個詞的區(qū)別:
            worthless adj.無用的;不值錢的
            valueless adj.不足道的;毫無價(jià)值的,不值錢的
            priceless adj.貴重得無法衡量價(jià)值的,無價(jià)的;極為有趣的,極為荒唐可笑的
            invaluable adj.無價(jià)的,價(jià)值無法衡量的
            2.The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even so, some starting data has to be guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere.
            cannot see everywhere部分否定
            all,every,both,always等用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)不是全部被否定,而是表示其中的一部分被否定。而且英語多半將not置于謂語中。
            例如:
            All is not a gold that glitters.(即Not all that glitters is gold.)
            閃閃發(fā)光物,未必盡黃金。
            Every one cannot write novels.(即Not every one can write novels.)
            不是所有的人都能寫小說。
            I don’t like both of the novels.(即I like only one of the two novels.)
            這兩本小說我不是都喜歡。
            3.Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.
            and so on 等等,諸如此類,以此類推
            You need to learn simple math; two multiplied by two equals four and so on.
            你需要學(xué)些簡單的算術(shù),例如2乘2等于4這樣的。
            和它意思相同的短語是and so forth。
            4.Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 12.02, then 12.03...
            calculates后面是what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。beyond一詞是必備詞匯,其用法和含義較為復(fù)雜,很容易產(chǎn)生理解上的障礙,造成翻譯上的失誤。本文擬對beyond的一些用法淺析如下:
            一、beyond作介詞用時(shí),使用廣,常用于下列幾種情況:
            1.表示位置,意思是“在……的那一邊;在……之外;在更遠(yuǎn)處”。例如:
            Beyond the river stood a power station.過了這條河就是一個發(fā)電站。
            The sea is beyond that hill.大海在山的那邊。
            2.表示時(shí)間,其意為“遲于;超過”。例如:
            Some shops keep open beyond midnight有些商店?duì)I業(yè)到半夜以后。
            He never sees beyond the present.他從未看到將來。
            3.表示范圍、水平、限度、能力等,意思是“超出;多于;為……所不能及”。在句中常作表語、定語或狀語。
            ①作表語
            Your work is beyond all praise.你的作品叫人贊揚(yáng)不盡。
            ②作定語
            These were matters beyond his understanding as yet.這些事情他那時(shí)候還不了解。
            ③作狀語
            We succeeded beyond our hopes.我們獲得如此之成功,是我們始料所不及的。
            She was really touched beyond words.她確實(shí)感動得無法形容。
            4.用在否定和疑問句中,意思是“除……之外”。例如:
            I know nothing beyond what he told me.除了他告訴我的以外,別的我都不知道。
            Is there anything more you can say beyond that?除了那點(diǎn)之外,你還能說些什么嗎?
            5.beyond有時(shí)還可表示年齡或數(shù)量,意思是“超過”。例如:
            He didn't believe in people living beyond 100.他不相信人能活到100歲以上。
            At the meeting there were not beyond 20 people.到會的人不超過二十。
            二、beyond也常作副詞用,主要有下面兩種用法:
            1.指時(shí)空或正在進(jìn)行中的活動,意思是“在遠(yuǎn)處;向遠(yuǎn)處;更遠(yuǎn)處”。例如:
            If we cross the mountains we may find people living in the valley beyond.如果我們翻過這些大山,我們就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)在遠(yuǎn)處山谷中生活的人們。
            I'll go with you to the bridge,but not a step beyond.我愿意同你一道走到橋頭,但再遠(yuǎn)的地方一步也不愿意去。
            2.表示外加,意思是“此外;以外”。例如:
            He told me nothing beyond.此外他沒告訴我什么。
            三、beyond也可作名詞用,常有下面三種情況:
            1.指“遠(yuǎn)處的東西”。例如:
            That is a river for small boats expending 30miles back into the beyond.那是一條小船能上行30英里的河流。
            2.表示超出普通經(jīng)驗(yàn)范圍的某種事物。例如:
            What can we poor human beings know of the great beyond?我們可憐的人類能知道來世的什么情況呢?
            3.表示遠(yuǎn)處的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。例如:
            His dream of beyond was forgotten in the actual life.他的不著邊際的夢想被現(xiàn)實(shí)生活所吞沒。1.Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.
            世界上好的兩三天以上的天氣預(yù)報(bào)具有很強(qiáng)的猜測性,如果超過六七天,天氣預(yù)報(bào)就沒有了任何價(jià)值。
            2.Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.
            錯誤和不可靠性上升,接踵而來的是一系列湍流的徵狀,從小塵暴和暴風(fēng)發(fā)展到只有衛(wèi)星上可以看到的席卷整塊大陸的旋渦。
            3.And even so, some starting data has to guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere.
            既使是這樣,有些開始時(shí)的資料也不得不依靠推測,因?yàn)榈孛婀ぷ髡竞托l(wèi)星不可能看到地球上的每一個地方。
            4.But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere.
            假設(shè)地球上可以布滿傳感器,每個相隔1英尺,并按1英尺的間隔從地面一直排列到大氣層的頂端。
            5.Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.
            很快這種偏差會增加到尺10英的范圍,如此等等,一直到全球的范圍。