以下是整理的《法律英語口語：法律術(shù)語解讀侵權(quán)與犯罪》，希望大家喜歡！
原文：
Simply stated, a tort is a wrong. It is a private wrong (civil as opposed to criminal) resulting from a breach of a legal duty derived from society's expectations regarding proper and improper interpersonal conduct.
A tort is any socially unreasonable conduct, which is not contractual, for which a court will grant monetary damages or an equitable remedy to compensate an individual for his/her injury. The rights and duties involved in a tort case may arise from either statute or common law.
While, a crime is an offense against the public, and criminal law does not seek to compensate the victim. Tort includes both deliberate wrongs (intentional torts) and inadvertent or accidental wrongs (negligent torts), as well as wrongs for which the offender is held liable regardless of motivation or ability to prevent the injury (strict liability). Torts that are specifically related to business are grouped separately. Tort law is perhaps the broadest and most volatile area of civil law.
Conduct that is a tort may also be a crime. Conduct that unreasonably interferes with someone else's interest is frequently both a tort and a crime.
1. Most crimes involve socially unacceptable conduct that unreasonably interferes with another's interests, e.g., arson, burglary, manslaughter, murder, rape, and robbery.
2. The burden of proof in a tort action (a preponderance of the evidence) is much lighter than the state's burden in a criminal action (beyond a reasonable doubt).
3. Because the burden of proof is much lighter in a tort action, it is possible to prevail in a tort case while the state does not succeed in its related criminal prosecution.
4. Thus, differentiating between a tort and a crime is essential.
a. A tort is any socially unreasonable conduct, which is not contractual.
b. A crime is an offense against the public and has little, if anything, to do with compensating the victim of the crime.
c. In a tort action, an injured party sues to obtain compensation for the damages that (s)he sustained as a result of the defendant's wrongful conduct.
The fundamental purpose of tort law is to compensate the injured party, not necessarily to punish the wrongdoer as in criminal law. However, punitive damages (compensation in excess of actual damages) may be awarded if the defendant's conduct was willful, malicious, or particularly repugnant.
譯文： 侵權(quán)與犯罪
簡單來講，侵權(quán)就是不法行為。它是一種私法意義上的不法行為(與刑事相對的民事行為)，基于違反法律義務(wù)這一事實而產(chǎn)生，這種義務(wù)源于社會對有關(guān)正確或不正確的人際行為的預(yù)料。
侵權(quán)行為是所有社會中不合理的行為，它不同于契約關(guān)系，法院可以通過判以賠償金或某種衡平性的補(bǔ)救對他/她所遭受的傷害進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償。某一侵權(quán)案件中所包含的權(quán)利與義務(wù)，或基于法令條例，或基于判例法而產(chǎn)生。
與此相對應(yīng)，犯罪行為是對公眾利益的侵害，而且刑法并不尋求對受害人的補(bǔ)償。侵權(quán)既包括預(yù)先準(zhǔn)備的違法行為(故意的侵權(quán)行為)，有包括疏忽的或意外性的行為(過失侵權(quán)行為)，還有那些不論違法者的動機(jī)或阻止損害的能力，均應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)的行為(嚴(yán)格責(zé)任)。與商業(yè)相關(guān)的特定的侵權(quán)行為，分別類聚。可以說，侵權(quán)法可能是民法中范圍最廣、又最缺少穩(wěn)定性的領(lǐng)域。
某一侵權(quán)行為可以同時是一犯罪行為。那些不合理地妨害其他人利益的行為常常既是侵權(quán)行為，又是犯罪行為。國家將侵權(quán)法施行于其全體公民。
1.大多數(shù)犯罪行為包含社會所不容許的侵害他人利益的不合理行為，例如，縱火、入室行竊、殺人、謀殺、強(qiáng)*，及搶奪。
2.在侵權(quán)訴訟中的舉證責(zé)任(“證據(jù)優(yōu)勢”)，比國家在刑事訴訟中的責(zé)任要輕得多(“無合理疑點”)。
3.由于侵權(quán)訴訟中的舉證責(zé)任要輕得多，所以相對于國家在其刑事起訴中的舉證困難來講，在侵權(quán)案件中的舉證責(zé)任更為簡便易行。
4.可見，必須對侵權(quán)行為與犯罪行為加以區(qū)分。
a.侵權(quán)是任何社會的不合理的行為，它不是契約性的行為。
b.犯罪行為是針對公眾的侵害行為，很少(如果有的話)處理對犯罪行為受害者的補(bǔ)償問題。
c.在侵權(quán)訴訟中，受害方提出訴訟請求，在于尋求對于由被告的非法行為而致使其所承受的損害的賠償。
侵權(quán)法最基本的目的是對受害者的救濟(jì)與補(bǔ)償，而不必象刑法那樣對非法行為人進(jìn)行懲罰。需要補(bǔ)充的是，如果被告的行為是故意的、惡意的，或特別討厭的，懲罰性的賠償金(即超出實際損害的賠償)也可能判與。
注釋：
regarding prep. 關(guān)于
contractual a. 契約的
monetary a. 貨幣的，金錢的
deliberate wrongs 故意的(蓄意的)非法行為
inadvertent a. 不注意的，疏忽的，無意中做的
offender n. 罪犯，冒犯者
motivation n. 動機(jī)
volatile a. 飛行的，揮發(fā)性的，可變的，不穩(wěn)定的 n. 揮發(fā)物
arson n. 縱火，縱火罪
burglary v. 入室行竊
manslaughter n. 殺人，一般殺人罪
murder n. v. 謀殺，兇殺
rape n. vt. 掠奪，強(qiáng)
robbery n. 搶掠，搶奪
burden of proof 舉證責(zé)任
preponderance n. 優(yōu)勢，占優(yōu)勢
beyond a reasonable doubt 無合理疑問，理無可疑
wrongdoer n. 不法行為者，犯罪之人，侵權(quán)者
punitive damages 懲罰性損害賠償金
willful a. 故意的，任性的
malicious a. 惡意的，懷有惡意的，惡毒的
repugnant a. 不一致的
Simply stated, a tort is a wrong. It is a private wrong (civil as opposed to criminal) resulting from a breach of a legal duty derived from society's expectations regarding proper and improper interpersonal conduct.
A tort is any socially unreasonable conduct, which is not contractual, for which a court will grant monetary damages or an equitable remedy to compensate an individual for his/her injury. The rights and duties involved in a tort case may arise from either statute or common law.
While, a crime is an offense against the public, and criminal law does not seek to compensate the victim. Tort includes both deliberate wrongs (intentional torts) and inadvertent or accidental wrongs (negligent torts), as well as wrongs for which the offender is held liable regardless of motivation or ability to prevent the injury (strict liability). Torts that are specifically related to business are grouped separately. Tort law is perhaps the broadest and most volatile area of civil law.
Conduct that is a tort may also be a crime. Conduct that unreasonably interferes with someone else's interest is frequently both a tort and a crime.
1. Most crimes involve socially unacceptable conduct that unreasonably interferes with another's interests, e.g., arson, burglary, manslaughter, murder, rape, and robbery.
2. The burden of proof in a tort action (a preponderance of the evidence) is much lighter than the state's burden in a criminal action (beyond a reasonable doubt).
3. Because the burden of proof is much lighter in a tort action, it is possible to prevail in a tort case while the state does not succeed in its related criminal prosecution.
4. Thus, differentiating between a tort and a crime is essential.
a. A tort is any socially unreasonable conduct, which is not contractual.
b. A crime is an offense against the public and has little, if anything, to do with compensating the victim of the crime.
c. In a tort action, an injured party sues to obtain compensation for the damages that (s)he sustained as a result of the defendant's wrongful conduct.
The fundamental purpose of tort law is to compensate the injured party, not necessarily to punish the wrongdoer as in criminal law. However, punitive damages (compensation in excess of actual damages) may be awarded if the defendant's conduct was willful, malicious, or particularly repugnant.
譯文： 侵權(quán)與犯罪
簡單來講，侵權(quán)就是不法行為。它是一種私法意義上的不法行為(與刑事相對的民事行為)，基于違反法律義務(wù)這一事實而產(chǎn)生，這種義務(wù)源于社會對有關(guān)正確或不正確的人際行為的預(yù)料。
侵權(quán)行為是所有社會中不合理的行為，它不同于契約關(guān)系，法院可以通過判以賠償金或某種衡平性的補(bǔ)救對他/她所遭受的傷害進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償。某一侵權(quán)案件中所包含的權(quán)利與義務(wù)，或基于法令條例，或基于判例法而產(chǎn)生。
與此相對應(yīng)，犯罪行為是對公眾利益的侵害，而且刑法并不尋求對受害人的補(bǔ)償。侵權(quán)既包括預(yù)先準(zhǔn)備的違法行為(故意的侵權(quán)行為)，有包括疏忽的或意外性的行為(過失侵權(quán)行為)，還有那些不論違法者的動機(jī)或阻止損害的能力，均應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)的行為(嚴(yán)格責(zé)任)。與商業(yè)相關(guān)的特定的侵權(quán)行為，分別類聚。可以說，侵權(quán)法可能是民法中范圍最廣、又最缺少穩(wěn)定性的領(lǐng)域。
某一侵權(quán)行為可以同時是一犯罪行為。那些不合理地妨害其他人利益的行為常常既是侵權(quán)行為，又是犯罪行為。國家將侵權(quán)法施行于其全體公民。
1.大多數(shù)犯罪行為包含社會所不容許的侵害他人利益的不合理行為，例如，縱火、入室行竊、殺人、謀殺、強(qiáng)*，及搶奪。
2.在侵權(quán)訴訟中的舉證責(zé)任(“證據(jù)優(yōu)勢”)，比國家在刑事訴訟中的責(zé)任要輕得多(“無合理疑點”)。
3.由于侵權(quán)訴訟中的舉證責(zé)任要輕得多，所以相對于國家在其刑事起訴中的舉證困難來講，在侵權(quán)案件中的舉證責(zé)任更為簡便易行。
4.可見，必須對侵權(quán)行為與犯罪行為加以區(qū)分。
a.侵權(quán)是任何社會的不合理的行為，它不是契約性的行為。
b.犯罪行為是針對公眾的侵害行為，很少(如果有的話)處理對犯罪行為受害者的補(bǔ)償問題。
c.在侵權(quán)訴訟中，受害方提出訴訟請求，在于尋求對于由被告的非法行為而致使其所承受的損害的賠償。
侵權(quán)法最基本的目的是對受害者的救濟(jì)與補(bǔ)償，而不必象刑法那樣對非法行為人進(jìn)行懲罰。需要補(bǔ)充的是，如果被告的行為是故意的、惡意的，或特別討厭的，懲罰性的賠償金(即超出實際損害的賠償)也可能判與。
注釋：
regarding prep. 關(guān)于
contractual a. 契約的
monetary a. 貨幣的，金錢的
deliberate wrongs 故意的(蓄意的)非法行為
inadvertent a. 不注意的，疏忽的，無意中做的
offender n. 罪犯，冒犯者
motivation n. 動機(jī)
volatile a. 飛行的，揮發(fā)性的，可變的，不穩(wěn)定的 n. 揮發(fā)物
arson n. 縱火，縱火罪
burglary v. 入室行竊
manslaughter n. 殺人，一般殺人罪
murder n. v. 謀殺，兇殺
rape n. vt. 掠奪，強(qiáng)
robbery n. 搶掠，搶奪
burden of proof 舉證責(zé)任
preponderance n. 優(yōu)勢，占優(yōu)勢
beyond a reasonable doubt 無合理疑問，理無可疑
wrongdoer n. 不法行為者，犯罪之人，侵權(quán)者
punitive damages 懲罰性損害賠償金
willful a. 故意的，任性的
malicious a. 惡意的，懷有惡意的，惡毒的
repugnant a. 不一致的