Vicious and Dangerous Sports Should be Banned by Law
    When you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it’s amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may despise them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of superiority really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Don’t the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence? Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungey lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long age; sports which are quite as barbarous as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting.
    It really is incredible that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bull-fighting, that we should be prepared to sit back and watch two men batter each other to pulp in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of ‘the sporting spirit’ is sheer hypocrisy. People take part in violent sports because of the high rewards they bring. Spectators are willing to pay vast sums of money to see violence. A world heavyweight championship match, for instance, is front page news. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen. They feel disappointment because they have been deprived of the exquisite pleasure of witnessing prolonged torture and violence.
    Why should we ban violent sports if people enjoy them so much? You may well ask. The answer is simple: they are uncivilized. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally - admittedly with little success. But at least we no longer tolerate the sight madmen cooped up in cages, or public floggings of any of the countless other barbaric practices which were common in the past. Prisons are no longer the grim forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to distribute wealth fairly. These changes have come about not because human beings have suddenly and unaccountably improved, but because positive steps were taken to change the law. The law is the biggest instrument of social change that we have and it may exert great civilizing influence. If we banned dangerous and violent sports, we would be moving one step further to improving mankind. We would recognize that violence is degrading and unworthy of human beings.
    1. It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s opinion of nowadays’ human beings is
    A. not very high. B. high.
    C. contemptuous. D. critical.
    2. The main idea of this passage is
    A. vicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law.
    B. people are willing to pay vast sums money to see violence.
    C. to compare two different attitudes towards dangerous sports.
    D. people are bloodthirsty in sports.
    3. That the author mentions the old Romans is
    A. To compare the old Romans with today’s people.
    B. to give an example.
    C. to show human beings in the past know nothing better.
    D. to indicate human beings are used to bloodthirsty.
    4. How many dangerous sports does the author mention in this passage?
    A. Three. B. Five.
    C. Six. D. Seven.
    5. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is
    A. that, by banning the violent sports, we human beings can improve our selves.
    B. that, by banning the dangerous sports, we can improve the law.
    C. that we must take positive steps to improve social welfare system.
    D. to show law is the main instrument of social change.
    Vocabulary
    1.relish 從……獲得樂處，享受
    2.orgy 狂歡，放縱
    3.arena 競技場，活動或斗爭的場所
    4.blood-thirsty 殘忍的，嗜血的
    5.bear-baiting 逗熊游戲
    6.bull-fight 斗牛
    7.batter 猛擊，連續(xù)地猛打/捶，亂打
    8.pulp 成紙漿，成軟塊
    9.burst into flames 突然燃燒起來/著火
    10.grim 令人窒息的，簡陋的
    11.coop up 把……關(guān)起來
    寫作方法與文章大意
    作者采取先對比、后分析的寫作手法。先是今人和古羅馬人對暴虐體育上對此兩者都欣賞。后者坦率成人“欣賞暴力體育”，前者施以各種接口、實際都是嗜血成性者。第二段進(jìn)一步剖析今人欣賞暴虐體育的種種實例，最后指出改善“暴虐”的根本嗜為改善法律采取積極的步驟，法律才能施以巨大的文明影響，否則人類很難改變。
    參考答案：AADBA 　　From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before， every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men， women and children on the roads. Man versus the motor-car ! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing. Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.
    It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel， his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a man‘s very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind a steering-wheel. They swear， they are ill-mannered and aggressive， willful as two-years-olds and utterly selfish. All their hidden frustrations， disappointments and jealousies seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.
    The surprising thing is that society smiles so benignly on the motorist and seems to condone his behaviour. Everything is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy tragic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is desecrated by road networks; and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic， to be conveniently forgotten.
    It is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving， the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough. A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate. Here are a few examples of some the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made far more difficult than it is; all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so; the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through stringent annual tests for safety. Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person‘s driving ability. Present drinking and driving laws (where they exist) should be mad much stricter. Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers， as has been done in the USA. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned. These measures may sound inordinately harsh. But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if tit results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all， the world is for human beings， not motor-cars.
    1.The main idea of this passage is
    [A] Traffic accidents are mainly caused by motorists.
    [B] Thousands of people the world over are killed each year.
    [C] The laws of some countries about driving are too lax.
    [D] Only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.
    2.What does the author think of society toward motorists?
    [A] Society smiles on the motorists.
    [B] Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.
    [C] Victims of accidents are nothing.
    [D] Society condones their rude driving.
    3.Why does the author say：‘ his car becomes the extension of his personality?’
    [A] Driving can show his real self.
    [B] Driving can show the other part of his personality.
    [C] Driving can bring out his character.
    [D] His car embodies his temper.
    4.Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?
    [A] Build more highways.
    [B] Stricter driving tests.
    [C] Test drivers every three years.
    [D] raise age limit and lay down safety specifications.
    5.The attitude of the author is
    [A] ironical
    [B] critical
    [C] appealing
    [D] militant
    Vocabulary
    1.immunise 使免疫，使免除
    2.expectation of life = life expectancy 平均壽命
    3.versus = against 對頂，反對
    4.mutilate 傷害
    5.wilful 任性的，固執(zhí)的
    6.benign 寬厚的，仁慈的
    7.condone 寬容
    8.desecrate 褻瀆，玷污
    9.code 法規(guī)，規(guī)定，慣例
    10.stringent 嚴(yán)格的，緊急的，迫切的
    11.performance 演出，成品，這里是指car‘s behavior such as speed， function etc.可譯成行為，汽車行為、功能等。
    難句譯注
    1.Man versus the motor-car ! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.
    【參考譯文】人和汽車對抗!這是一場人類永遠(yuǎn)是輸家的無休止的戰(zhàn)斗。
    2.All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.
    【參考譯文】應(yīng)當(dāng)禁止所有強調(diào)力量和表現(xiàn)行為的廣告。
    寫作方法與文章大意
    文章論述“交通事故”，采用因果、對比手法。從人的平均壽命增加和交通事故率成正比談起，觸及事故率上升的原因，要求制定更嚴(yán)格的法規(guī)予以制止種種造成事故的不良行為。
    答案詳解
    1.D 只有更嚴(yán)格的交通法規(guī)才能制止交通事故。這在最后一段的結(jié)論中體現(xiàn)的最清楚。前面幾段只是講造成事故的種種原因。其目的就是：“是制定世界交通法規(guī)以減少無謂的生命浪費的時候了。對于開車，有些國家的法規(guī)太松弛，甚至最嚴(yán)格的國家也不夠嚴(yán)格。世界公認(rèn)之法律只可能對交通事故率起大大降低的作用(有非常好的效果。)”這里列出幾件要干的事：“駕駛測試應(yīng)當(dāng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，比現(xiàn)在的要嚴(yán)格;所有死機每三年考核一次;年輕人駕車的允許年齡應(yīng)提高到21歲;全部機動車每年都應(yīng)經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格的安全測試(測定其安全性)……這些步驟可能聽起來異常嚴(yán)厲，可是，如果其結(jié)果事減少每年死傷人數(shù)的話，就不存在什么太嚴(yán)格的事了?！?BR>    A. 主要是機動車死機造成的交通事故。 B. 全世界每年有幾千人喪生。 C. 有些國家的交通法規(guī)太松弛。這三道答案都是文中談到某一點，不能作為中心目的。
    2.D 社會寬容這種野蠻開車行徑。答案就在第三段：“令人驚訝的是社會對司機寬厚地笑笑，似乎寬容他們的行為。一切都為他們的方便而干。人們允許城市由于交通擁擠而幾乎不能居住了，大型停車場把城鎮(zhèn)”弄得“丑陋不堪，公路網(wǎng)玷污了鄉(xiāng)村，每年大量的殺傷僅僅成為統(tǒng)計數(shù)字，被很容易地忘記。”
    A. 社會對司機笑容可掬。B. 大型停車場建在市和鎮(zhèn)上。C. 交通死難者等于零。這三項都只是第三段的一個個具體事實。社會正是通過這一件件事來寬容司機野蠻開車，而造成事故。
    3.A “他的車就是他個性的外延”這句話就體現(xiàn)了“開車表現(xiàn)他真正的自我，真實的個性”。第二段講的很清楚：“這么說完全正確：當(dāng)一個人坐在方向盤后，他的車就成為他個性的外延。毫無疑問，汽車常常表現(xiàn)了人之最壞的品質(zhì)。平常很安詳愉快的人一坐在方向盤后可能就變得難以認(rèn)識。他們咒罵、行為差勁、好斗、固執(zhí)、任性得就像兩歲的孩子。他們所有隱藏的失落、失望和忌妒感，似乎都在開車中暴露出來”。
    B. 表現(xiàn)他個性的另一面。 C. 表現(xiàn)了他的性格。 D. 他的車體現(xiàn)了他的脾氣秉性。只是表現(xiàn)自我中的某個事實。
    4.A 只有建更多高速公路。沒有提。
    B. 更難的測試。C. 每三年對司機進(jìn)行一次考察。 D. 提高年齡段和制定安全條例。都提到。見第一題譯注。
    5.B 批評的態(tài)度。文章第一、二、三段指出了造成交通事故的原因，呼吁各國制定嚴(yán)格的交通法規(guī)，批評現(xiàn)有的交通法規(guī)松弛不嚴(yán)格，最后指出世界是人類的，不是摩托車的等等，都說明作者對上述種種都具批評的態(tài)度。
    A. 諷刺的。 C. 哀求的、呼吁的。 D. 富有戰(zhàn)斗性的。 　If you smoke and you still don‘t believe that there’s a definite link between smoking and bronchial troubles， heart disease and lung cancer， then you are certainly deceiving yourself. No one will accuse you of hypocrisy. Let us just say that you are suffering from a bad case of wishful thinking. This needn‘t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. Whenever the subject of smoking and health is raised， the governments of most countries hear no evil， see no evil and smell no evil. Admittedly， a few governments have taken timid measures. In Britain for instance， cigarette advertising has been banned on television. The conscience of the nation is appeased， while the population continues to puff its way to smoky， cancerous death.
    You don‘t have to look very far to find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so lukewarm. The answer is simply money. Tobacco is a wonderful commodity to tax. It’s almost like a tax on our daily bread. In tax revenue alone， the government of Britain collects enough from smokers to pay for its entire educational facilities. So while the authorities point out ever so discreetly that smoking may， conceivable， be harmful， it doesn‘t do to shout too loudly about it.
    This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand， it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other. Enormous amounts are spent on cancer research and on efforts to cure people suffering from the disease. Countless valuable lives are lost. In the long run， there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether.
    Of course， we are not ready for such a drastic action. But if the governments of the world were honestly concerned about the welfare of their peoples， you‘d think they’d conduct aggressive anti-smoking campaigns. Far from it! The tobacco industry is allowed to spend staggering sums on advertising. Its advertising is as insidious as it is dishonest. We are never shown pictures of real smokers coughing up their lungs early in the morning. That would never do. The advertisement always depict virile， clean-shaven young men. They suggest it is manly to smoke， even positively healthy! Smoking is associated with the great open-air life， with beautiful girls， true love and togetherness. What utter nonsense!
    For a start， governments could begin by banning all cigarette and tobacco advertising and should then conduct anti-smoking advertising campaigns of their own. Smoking should be banned in all public places like theatres， cinemas and restaurants. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dire consequences of taking up the habit. A horrific warning – say， a picture of a death‘s head – should be included in every packet of cigarettes that is sold. As individuals， we are certainly weak， but if governments acted honestly and courageously， they could protect us from ourselves.
    1.Why do a few governments take timid measures toward smoking?
    [A] because they are afraid of people.
    [B] Because diseases cost a lot.
    [C] Because they are afraid of the cutting down of their revenue.
    [D] Because they are afraid of manufacturers.
    2.The tone of this passage is
    [A] critical.
    [B] ironical.
    [C] distaste.
    [D] amusing.
    3.What does the sentence “because you are in good company” mean?
    [A] you are backed by the government.
    [B] You are not alone.
    [C] You have good colleagues.
    [D] Governments are blind to evils of smoking too.
    4.What is the best title of this passage?
    [A] World Governments should conduct serious campaigns against smoking.
    [B] World governments take timid measures against smoking.
    [C] smoking is the most important source of income to many countries.
    [D] tobacco industry spends a large sum of money on medical research.
    Vocabulary
    1.a wishful thinking 根據(jù)愿望的想法，不顧事實的想法
    2.puff 噴
    3.puff its way to 一路吞云吐霧走向(指抽煙抽到死)
    4.lukewarm 冷淡/漠然
    5.insidious 陰險的，狡猾的
    6.virile 年富力強的
    寫作方法與文章大意
    這是一篇“要求政府禁煙”的論說文，采用因果對比手法。先以諷刺口吻指出政府對禁煙的態(tài)度――軟弱無力。然后點明軟弱的原因――大量稅收。再以抽煙大嚴(yán)重后果，機器所花去的錢說明得不償失。而煙草工業(yè)廣告泛濫，毒化人們。從而提出政府應(yīng)從禁止煙廣告作起。
    答案詳解
    1.C 因為他們害怕收入減少。答案見第二段?！澳悴挥每吹煤苓h(yuǎn)就能發(fā)現(xiàn)為什么官方對醫(yī)學(xué)成果的反應(yīng)如此冷淡，答案就是錢。煙草是征稅的最奇妙的商品，幾乎就像日用面包的稅收。光煙草稅收一項，英國政府就從抽煙人身上征到足以支付整個教育措施的費用。所以在*那么謹(jǐn)慎地指出吸煙有害時，可以想象，喊叫得太響時不行的?！?BR>    A.他們害怕人民。D.他們害怕廠商。文中沒有。B.疾病花費很大和軟弱無力的禁煙措施有關(guān)。不是花費大而采取弱政策。
    2.B 諷刺語氣。特別表現(xiàn)在第一段、第四段。
    A.批評語氣，整篇文章都在批評，這不是什么語氣問題。這里時以諷刺的口吻加以批評政府軟弱的禁煙政策。C.厭惡。D.有趣。
    3.D 政府對吸煙的惡果也是視而不見。
    A.政府支持。太明朗化。B.你不是單獨一人。和C.你有好同事，都是似是而非的答案。這可以上下文說明，第一段：“假如你吸煙，依然認(rèn)為吸煙和支氣管炎、心臟病、肺癌等毫無關(guān)系，那你是自欺欺人?？蓻]有人會說你虛偽。我們可以說你是患有一廂情愿病。這你無需太難受，因為你有好伙伴。每當(dāng)提出吸煙和健康有關(guān)的問題時，大多數(shù)國家的政府對其惡果視而不見、聽而不聞、嗅而不覺。”
    4.A 世界各國政府應(yīng)該開展眼里的禁煙運動。因為前面四段都是現(xiàn)象：⑴政策軟弱。如英國政府只在電視上禁止煙草廣告以高位人們的良知。另一方面人民繼續(xù)一路吞云吐霧走到癌癥死亡。⑵講煙草的稅收高，所以不嚴(yán)禁。⑶這項政策的后果是疾病花費大于煙草稅收。⑷煙草廣告泛濫毒害人。解救的辦法就是禁煙。最后一段是結(jié)論，也是畫龍點睛的主題和標(biāo)題。“作為起步，政府可以從禁止煙草廣告開始，然后應(yīng)開展抵制吸煙的廣告運動。一切公共場合，如戲院、電*、返點等應(yīng)禁止吸煙。應(yīng)竭盡全力告誡青年，尤其是告誡他們?nèi)旧蠍毫?xí)的嚴(yán)重后果。在零賣的每包煙盒上應(yīng)有一令人膽戰(zhàn)心驚的警告：例如，一幅骷髏頭畫像。作為個人，我們力量薄弱，可是如果政府真誠地鼓舞人心的行動起來，他們可以保護(hù)我們?！?BR>    B.世界各國政府采取禁煙政策軟弱無力。C.吸煙是許多國家重要收入。這兩項是不分具體內(nèi)容。D.煙草工廠在醫(yī)療研究上花了大筆費用。 　　The Norwegian Government is doing its best to keep the oil industry under control. A new law limits exploration to an area south of the southern end of the long coastline; production limits have been laid down (though these have already been raised); and oil companies have not been allowed to employ more than a limited number of foreign workers. But the oil industry has a way of getting over such problems， and few people believe that the Government will be able to hold things back for long. As on Norwegian politician said last week： “We will soon be changed beyond all recognition.”
    Ever since the war， the Government has been carrying out a programme of development in the area north of the Arctic Circle. During the past few years this programme has had a great deal of success： Tromso has been built up into a local capital with a university， a large hospital and a healthy industry. But the oil industry has already started to draw people south， and within a few years the whole northern policy could be in ruins.
    The effects of the oil industry would not be limited to the north， however. With nearly 100 percent employment， everyone can see a situation developing in which the service industries and the tourist industry will lose more of their workers to the oil industry. Some smaller industries might even disappear altogether when it becomes cheaper to buy goods from abroad.
    The real argument over oil is its threat to the Norwegian way of life. Farmers and fishermen do not make up most of the population， but they are an important part of it， because Norwegians see in them many of the qualities that they regard with pride as essentially Norwegian. And it is the farmers and the fishermen who are most critical of the oil industry because of the damage that it might cause to the countryside and to the sea.
    1.The Norwegian Government would prefer the oil industry to
    [A] provide more jobs for foreign workers.
    [B] slow down the rate of its development.
    [C] sell the oil it is producing abroad.
    [D] develop more quickly than at present.
    2.The Norwegian Government has tried to
    [A] encourage the oil companies to discover new oil sources.
    [B] prevent oil companies employing people from northern Norway.
    [C] help the oil companies solve many of their problems.
    [D] keep the oil industry to something near its present size.
    3.According to the passage， the oil industry might lead northern Norway to
    [A] the development of industry.
    [B] a growth in population.
    [C] the failure of the development programme.
    [D] the development of new towns.
    4.In the south， one effect to the development of the oil industry might be
    [A] a large reduction on unemployment.
    [B] a growth in the tourist industry.
    [C] a reduction in the number of existing industries.
    [D] the development of a number of service industries.
    5.Norwegian farmers and fishermen have an important influence because
    [A] they form such a large part of Norwegian ideal.
    [B] their lives and values represent the Norwegian ideal.
    [C] their work is so useful to the rest of Norwegian society.
    [D] they regard oil as a threat to the Norwegian way of life.
    Vocabulary
    1.Norwegian 挪威的;挪威人
    2.coastline 海岸線
    3.recognition 承認(rèn);認(rèn)識;贊賞
    4.countryside 鄉(xiāng)下;鄉(xiāng)民
    難句譯注
    1.A new law limits exploration to an area south of the southern end of the long coastline; production limits have been laid down (though these have already been raised); and oil companies have not been allowed to employ more than a limited number of foreign workers.
    【結(jié)構(gòu)簡析】用兩個分號連接三句句子。
    【參考譯文】一條新的法律限制人們僅在長長的海岸線南端以南地區(qū)進(jìn)行勘探考察;規(guī)定了石油生產(chǎn)限量(雖然已提高);石油公司雇傭外國工人不許超出限定額。
    2.With nearly 100 percent employment， everyone can see a situation developing in which the service industries and the tourist industry will lose more of their workers to the oil industry.
    【參考譯文】由于將近百分之一百就業(yè)率，每個人都能看出形式發(fā)展中服務(wù)行業(yè)和旅*業(yè)的大部分工人會跑到石油工業(yè)方面去。
    3.Farmers and fishermen do not make up most of the population， but they are an important part of it， because Norwegians see in them many of the qualities that they regard with pride as essentially Norwegian.
    【結(jié)構(gòu)簡析】復(fù)合句。在because狀語從句中that是定語從句修飾qualities.
    【參考譯文】雖然農(nóng)民和漁民并不占人口的絕大多數(shù)，可是他們都是人口的重要組成不分，因為挪威人在他們身上看到許多他們自豪地認(rèn)為是挪威人的基本品質(zhì)。
    寫作方法與文章大意
    文章論述“挪威政府意欲控制石油工業(yè)”。采用對比寫法。先提出政府新政策的種種限制。但石油工業(yè)有辦法對付。人們都認(rèn)為限制難以長久。其次講述，從戰(zhàn)時起，挪威政府一直執(zhí)行開發(fā)北極圈北部地區(qū)的發(fā)展規(guī)劃，也取得成功。但石油工業(yè)已經(jīng)開始向南方進(jìn)軍，北方政策可能會失敗。石油工業(yè)之影響超出北方，有些企業(yè)縮小，減少。最后一段是講爭論的焦點：石油對挪威生活方式構(gòu)成了威脅，具體表現(xiàn)在對挪威理想的代表――漁民和農(nóng)民的威脅。
    答案詳解
    1.B 減慢發(fā)展速率。文章開始就闡明挪威政府正竭盡全力把石油工業(yè)控制起來，制定新法律來限制勘探開采，限制產(chǎn)量，限制雇傭外國工人人數(shù)。
    A. 為外國工人提供更多的工作。C.賣掉正在國外生產(chǎn)的石油。D.比現(xiàn)在發(fā)展更快。
    2.D 使石油工業(yè)保持在接近現(xiàn)在的規(guī)模。
    A. 鼓勵石油公司去發(fā)現(xiàn)新石油資源。B.制止石油公司雇傭來自挪威北方的人。C.幫助石油公司解決許多問題。
    3.C 發(fā)展規(guī)劃的失敗。這在第二段最后一句：“可是石油工業(yè)已經(jīng)開始把人們吸引到南方去，所以不出幾年，整個北方政策可能成泡影?！?BR>    A.工業(yè)發(fā)展。B.人口增長。D.新城市的發(fā)展。文內(nèi)沒有涉及。
    4.C 現(xiàn)存工業(yè)數(shù)的減少。第三段開始“可是石油工業(yè)的影響并不僅僅限于北方。近百分之一百的就業(yè)率，使每個人都見到發(fā)展的勢頭，服務(wù)業(yè)和旅游業(yè)的好多工人轉(zhuǎn)向石油工業(yè)。某些較小的工業(yè)，在從國外購進(jìn)貨物更便宜的情況下，很可能會全部消失?！边@說明工業(yè)數(shù)減少。
    A.大大減少失業(yè)。B.旅*業(yè)增長。D.許多服務(wù)公司發(fā)展。文內(nèi)沒有提。
    5.B 他們的生活和價值代表了挪威人的理想。
    A.他們組成了那么大一部分挪威理想。C.他們的工作對挪威社會的其他方面非常有用。D.他們認(rèn)為石油是對挪威生活方式的威脅。最后一段第一句話：“對石油真正的爭論點是它對挪威生活方式的一種威脅。”并不是他們認(rèn)為威脅。 　　Every time Americans tune into local news broadcasts or read daily papers，they are likely to be shocked at the increasing number of serious crimes committed by youths who are only sixteen years old or even younger.It is sometimes difficult to imagine these youngsters behaving like hardened criminals，but statistics continually prove that their crimes are often just as brutal as those committed by their adult counterparts.Inevitably，people begin questioning how successful the juvenile justice system is in reforming these youths and debating whether violent juveniles should be tried as adults in our legal system.I feel there is no question that juveniles convicted of serious crimes should face the same consequences as adults.
    While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade，violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.It is common knowledge that the youth murder-arrest rate has climbed dramatically.Examples of teen crime are vivid and terrifying.Newspapers and television frequently report that youths with no apparent motives have shot and killed other people.The effect on both families and society is large.
    Despite the increase in serious crimes committed by young offenders，the punishment which juveniles receive has traditionally almost never fit the severity of the crimes.Since the system has historically viewed children as not being fully developed，physically or mentally，it has prevented them from being held accountable for their wrongdoing.Although many of these“children”commit horrible crimes，they have been routinely treated as victims of society.Until very recently，1ighter sentences and court proceedings have been the norm.The message they sent to serious juvenile criminals is that crime “pays” because there are no serious consequences for their actions.When the system lacks an element of fear，there is nothing to prevent youthful offenders from committing future crimes.The current trend of assigning adult sentences to youths who commit serious crimes is absolutely just if the punishment is to fit the crime.
    Most pro-rehabilitation advocates argue that juvenile criminals are completely different from adult ones and should，therefore，be treated differently in the justice system.However，the cost to society is the same regardless of the age of the criminal.What comfort does it give to the family of a killed or injured victim that the person who killed or hurt their loved one was a minor? Families suffer no less because their relatives are shot by young offenders.Instead of treating the loser who murders innocent people like a victim of society，this person should be treated like any other person who victimizes society and causes pain to individuals and communities.
    Tougher measures must be taken to combat this growing problem of juvenile crime.In today‘s society，too many juveniles count on light sentences given by the juvenile justice system.Lawyers can help a vicious criminal receive a short sentence，and return to the streets to commit more crimes.When there are no harsh consequences of being caught，committing crimes can be perceived as having positive benefits.As a result，juveniles are continuing to become more violent and 1ess concerned with the value of human life.
    Rehabilitation，recommended by many as the solution to juvenile crime，should be directed only towards youths who have committed minor offenses.However，the juveniles who commit serious crimes should be tried as adults.A message has to be sent that we will no longer tolerate brutal crimes simply because of the age of the criminal.These youths must be held completely accountable for their crimes，suffering harsh consequences and ultimately realizing that they are no longer protected by the law.
    1.It can be inferred that juvenile criminals are those____.
    [A]who are under the age of 16 years old
    [B]who are not accountable for the crimes they commit
    [C]who can not tell major crimes from minor crimes
    [D]who are more likely to become victims of the society
    2.That violent juvenile crimes are on the rise is manifested by the fact that____.
    [A]penalty for juvenile criminals is becoming more and more serious
    [B]the society can no longer tolerate juvenile crimes
    [C]youth murder-arrest rate has dramatically increased
    [D]the young population has increased in the last ten years
    3.The reason why young people are becoming increasingly violent is that____.
    [A]the older they become，the stronger they are
    [B]they receive lighter punishment than they should
    [C]they do not know the value of human life
    [D]there is now too much violence in newspaper and on television
    4.According to the author，one reason why violent juvenile criminals should suffer the same fate as their adult counterparts is that____.
    [A]there are as many juvenile crimes as adult crimes
    [B]they have done equivalent injuries to the victim or the society
    [C]they are clearly aware of what they are doing at the time of offence
    [D]no other penalty can prevent them from committing future crimes
    5.Pro-rehabilitation advocates insist that____.
    [A]rehabilitation be directed only towards youths who commit minor crimes
    [B]stricter sentences be given only to youths who commit brutal crimes
    [C]a different justice system be applied to minors since they are not fully developed
    [D]minors be held completely responsible for any kind of crimes they commit
    答案與題解
    1.[A] 參閱第一段第一句。
    2.[C] 參閱第二段第二句。
    3.[B] 參閱第三、四、五段，尤其是第五段。
    4.[B] 參閱第四段第二、三、四句。
    5.[C] 參閱第四段第一句和第三段第一、二句。 　　For hundreds of years，the criminal law has been built around the idea that wrongdoers must be punished for their crimes.The most basic argument for punishment is that it preserves law and order and respects for authority.From this point of view，punishment does two things.It upholds the law，and it prevents others from thinking they can get away with doing the same thing without punishment.Punishment is based on the idea that many people have a barely controlled desire to act in forbidden ways.
    One of the best ways to reduce crime is to reform or rehabilitate habitual criminals.The main problem is not the first offender or the petty thief but the repeated offender who commits increasingly serious crimes.According to criminologists，crime would decrease greatly if all such offenders could be turned away from wrongdoing.But U.S.prisons have had little success in rehabilitating inmates.About two-thirds of the people arrested in any year have a previous criminal record.
    Rehabilitation of criminals could probably be improved greatly if experts could provide the right kind of program for different types of offenders.Criminals vary widely in the kinds of crimes they commit，their emotional problems，and their social and economic backgrounds.Not all offenders can be helped by the same treatment.Many require the aid of physicians，psychiatrists，or psychologists.Others respond well to educational or vocational training.In the early 1990s，there were about 1，300，000 criminals in U.S.city，county，state，and federal correctional institutions，and about 500，000 more were out on parole.Society spent more than $15 billion to operate prisons and related institutions yearly，but only a small part of this sum went to provide treatment.Nearly all the funds were used to feed and clothe prisoners and to keep them under control.
    Since the 1ate 1970s，however，there has been a trend toward punishment rather than rehabilitation of offenders.Prison sentences are longer.Capital punishments have been used more frequently since the U.S.Supreme Court lifted a death penalty ban in 1976.Nevertheless，crime prevention should aim to prevent people from becoming criminals in the first place.Such a goal probably would benefit from reform programs in urban slums.These programs would include improved housing，schools，and recreation programs and increased job opportunities.
    There are many other ways to reduce crime.People can be educated or persuaded to take greater precautions against crime.They can be taught，for example，how to protect their homes from burglary.Automobile thefts would drop sharply if drivers removed their keys and locked their cars when leaving them.Better lighting helps discourage purse-snatchings and other robberies on city streets and in parks.Many experts believe that strict gun-licensing laws would greatly reduce crime.
    1.The belief that people tend to behave in forbidden ways____.
    [A] leads to the formulation of the criminal law
    [B] makes people value order above all else
    [C] convinces people that crimes should be eliminated from the society
    [D]is a false one that should not be taken seriously
    2.In the second paragraph the author implies____.
    [A] the U.S.prison system is not working effectively enough to reform criminals
    [B] the best way to reduce crime rate is to rehabilitate habitual criminals
    [C] reforming criminals in prison will turn them away from wrongdoing
    [D] crimes would decrease if people‘s desire could be healthily channeled
    3.The author speculates that rehabilitation can be made more effective if____.
    [A] reform is directed to the criminals‘ emotional problems
    [B] rehabilitation is aimed at changing the economic and social environment
    [C] rehabilitation is facilitated by physicians，psychiatrists or psychologists
    [D] crimes are dealt with in the ways that suit each kind
    4.According to the author，punishment is a better means than rehabilitation in reducing crime rate____.
    [A] so it should be used in place of rehabilitation
    [B] so stricter sentences are absolutely necessary
    [C] yet it does not work well in many cases
    [D] but preventing crime is even more effective
    5. The author concludes the passage by pointing out that____.
    [A] the present gun-licensing laws are held responsible for most of the crimes
    [B] educational failure accounts for most of the present offences
    [C] more help should be provided for released criminals
    [D] the long-term reduction of crime rate depends on multiple improvements
    參考答案：
    1.[A]意為：導(dǎo)致刑法的制定。第一段最后一句指出，(法律)懲罰是基于這樣一種認(rèn)識：許多人幾乎無法控制自己的欲望，總想以不容許的方式行事。這里的含義是：為了制止人們這種想法和行為，制定法律來約束他們是必要的。
    2.[A] 第二段第四、五句指出，但是美國監(jiān)獄在改造罪犯方面不成功。每年被逮捕的人中有約2/3的人有前科。
    3.[D] 第三段第一句指出，如果專家們能為不同的罪犯提供合適的改造方案，會大大地改進(jìn)對罪犯的改造。注意：本句是一個虛擬句，表達(dá)作者的建議，它同時也是本段的主題句。
    4.[D] 第四段提到，自20世紀(jì)70年代末以來，人們更重視懲罰而不是改造，死刑的適用更加頻繁，但是，阻止犯罪應(yīng)該首先防止人們成為罪犯。這句話(第四句)表達(dá)了作者的觀點。
    5.[D] 最后一段提到，人們自身也應(yīng)該加強防范犯罪的意識，政府部門、法律部門也應(yīng)該做出努力。可見，減少犯罪是一個綜合治理問題。 　There is extraordinary exposure in the United States to the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle accidents.More than 80 percent of all households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11，000 miles each year.Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher.For the average adult，over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels.One third of drivers who have been drinking，but fewer than 4 percent of all drivers，demonstrate these levels.1)Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BACs of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes，the probability of their involvements is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood.There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which drinking plays a role.Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of a country‘s population，it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both.While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most，anyone who drinks at all would be punished by this approach.
    To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at drinking drivers.In some states，the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers committing any traffic offense and higher BAC can be the basis for arrest.The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates，however，that even with increased arrests，there are about 700 violations for every arrest.At this level there is little evidence that laws are effective ways to reduce drunk driving.In Britain，motor vehicle accidents fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. 2) As Britishers increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped，the effectiveness declined，although in the following three years the death-rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act.
    Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic drinks will deter the excessive drinker responsible for most accidents is unclear.One thing is clear，however：unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic drinking plays a role，many will continue to die.
    1.The author is primarily concerned with____.
    [A] interpreting the results of surveys on traffic accidents
    [B] reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to reduce drunk driving
    [C] analyzing the causes of the large number of annual traffic deaths
    [D] making an international comparison of experience with drunk driving
    2.It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safety Act in Britain____.
    [A] changed an existing law to lower the BAC level which defined drunk driving
    [B] made it illegal for the drunk driver to drive
    [C] increased the number of drunk driving arrests
    [D] placed a tax on the sale of alcoholic drinks
    3.The author implies that a BAC of 0.1 percent ____.
    the sale of alcoholic drinks
    [A] is unreasonably high as a definition of drunk driving
    [B] penalizes the moderate drinker while allowing the heavy drinker to consume without limit
    [C] is well below the BAC of most drivers who are involved in fatal crashes
    [D] proves that a driver has consumed five ounces of 80 proof spirits over a short time
    4.The author cites the British example in order to____.
    [A] show that the problem of drunk driving is worse in Britain than in the U.S.
    [B] prove that stricter laws against drinking drivers would reduce traffic deaths
    [C] prove that a slight increase in the number of arrests of drunk drivers will not deter drunk driving
    [D] suggest that taxation of alcohol consumption may be more effective than criminal laws
    5.The word“deter”in the last paragraph probably means____.
    [A] prevent [B] encourage [C] punish [D] threaten
    參考答案：
    1.[B] 本文探討了飲酒和汽車事故率的關(guān)系，以及相應(yīng)的限制酒后駕駛的法律對事故率的影響。這在最后一段體現(xiàn)得最為明顯。
    2.[B] 第二段第一句是這一段的主題句。英國的例子旨在說明，在英國，在剛剛實施新的道路安全法——根據(jù)本段第一句該項法律肯定也將酒后(超過規(guī)定含量)駕駛視為刑事犯罪——以后，汽車事故少了，但是，因為根據(jù)這項法律可以被逮捕的人是血液內(nèi)酒精含量(BAC)超過一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人，并不是所有酒后駕車的人，所以人們后來認(rèn)為喝少量酒也沒有關(guān)系，這樣，這項法律的效力也就下降了。
    3.[A] 根據(jù)第一段第五、六句，1/3的酒后駕車者能達(dá)到這個含量(BAC of 0.1 %)，但是這還不到所有駕駛員人數(shù)的4 %.雖然在達(dá)到或超過0.1 %的人中不到l %卷人致命的事故中，但是，他們出事的可能性是不喝酒的人的28倍。由此可見，在作者看來，還有很多沒有達(dá)到這個含量的人也同樣危險，因此，0.1 %的含量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)太高了。
    4.[C] 參閱第2題題解。
    5.[A] 該詞意為“阻止”。 　　With its almost six billion people，the world offers a fascinating variety of human shapes and colors.As humans spread throughout the world，their adaptations to diverse climate and other living conditions resulted in this fascinating variety of complexions，colors，and shapes.Genetic mutations added distinct characteristics to the peoples of the globe.In this sense the concept of race，a group with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group，is a reality.Humans do indeed come in a variety of colors and shapes.
    In two senses，however，race is a myth，a fabrication of the human mind.The first fabrication is the idea that any one race is superior to another.All races have their geniuses—and their idiots.Like language，no race is superior to another.Adolf Hitler‘s ideas were extreme.He believed that a superior race，called the Aryans，was responsible for the cultural achievements of Europe.They possessed the genetic stuff that made them inherently superior.Even many scientists of the time一not only Germany but throughout Europe and the United States—espoused the idea of racial superiority.Not surprisingly，they considered themselves members of the supposedly superior race!
    In addition to the myth of racial superiority，there is a second myth—that of the existence of a“pure”race.From the perspective of contemporary biology，humans show such a mixture of physical characteristics.that the“pure”races do not exist.Instead of falling into distinct types clearly separate from one another，human characteristics flow endlessly together.These minute gradations made arbitrary any attempt to draw definite lines.
    Large groupings of people，however，can be classified by blood type and gene frequencies.Yet even this arrangement does not uncover“race”。Rather，such classifications are so arbitrary that biologists and anthropologists can draw up listings showing any number of“race”。Ashley Montagu，a physical anthropologist，pointed out that some scientists have classified humans into only two“races”while others have found as many as two thousand.Montagu himself classified humans into forty“racial”groups.
    This is not meant to imply that the idea of race is a myth.That idea is definitely very much alive.It is firmly embedded in our culture，a social reality that we confront daily.Sociologist W.I.Thomas observed that“if people define situations as real，they are real in their consequences”。The fact that no race is superior or that biologically we cannot even decide how people should be classified into races is not what counts.What makes a difference for social life，rather，is that people believe these ideas，for people act on beliefs，not facts.As a result，we always have people like Hitler.Most people，fortunately，do not believe in such extremes，yet most people also appear to be ethnocentric enough to believe，at least just a little，that their own race is superior to others.
    1.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the diversification of human race resulted from____.
    [A] both genetic inheritance and environmental influences
    [B] the differentiation of the inherited physical characteristics
    [C] humans‘ adaptations to diverse climate and other living conditions
    [D] genetic mutations alone
    2.The word“fabrication”(in the first sentence of the second paragraph)probably means____.
    [A] mystery
    [B] invention
    [C] exaggeration
    [D] perspective
    3.Why is there no“pure”race according to the passage?
    [A] Because people of different races often get married.
    [B] Because people have different blood types.
    [C] Because racial characteristics overlap.
    [D] Because there are so many races in the world.
    4.Any attempt at classifying races____.
    [A] is at best arbitrary
    [B] is bound to be biased
    [C] tends to pick out one race as superior
    [D] takes culture into account
    5.The author concludes the passage by pointing out that
    [A] it is hardly possible to classify humans into racial groups
    [B] we should be on our guard against any idea of racial superiority
    [C] race is indeed a mystery to be explored and uncovered
    [D] it is not important how people should be classified
    參考答案：
    1.[A]第一段第二句強調(diào)了環(huán)境因素的影響，第三句提到了基因變異的作用。
    2.[B]該詞此處意為：臆造，捏造。
    3.[C]根據(jù)第三、第四段，不存在“純的”種族，這是因為人的身體特征是無法劃歸清楚的(flow endlessly together)，任何想劃一個清晰界限的做法都會證明是武斷的。第四段還談到不同的研究者對種族分類的多寡，這也是為了證明難以做到對種族進(jìn)行清晰的分類。
    4.[A] 意為：至多是武斷的。參閱第四段，尤其是該段第三句。
    5.[B]最后一段作者指出種族歧視存在的現(xiàn)實性。人們的錯誤觀念與現(xiàn)實一樣可怕，因此我們應(yīng)該和反對種族歧視的做法一樣防止種族歧視思想的產(chǎn)生。 　　The eradication of poverty is a shared responsibility for the international community—indeed，a moral imperative.This task has become no less urgent in the last decade，in spite of rapid economic growth in many parts of the world.While the percentage of the world‘s population living on less than $1 per day has fallen from 28.3%to 24.0%between 1987 and 1998，population growth(815 million) has kept the absolute number of poor steady at some 1.2 billion.If we take a higher cutoff point of $2 per day，the poor have increased by 250 million over the same time period，encompassing 2.8 billion people，or almost half of the world’s population.Nor do World Bank projections lend undivided hope for the future.Under the“business as usual”scenario，the number of poor on the $1 per day scale will not change during the projection period up to 2008.However，should policy measures be taken to boost economic growth and make the growth process more inclusive to the poor，the World Bank reckons that 500 million people could be brought out of extreme poverty by 2008.Even under this more optimistic scenario，Latin America and the Caribbean，and especially Sub-Saharan Africa would see little，if any，progress.The same pattern emerges under the higher cutoff point of $2 per day.
    In the light of these dire statistics and projections，it is easy to appreciate the growing public concern that not enough is being done to address poverty and poverty-related social illnesses，such as poor work conditions，a lack of respect for human rights，and natural resource degradation.Indeed，such concerns have been vented with increasing frustration，including at the Ministerial Conference of the WTO in Seattle last year，and more recently at the joint spring meeting of the IMF and the World Bank.
    One problem facing governments in poverty-stricken countries，civil society，and international organizations is that poverty is a multidimensional problem with no simple solution—not least because of its sheer scale.The causes and expressions of poverty are not the same everywhere，although some common terms can often be found，including a lack of access to education，basic health care，and unequal distribution of productive assets(1and，livestock，credits，etc.)。 Moreover，rural communities，which are often the hardest hit by poverty，face their own development problems related to poor infrastructure (roads，electricity，telecommunication，etc.)，which make it more costly to participate in the national and global economy.Another factor that perpetuates poverty is that the poor often lack political leverage to influence the policies and priorities of governments.
    1.By saying that the eradication of poverty is a“moral imperative”，the author means____.
    [A] it is a moral responsibility to do away with poverty
    [B] it is closely related to the formulation of moral standard
    [C] raising moral standard is the only solution to poverty
    [D] it is morally impossible to find a solution to poverty
    2.Between 1987 and 1998，the number of people living on two dollars a day____.
    [A] actually increased
    [B] fell slightly
    [C] was cut down greatly
    [D] kept rising steadily
    3.What might happen in the year 2008 if proper policies for economic growth were made?
    [A] 500 million more people would join the extremely poor.
    [B] No drastic change would happen to the life of the poor in the present poor regions.
    [C] The number of the poor on the $1 per day scale would be greatly cut.
    [D] The number of the poor living on $2 dollars per day would be drastically decreased.
    4.Why is it not easy to solve the poverty problem?
    [A] Because the international community hasn‘t made enough effort at it.
    [B] Because the governments in poor countries do not give enough attention to it.
    [C] Because solving the problem is beyond the means of the poor countries.
    [D] Because it is a problem that involves multiple factors.
    5.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an obstacle to the solution of poverty?
    [A] The enormous size of the poor population.
    [B] Slower economic development in extremely poor regions.
    [C] The government policy in poverty-stricken countries.
    [D] The classification of the poor population.
    參考答案：
    1.[A] 意為：消除貧困是一種道義。imperative這里是一個名詞，意為“必須履行的責(zé)任”。
    2.[A]根據(jù)第一段，在世界范圍內(nèi)，每天靠1美元過活的人在1987年～1998年間從28.3%降到24%，但是從人口增長的角度來看(這10年人口增長了8.15億)，貧困人口的絕對數(shù)量還保持在12億人。另外，如果我們以日平均2美元作為貧困線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的話，那么，在同一段時間內(nèi)貧困者的數(shù)量就增加了2.5億人，涉及28億人，幾乎是世界總?cè)丝诘囊话搿?BR>    3.[C]第一段提到，如果現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)濟形勢“保持不變”，到2008年，靠日平均1美元生活的貧困人口的狀況不會得到改觀。但是，如果制定政策促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，使經(jīng)濟的增長更多地涵蓋到貧困人口，世界銀行預(yù)測，到2008年，5億人口可能脫離貧困。
    4.[D] 意為：因為這是一個涉及很多因素的問題。最后一段提到，貧困國家的政府、文明社會(指相對發(fā)達(dá)的社會)和國際組織面臨的一個問題是：貧困是一個多方面的問題，沒有簡單的解決方案——由于涉及面廣更是如此。造成貧困的原因和貧困的形式各地不盡相同，雖然我們可能從中找出一些基本特征，如教育落后、基本醫(yī)療條件缺乏、生產(chǎn)資料分配不均等。
    [C]意為：貧窮國家無力解決這個問題。
    5.[D] 有關(guān)[A]參閱第2、3題題解。有關(guān)[B]、[C]參閱最后一段。 　　The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented，and policymakers and responsible employers are particularly sensitive to the plight of the black female employee on the theory that she is doubly the victim of discrimination.That there exist differences in income between whites and blacks is clear，but it is not so clear that these differences are solely the result of racial discrimination in employment.The two groups differ in productivity，so basic economics dictates that their incomes will differ.
    To obtain a true measure of the effect of racial discrimination in employment it is necessary to adjust the gross black/white income ratio for these productivity factors.White women in urban areas have a higher educational level than black women and can be expected to receive larger incomes.Moreover，State distribution of residence is important because blacks are overrepresented in the South，where wage rates are typically lower than elsewhere and where racial differentials in income are greater.Also，blacks are over-represented in large cities，and incomes of blacks would be greater if blacks were distributed among cities of different sizes in the same manner as whites.
    After standardization for the productivity factors，the income of black urban women is estimated to be between 108 and 125 percent of the income of white women.This indicates that productivity factors more than account for the actual white/black income differential for women.Despite their greater education，white women’s actual average income is only 2 to 5 percent higher than that of black women in the North.Unlike the situation of men，the evidence indicates that the money income of black urban women was as great as，or greater than，that of whites of similar productivity in the North，and probably in the United States as a whole.
    At least two possible hypotheses may explain why the adjustment for productivity more than accounts for the observed income differential for women.First，there may be more discrimination against black men than against black women.The different occupational structures for men and women give some indication why this could be the case.Second，the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the intensity of discrimination against women differs little between whites and blacks.Therefore，racial discrimination adds little to effects of existing sex discrimination.These findings suggest that a black woman does not necessarily suffer relatively more discrimination in the labor market than does a white woman.Rather，for women，the effects of sexual discrimination are so pervasive that the effects of racial discrimination are negligible.
    1.The primary purpose of the passage is to____.
    [A] explain the reasons for the existence of income differentials between men and women
    [B] show that racial discrimination against black women in employment is less important than sexual discrimination
    [C] explore the ways in which productivity factors influence the earning power of black workers
    [D] sketch a history of racial and sexual discrimination against black and female workers in the labor market
    2.The difference between income levels for black and white women is____.
    [A] less than that for black and white men
    [B] greater than that for black and white men
    [C] greater since black women are subject to more discrimination
    [D] smaller since women can only do low-paying jobs
    3.Which of the following best describes the logical relationship between the two hypotheses presented in the fourth paragraph?
    [A] They may both be true since each phenomenon could contribute to the observed differential.
    [B] They are contradictory，and if one is proved to be correct，the other is proved incorrect.
    [C] They are independent of each other，and it is hard to establish any relationship between them.
    [D] The two hypotheses are logically connected so that it is impossible to prove either one to be true without also proving the other to be true.
    4.If the second hypothesis mentioned by the author is correct，a general lessening of discrimination against women should lead to a(n) ____.
    [A] higher white/black income ratio for women
    [B] lower white/black income ratio for women
    [C] lower female/male income ratio
    [D] increase in the productivity of women
    5.The author’s attitude toward racial and sexual discrimination in employment is one of____.
    [A] apology [B] concern [C] indifference [D] indignation
    參考答案：
    1.[B] 文章最后一段是作者的結(jié)論，這段提到兩個假設(shè)，一是對男性黑人的歧視可能比對女性黑人的歧視更嚴(yán)重;二是對婦女的歧視在黑人和白人之間沒有多大區(qū)別。因此作者的結(jié)論是：就黑人婦女而言，種族歧視并沒有使性別歧視加重——黑人婦女并沒有受雙重歧視，由于對任何種族的婦女的歧視占主導(dǎo)地位，種族歧視的影響幾乎可以忽略不計了。
    2.[A] 最后一段提到，有數(shù)據(jù)顯示支持如下假設(shè)：對婦女的歧視在白人和黑人之間差別不大，因此，種族歧視在性別歧視之外幾乎沒有再添加影響。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明：在勞動力市場上，黑人婦女不一定比白人婦女遭受更多的歧視，更確切地說，對婦女來說，性別歧視是如此廣泛存在，以至于種族歧視的影響可以忽略不計。
    3.[A] 參閱第1題題解。
    4.[A] 參閱第l題題解。
    5.[B] 意為：關(guān)注。作者對黑人婦女在就業(yè)上可能存在的受歧視現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了實事求是的分析，并借助于數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了說明。作者的目的當(dāng)然是找出根本原因，以便切實解決問題。從這個角度來看，作者對黑人婦女在工作中的地位是關(guān)心的。 　　Since 1975 advocates of humane treatment of animals have broadened their goals to oppose the use of animals for fur，leather，wool and food.They have moaned protests against all forms of hunting and the trapping of animals in the wild.And they have joined environmentalists in urging protection of natural habitats from commercial or residential development.The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of Animal Liberation：A New Ethics for Our Treatment ofAnimals by Peter Singer，formerly a professor ofphUosophy at Oxford University in England.This book gave a new impetus to the animal rights movement.
    The post 1 975 animal rights activists are far more vocal than theirpredecessors，and the organizations to which they belong are generally more radical.Many new organizations are formed.The tactics of the activists are designed to catch the attention of the public.Since the mid 1 980s there have been frequent newsreports about animal rights organizations picketing stores that sell furs，harassing hunters in the wild，or breaking into laboratories to free animals.Some of the more extreme organizations advocate the use of assault，armed terrorism，and death threats to make their point.Aside from making isolated attacks on people who wear fur coats or trying to prevent hunters from killing animals，most of the organizations have directed their tactics at institutions.
    The results of the protests and other tactics have been mixed.Companies are reducing reliance on animal testing.Medical research has been somewhat curtailed by legal restrictions and the reluctance of younger workers to use animals in research.New tests have been developed to replace the use of animals.Some well—known designers have stopped using fur.
    While the general public tends to agree that animals should be treated humanely，most people are unlikely to give up eating meat or wearing goods made from leather and wool. Giving up genuine fur has become less of a problem，since fibers used to makefake fur such as the Japanese invention Kanecaron can look almost identical to real fur.Some of the strongest opposition to the animal rights movement has come from hunters and their organizations.But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to press for state restrictions on hunting in several parts of the nation.
    1.1 975 was an important year in the history of animal treatment because
    [A]many people began to call for humane treatment of animals that year
    [B]a new book was published that broadened the animal rights movement
    [C]the environmentalists began to show interest in animal protection
    [D]the trapping of animals began to go wild all through the world
    2.Some animal rights organizations advocate the use of extreme means in order to
    [A]wipe out cruel people [B]stop using animals in the laboratory
    [C]attack hunters in the wild [D]catch full public attention
    3.By saying“the results ofthe protests and other tactics have been mixed”(Line 1，Para.3)，the author means
    [A]the protest and other tactics have produced desired effects
    [B]the protest and other tactics almost amounted to nothing
    [C]the protest and other tactics have some influence on the public
    [D]the protest and other tactics have proved to be too radical
    4.The word“marshaling”(Line 5，Para.4)probably means
    [A]conducting [B]popularizing [C]changing [D]outraging
    5.It seems that the author ofthis article
    [A]is strongly opposed to the animal rights movement
    [B]is in favor ofthe animal rights movement
    [C]supports the use of violence in animal protection
    [D]hatestheuse offakefurfor clothes
    核心詞匯
    advocate n.提倡者
    philosophy n.哲學(xué)
    predecessor n.前輩
    tactics n.策略
    identical adj.同樣的
    oppose vt.反對
    impetus.促進(jìn)
    radicaladj.激進(jìn)的
    reliance n.依賴
    publication .出版
    vocaladj.有聲的
    assault n.攻擊
    fake adj.假的
    號召人道對待動物的倡導(dǎo)者們從1975年起將自己的目標(biāo)擴大到反對利用動物來獲取毛皮、皮革、毛織品和食品的行為。他們提出*，反對所有形式的野外打獵和誘捕動物的活動。他們還與環(huán)境保護(hù)論者一起推進(jìn)對動物自然棲息地的保護(hù)，使之免受商業(yè)和住宅開發(fā)的侵害。1975年《解放動物：我們對待動物的新倫理》一書的出版成為動物保護(hù)運動發(fā)展過程中的一個重大事件。該書由曾為英國牛津大學(xué)哲學(xué)教授的彼得。辛格撰寫，它給予了動物權(quán)利運動新的推動力。
    1975年以后的動物權(quán)利激進(jìn)主義者們發(fā)出的呼聲要遠(yuǎn)高于他們的前輩，而且他們所屬的組織通常也更為激進(jìn)。許多新組織成立了。激進(jìn)主義者們采取的策略是引起公眾的注意。從20世紀(jì)80年代中期起，時常有有關(guān)動物權(quán)利組織在皮草商店外*、騷擾野外打獵者或是闖入實驗室解救動物的新聞報道：還有些更加極端的組織提倡通過襲擊、武裝恐怖行動以及死亡威脅的方式來達(dá)到他們的目的。除了對身著皮草外套的人們進(jìn)行單獨襲擊或試圖阻止打獵者們捕殺動物外，大多數(shù)組織的策略一直是針對公共機構(gòu)的。
    *和其他措施帶來了各種不同的結(jié)果。公司正在減少對動物試驗的依賴;由于法律的約束以及較為年輕的工作人員不愿在研究中使用動物，醫(yī)學(xué)研究也有所減少;代替使用動物的新試驗方式已經(jīng)開發(fā)出來了;一些知名設(shè)計師也不再使用動物皮毛。
    盡管大眾傾向于認(rèn)同應(yīng)該人道地對待動物，但大多數(shù)人還是不太可能放棄食肉或穿戴皮毛制品。放棄真正的毛皮已不再是什么問題，因為諸如日本人發(fā)明的KaIlecamn乏類鴯用‘于制造仿毛皮的纖維看起來和真正的毛皮幾乎別無二致。對動物權(quán)利運動最為強烈的反對有一些來自于捕獵者及其組織。但動物權(quán)利激進(jìn)主義者們已經(jīng)成功地靠引導(dǎo)公眾意愿來迫使國家對若干地區(qū)的打獵實施限制。
    參考答案：
    1.B 細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞1975，animal treatment定位文章第一段，。其中提到：1975年《解放動物：我們對待動物的新倫理》一書的出版成為動物保護(hù)運動發(fā)展過程中的一個重大事件(The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of…)此書的出版大大推動了保 護(hù)動物權(quán)利運動。結(jié)合選項可知B正確。2.D 細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干信息詞advocate和extreme mean定位文章第二段Some of the more extreme organizations advocate…to make theirpoint(有些更為極端的組織提倡……來說服別人贊成他們的觀點)，而該句正是為了印證上文提到的The tactics ofthe activists are designed to catch the attention ofthe public，即所有這些都是為了引起公眾的關(guān)注，故正確答案為D.
    3.C 推斷題。由題干內(nèi)容定位文章第三段，從文中可知，公司正逐漸減少對動物試驗的依賴，利用動物進(jìn)行醫(yī)學(xué)研究的行為也受到了法律的約束，甚至一些時裝設(shè)計師也不再用毛皮制作時裝。由此可知，動物權(quán)利保護(hù)者的種種努力取得了一定的效果，故正確答案為C.其余選項A“取得了理想的效果”屬于過度推斷，B“幾乎毫無成效”在文中沒有依據(jù)，C“被證明過于激進(jìn)”屬于過度推斷。 j
    4.A 語義題。根據(jù)題干定位文章最后一句“但動物權(quán)利激進(jìn)主義者們已經(jīng)成功地靠 ____ 公眾的意愿來迫使國家對若干地區(qū)_的打獵實施限制”。由句意可先排除D“憤怒”。根據(jù)該段首句提到的“公眾開始認(rèn)同應(yīng)該人道地對待動物的觀點……”，可知公眾的觀點其實已經(jīng)改變，也得到一定普及，由此可排除B“普及”和C“改變”，只能選A“引導(dǎo)”。
    5. 態(tài)度題。作者沒有明確表明自己的態(tài)度，但文章結(jié)尾處提到But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to…(但動物權(quán)利激進(jìn)主義者們已經(jīng)成功地靠引導(dǎo)公眾意愿來迫使國家對若干地區(qū)的打獵實施限制。)，清楚地表明了作者持贊同態(tài)度。 　　In general，our society is becoming one of the giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small we1l-oiled cog in the machinery.The oiling is done with higher wages，well-ventilated factories and piped music，and by psychologists and“human relations”experts;yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless，that he is bored with it.In fact，the blue-collar and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.
    The worker and employee are anxious not only because they might find themselves out of a job，they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interest in life.They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
    Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.They are even more insecure in some respects.They are in a highly competitive race.To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect.When they apply for their first job，they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence.From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists，for whom testing is a big business，and by their superiors，who judge their behavior，sociability，capacity to get along，etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one‘s fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress，the very causes of unhappiness and illness.
    Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth century“free enterprise”capitalism? Certainly not.Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown.I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of all love and of reason—are the aims of social arrangements.Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end，and should be prevented from ruling man.
    1.By“a well-oiled cog in the machinery”the author intends to render the idea that man is____.
    [A] a necessary part of the society though each individual‘s function is negligible
    [B] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society，though functioning smoothly
    [C] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society
    [D] a humble component of the society，especially when working smoothly
    2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that____.
    [A] they are deprived of their individuality and independence
    [B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life
    [C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence
    [D] they are likely to lose their jobs
    3.From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those____.
    [A]who are at the bottom of the society
    [B]who are higher up in their social status
    [C]who could keep far away from this competitive world
    [D]who prove better than their fellow competitors
    4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should____.
    [A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors
    [B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees
    [C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities
    [D] take the fundamental realities for granted
    5.The author's attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of____.
    [A]approval [B]tolerance
    [C]suspicion [D]dissatisfaction
    核心詞匯
    ventilate Vt使通風(fēng) bore v.使厭煩 puppet，n.傀儡 tunen.曲調(diào)，調(diào)子
    acquire vt獲得，學(xué)到 existence n.存在 mode n.方式，模式
    難句點津
    1.In general，our society is becoming one of the giant enterprises directed bv a bureaucratic lmanagement in which man becomes a small well—oiled cog in the machinery. [點津]句子的主干是Our societyisbecoming oneofthe giant enterprises，directedby之后的內(nèi)容是修飾enterprises的定語，-g中which引導(dǎo)一個定語從句修飾enterprisesj
    2.From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists，for whom testing is a big business，and by their superiors，who judge their behavior，sociability，capacity to get along.etc. ‘
    [點津]句子的主干是They are tested by the psychologists and by their superiors，其中psychologists 和superiors都帶有自己的定語從句。
    總的來說，我們的社會變成了一個官僚化管理的大型企業(yè)，其中的所有人都成了這臺機器中潤滑良好的小齒輪。高工資、通風(fēng)良好的廠房和有線廣播的音樂用于潤滑，心理學(xué)家和“人際關(guān)系”專家也用于潤滑。然而所有這些潤滑油都沒能改變這一事實，即人類已經(jīng)變得無能為力并厭倦了“潤滑油”。實際上，藍(lán)領(lǐng)和白領(lǐng)階層都變成了經(jīng)濟傀儡，隨著自動化機器和官僚化管理的步調(diào)而起舞。
    工人和雇員的焦慮不僅是由于他們可能會失業(yè)，還由于他們無法獲得生活的真正樂趣。終其一生，他們從未作為情感和理智上獨立的、富有創(chuàng)造性的人來面對生存的本質(zhì)。那些處于社會高層的人同樣焦慮，他們的生活和那些社會地位低于他們的人同樣空洞，甚至在某些方面更缺乏安全感。他們處在異常激烈的競爭中。得到晉升還是落后于人，不是薪水的問題，更多的是自尊的問題。他們在申請第一份工作時，就接受了智商測試，以及對是否兼有適當(dāng)?shù)姆暮酮毩⒌乃刭|(zhì)所進(jìn)行的考查。從那以后，他們不斷地被心理學(xué)家測試，對那些心理學(xué)家來說測試是一筆大生意;他們還不斷接受上司的測試，以評判他們的行為、社交能力、與人相處的能力等。他們需要不斷地證明自己和同事一樣優(yōu)秀，或比同事更優(yōu)秀，這造成了持久的憂慮和壓力，而憂慮和壓力是苦惱和疾病的根源。 ‘
    我是在建議我們應(yīng)該回到前工業(yè)社會的生產(chǎn)模式或19世紀(jì)“自由企業(yè)”的資本主義嗎?當(dāng)然不是。回到逝去的時代永遠(yuǎn)不能解決問題。我建議將社會體系由官僚化管理的工業(yè)制度轉(zhuǎn)換到人道主義的工業(yè)制度，前者以化的生產(chǎn)和消費為最終目的，而后者的社會目的則是人及其潛能(包括情感和理性的潛能)的全面發(fā)展。生產(chǎn)和消費只是實現(xiàn)該目的的手段，而不能讓它們統(tǒng)治人類。
    答案解析
    1.B 推斷題。文章第一段指出，人成了社會大機器中微小的、潤滑良好的齒輪，高工資和通風(fēng)良好的廠房便是潤滑油，但事實上人是無能為力的，藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人和白領(lǐng)階層都是毫無自主權(quán)的經(jīng)濟傀儡。由此推斷，雖然工作生活條件不錯，但人在社會中卻是無足輕重的，故選B.
    2.A 推斷題。文章第二段點明了工人和雇員憂慮的原因，分析上下文可知，其真正原因是情感與理智上獨立的、富有創(chuàng)造性的個人生存狀態(tài)被忽視，故選A.選項B、D只是部分原因，不全面;C項與文章內(nèi)容相悖。
    3.C 推斷題。由文章可知，社會底層者、社會上層者和競爭中的勝利者都無法脫離充滿競爭的生存環(huán)境，因而都生活在各種各樣的憂慮與壓力之中，所以都無幸福可言，只有遠(yuǎn)離這個充滿競爭的社會的人才可能獲得幸福，故選C.
    4.C 推斷題。文章最后一段給出了解決現(xiàn)有社會問題的建議，即改革現(xiàn)有的工業(yè)制度，在新的工業(yè)制度中，人及其自身潛能的全面發(fā)展將是社會的目標(biāo)，故選C.A項是作者在最后一段中表明不同意的觀點，應(yīng)排除;B項是維持工業(yè)制度正常運轉(zhuǎn)的手段之一，而不是解決社會問題的建議，應(yīng)排除;D項與原文不符，也應(yīng)排除。
    5.D 態(tài)度題。文章最后一段提到，作者建議將社會體系由官僚政治管理的工業(yè)制度過渡到人道主義的工業(yè)制度，由此可知，作者對現(xiàn)有工業(yè)制度的態(tài)度是不滿的，故選D.A(贊同)、B(寬容)、C(懷疑)都與原文不符。 　　Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values.In all cultures，parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the community‘s moral precepts.Adults also condition each other’s observance of social norms，using methods ranging form mild forms of censure，such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark，to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous.The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment.Faced with increasing violence at home，many Americans endorsed Singapore‘s use of corporal punishment to maintain social order.Was Fay’s punishment effective? Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown，but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singapore—which he left promptly.
    The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them.The Gusii of Kenya，with a history of tribal warfare，face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces，including wild animals.Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children.Caning，food deprivation，and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment.
    In contrast，the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca，Mexico，are a highly cohesive community，with little internal conflict，and social norms that encourage cooperation.Their social patterns appear adaptive，for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans，who control the official government and many economic resources in their region.The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children.Rather，they tend to rely on soothing persuasion.Social ostracism is the most feared punishment，and social ties within the community are very strong，so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.
    In the United States，fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior，especially in small communities.Today，even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime，especially violent crime.Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment，another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had，so that prison is no longer as an effective punishment.
    1.The best title of this passage would be____.
    [A] Crime and Punishment
    [B] Reward and Punishment
    [C] Social Order
    [D] Two Case Studies：Gusii of Kenya and Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca
    2.According to the passage，what is a universal cultural norm in maintaining social order?
    [A] Children must be obedient to their parents.
    [B] People must publicly complain when someone misbehaves.
    [C] People should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules.
    [D] People should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers.
    3.What can be inferred from the Michael Fay case?
    [A] Many Americans were opposed to the corporal punishment that Michael Fay received in Singapore.
    [B] The American media did not pay any attention to cultural differences until 1994.
    [C] The caning was effective because Michael Fay subsequently refrained from vandalism.
    [D] Michael Fay left Singapore immediately after the caning punishment.
    4.What would a Gusii mother from Kenya most likely do to punish her children?
    [A] To stop giving them pocket money.
    [B] To persuade them in a gentle way.
    [C] To verbally humiliate them.
    [D] To threaten to expel them from the home.
    5.The word“stigma”(in fourth paragraph)most probably means____.
    [A] irony [B] verbal
    [C] persuasion [D] bad reputation
    核心詞匯
    Preserve vt.保護(hù)，保持 observe vt.遵守 mild adj.溫和的
    execute Vt.處死，執(zhí)行 applicationn.應(yīng)用 vary vi.變化，不同
    confront vt.使面臨 warfare，1.戰(zhàn)爭 tend vi.趨向 shelter n.庇護(hù)所
    cohesive adj.內(nèi)聚的 intemal adj.口講。內(nèi)部的 region n.區(qū)域，地區(qū)
    physical n.身體的
    譯文
    為了維持社會秩序以及保持文化價值，不同的社會會采用不同的方式進(jìn)行獎懲。在所有的文化中，父母必須教會孩子躲避危險并遵守社會的道德準(zhǔn)則。成年人同樣會使用不同的方式來調(diào)節(jié)彼此對社會道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的遵守，這些方式從輕微指責(zé)——比如當(dāng)某人言語不得體時對其表示輕蔑——到由于個人不道德的行為或是危險行為而對其進(jìn)行監(jiān)禁或者處決。1994年，在新加坡的一個美國少年邁克爾‘費伊由于故意破壞公共財產(chǎn)而遭到鞭刑，實施這一懲罰的文化差異引起了媒體的廣泛關(guān)注。面對越來越多的家庭暴力，很多美國人對新加坡用體罰來維持社會秩序的做法都表示贊同。對費伊的懲罰有效嗎?之后他是否不再故意破壞公共財產(chǎn)?我們不得而知;但是，很明顯，這樣的懲罰使他很快就離開了新加坡。
    社會為了維持其社會秩序所使用的可行方式也會部分地隨著它們所面臨的危險及損害而改
    變?？夏醽喌墓盼魅擞兄荛L時間部落戰(zhàn)爭的歷史，古西人所面臨的威脅不僅來自于外族，還來自于自然力量包括野生動物的困擾。古西人的父母愿意更多地依賴懲罰及恐嚇而不是獎賞來調(diào)節(jié)他們子女的社會行為。鞭打、禁食及逐出家門都是懲罰的常見形式。
    與之相反，墨西哥朱克斯拉華卡的密克斯特坎人則組成了一個高度團(tuán)結(jié)的社會，很少發(fā)生內(nèi)鄙沖突，那里的社會準(zhǔn)則就是鼓勵人與人之間的合作。密克斯特坎人的社會模式看起來很具有適應(yīng)因為他們被附近的西班牙裔墨西哥人所統(tǒng)治，西班牙裔墨西哥人控制了當(dāng)?shù)氐墓俜秸昂芏嘟?jīng)濟資源。通常情況下，密克斯特坎人并不采用罰款和判刑或是用體罰的方式來避免成年人和孩子的犯罪。相反，他們更愿意用安撫勸說的方式。社會排擠是最讓人害怕的懲罰，社區(qū)內(nèi)的社會聯(lián)系十分密切，因此，用于加強這些聯(lián)系的響應(yīng)在維護(hù)社會秩序時顯得十分有效。
    在美國，特別是在一些小社區(qū)中，對社會排擠或是羞辱的恐懼對于控制反社會行為來說曾經(jīng)是比較強大的力量?，F(xiàn)在，甚至監(jiān)禁看起來都不足以制止很多形式的犯罪，特別是暴力犯罪。雖然一個原因是由于實行懲罰的不一致性，但另一個原因很可能是由于監(jiān)禁不再像以前那樣具有羞辱的威力，因此，監(jiān)獄已經(jīng)不再是一種有效的懲罰方式了。
    答案解析
    1.B 主旨題。文章第一段的主題句提供了解題的線索：為了維持社會秩序以及保持文化價值，不同的社會采用不同的方式進(jìn)行獎懲。且下文中作者所舉的例子都是圍繞這一主題進(jìn)行的。由此可知，文章的中心為“不同的文化中有不同的獎勵和懲罰措施”，故選B.
    2.C 推斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞maintaining social order定位文章第一段，該段提到：在所有的文化中，父母必須教會孩子躲避危險并遵守社會的道德準(zhǔn)則。此外，成人之間也用不同的方式相 互監(jiān)督彼此是否遵守社會準(zhǔn)則。由此推知C正確。
    3.D 推斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞Michael Fay定位文章第一段。原文提到，1994年美國少年邁克爾。費伊由于故意破壞公共財產(chǎn)而在新加坡遭到鞭刑的案例引起了人們的廣泛關(guān)注，許多美國人對新加坡實行體罰來維持社會秩序的做法是認(rèn)可的，由此可排除A;B說美國媒體直到1994年才開始廣泛關(guān)注文化差異，在文中并沒有依據(jù)，排除;原文說之后他是否不再故意破壞公共財產(chǎn)，我們不得而知，可排除C;只有D正確，即費伊很快離開了新加坡。
    4.D 細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞Gusii和Kenya定位文章第二段的Gusii parents tend to rely more 0n punishment…withdrawing shelter，該部分提到：古西人的父母愿意更多地依賴懲罰及恐嚇而不是獎賞來調(diào)節(jié)他們子女的社會行為。鞭打、禁食、逐出家門都是懲罰的常見形式。結(jié)合選項可知D最符合題意。
    5.D 語義題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞stigma定位文章最后一段，該段講的是美國社會的獎懲制度。作者說在美國，特別是一些小社區(qū)中，對社會排擠或是——的恐懼曾經(jīng)能很好地控制反社會行為。而現(xiàn)在監(jiān)禁都不再是一種有效的措施了。由此推斷，stigma的意思應(yīng)該與ostracism(排斥)相 似，比imprisomem(監(jiān)禁)的含義在程度上要輕，結(jié)合選項可推知，stigma應(yīng)是“壞名聲、侮辱”的意思，故選D. 　　One of the most exciting and enriching experiences a person can have is that of living abroad.
    Whether one spends a year away or many，living abroad is the first opportunity one has to stand on the outside of one‘s country and look in，to compare cultures，procedures，mentalities，etc.We’in the U.S.A.do very little REAL travelling abroad，much less living，and this bent toward isolation is probably detrimental to us in the long run.Living abroad，however，works better when it is a choice and not an obligation.I know of several cases in which a few people were persuaded by others that the solutions to their domestic problems lay in living abroad.In these cases，it was the wrong advice.These people were，for the most part，like fish out of the bowl and overall，everything went wrong and only a few things right.
    What country and what part of the world should one choose ? Here，personal interests and/or curiosity enter the picture.Additionally，one need not think in terms of a single country but two or three.It is easier.of course，to get in and out of a“Western World”or“Christian”country since these usually share our sense of values，also，a country traditionally and firmly considered a political ally is an option.such as Japan.Even it is fairly“westernized”。
    After choosing several candidate countries，one should do research as extensively as possible on these countries.Contact with the embassies needs to be made in order to find out the degree of difficulty in getting a visa or permit to work.What kind of work is available? Which professions and/or occupations are needed most ? How do the answers to these questions tie in with your profession or occupation? Many of the long-term or permanent expats (The term doesn't necessarily mean unpatriotic!)in any given country usually married foreigners or“l(fā)ocals”and，as a result，enjoy the privilege of having TWO countries in which to live.
    One of the countries might be more favorable than the other due to factors such as jobs，lifestyle，cultural interests，pace of living，climate，the couple‘s ages，etc.one who is ambitious sense is unlikely to go and spend five to ten years in a country that pays poor wages， yet the same country might be appropriate for the person who is ambitious to achieve greater depth in culture ，academics ，spirituality ，languages ，ect.
    1.The word“detrimental”(Line 4，Para.1) most probable means____
    [A]determined [B]marvelous [C]harmful [D]hopeful
    2.According to the author，living_______
    [A]is the first choice of many Americans [B]is a wrong advice
    [C]is just a choice [D]can promote cultural communication
    3.What kind of country should be considered while choosing a foreign country?
    [A] The country one is interested in.
    [B] The country with different religions.
    [C] The country sharing the same political system.
    [D] The county in the same continent.
    4.As for the candidate countries，one should_____.
    [A]investigate everything about these countries
    [B]get adequate information from the embassies
    [C]predict career future in those countries
    [D]find some local to marry
    5.We learn from the last paragraph that______
    [A]jobs and lifestyle are the most important factors in choosing a foreign country
    [B]no one would like to live in a county with poor wages
    [C]ambitious people may live in a poor country for no more than five years
    [D]countries with poor payment may attract those interested in culture and academics
    核心詞匯
    Detrimental adj.有害的 expat n.移居國外者，被流放(國外)者
    spirituality n.精神性，靈性
    難句點津
    One who is ambitious in a material sense is unlikely to go and spend five to ten years in a country that pays poor wages.yet the same country might be appropriate for me person who is ambitious to achieve greater depth in culture，academics，spirituality，languages，etc.
    [點津]該句主句為yet連接的并列句。前一個分句的主干是One is unlikely to go and spend five to ten years;其中who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾主語one，that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾country.后一個分句的主干是The country might be appropriate，who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾person.
    一個人能擁有的最令人興奮和最長閱歷的經(jīng)歷之一就是在國外生活。無論是一年還是許多年，在國外生活是一個人第一次站在國門外審視自己的國家，進(jìn)行文化、程序、思想等方面的比較。在美國我們很少真正去國外旅游，到國外生活就更少了。從長遠(yuǎn)來看，這種傾向于孤立的狀態(tài)對我們來說很有可能是有害的。然而，當(dāng)在國外生活是一種選擇而不是一種義務(wù)時，情況要好得多。我了解的幾個例子中，一些人說服他人說解決國內(nèi)問題的辦法就是移居國外。在這些例子中，這是個錯誤的建議。在很大程度上，這些人就像離開水的魚，總體來看，所有的事情都有問題，只有一些是對的。
    應(yīng)該選擇哪個國家和哪個地區(qū)呢?這里應(yīng)該考慮的是個人的興趣和/或好奇心。此外，不應(yīng)該只考慮一個國家，而是兩三個國家。當(dāng)然，出入一個“西方世界”或“基督教國家”要容易些，因為他們通常和我們的價值觀相同。而且，一個國家傳統(tǒng)上會把明確地政治聯(lián)盟看作是一種選擇。比如日本。即使它也是相當(dāng)“西方化的”。
    在選定幾個備選國家之后，應(yīng)該盡可能廣泛地調(diào)查這些國家。需要與這些國家的大使館聯(lián)系。以確定得到簽證或工作許可的難易程度。要確定這些國家能夠提供哪種工作?他們最需要哪些專業(yè)或職業(yè)?這些問題的答案與你的專業(yè)和職業(yè)有怎樣的關(guān)系?許多長期或永久移居國外者(這并不一定就說他們不愛國!)通常會與外國人或當(dāng)?shù)厝私Y(jié)婚，這樣的話，他們就能享受在兩個國家居住的特權(quán)。
    其中的一個國家可能會因為工作、生活方式、文化興趣、生活節(jié)奏、氣候和配偶的年齡等因素比另外一個國家更受人歡迎。一個對物質(zhì)生活要求很高的人是不可能去一個工資水平很低的國家居住5到10年的，然而，同樣的國家或許更適合一個對文化、學(xué)術(shù)、精神生活和語言等方面有較高興趣的人。
    答案解析
    1. C 語義題。文章第一段首先提到居住在國外的好處，接下來被考查詞所在句提到“我們美國人很少進(jìn)行真正的出國旅行，更別說在國外居住了，從長遠(yuǎn)來看，這種與世隔絕的傾向可能對我們是——”。下文是講到外國居住需注意的問題，可推斷作者對出國居住是持贊同觀點的 ， 由此可推斷，作者認(rèn)為很少到國外旅行及居住是有害處的。所以C(有害的)正確。
    2. D 推斷題。文章第一段第二句指出，居住在國外使得一個人第一次有機會處于自己的國家之外，對比不同國家的文化、辦事程序、思想等，由此推斷，居住在國外可以促進(jìn)文化交流，所以D正確。該段第三句提到，美國人很少出國旅行，更別說在國外居住了，可見在國外居住并非許多美國人的首選，故排除A;第四句指出，當(dāng)居住在國外是一種選擇而非義務(wù)時，其效果會好得多，可見居住在國外不僅是一種選擇，也可能是本人不得已而為之的“義務(wù)”，故排除C;該段最后提到，把國內(nèi)解決不了的問題寄予到國外居住來解決是錯誤的建議，但并非所有出國居住的建議都是錯誤的，故排除B.
    3. A 細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第二段開頭提到，在選擇國家時，首先要考慮個人的興趣或好奇心所在，可見應(yīng)該選擇自己感興趣的國家，所以A正確。該段還提到，對于美國人來說，到一個西方國家或信奉基督教的國家居住相對要容易一些，并不是如B選項所說，要選擇不同信仰的國家，故排除B;該段接著說道，到日本等政治聯(lián)盟國家居住也比較容易，而并非政治體系相同的國家，故排除c;原文并未提到要選擇在同一大陸上的國家，故排除D.
    4. B 推斷題。文章第三段第二句提到，應(yīng)該和大使館聯(lián)系以便確定拿到簽證或工作許可的困難程度，由此推斷，在選定候選國家之后，應(yīng)該從大使館獲取適當(dāng)?shù)男畔ⅲ蔬xB.該段首句提到，應(yīng)盡可能多地去了解選定的國家，但調(diào)查有關(guān)這些國家的一切顯然是不可能的，故排除。
    5. D 推斷題。本題可采用排除法。最后一段首句提到，工作、生活方式、文化興趣、生活節(jié)奏、氣候等都是選擇一個國家的因素，但并未表明工作和生活方式是最重要的因素，故排除A;該段接下來提到注重物質(zhì)條件的人不可能去薪水較低的國家待5到10年，然而同樣的國家卻可能適合想要在文化、學(xué)術(shù)、語言等方面有所作為的人，可見在文化和學(xué)術(shù)方面有抱負(fù)的人可能在薪水較低的國家長期居住，故排除B、C，確定D為答案。 　It was a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a free trader crying foul. On November 20th the European Court of Justice decided that Tesco， a British supermarket chain， should not be allowed to import jeans made by America's Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker. Ironically， the ruling is based on an EU trademark directive that was designed to protect local， not American， manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit： Levi's jeans， just like Gucci handbags， must be allowed to be expensive.
    Levi Strauss persuaded the court that， by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas， Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands——which could only lead to less innovation and， in the long run， would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levi's case is specious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levi's jeans sold in America and Europe——a service performed a million times a day in financial markets， and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15，000 pairs of Levi's jeans a week， for about half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross， Tesco's head of global non-food sourcing， says the ruling risks “creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance”。
    The debate will rage on， and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi Strauss was joined in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff， a perfume maker)。 The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image， but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci， an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroyed by loose licensing and over-exposure in discount stores， saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers， controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.
    Brand experts argue that Levi Strauss， which has been losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel， is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces， so-so brands such as Levi's might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices， Levi Strauss may hang on for longer. But no court can help to make it a great brand again.
    注(1)：本文選自Economist; 11/24/2001， Vol. 361 Issue 8249， p58， 1/2p
    注(2)：本文習(xí)題命題模仿對象2001年真題text 5(其中因2001年真題text 5只有4個題目，所以本文第5題模仿參照對象為1999年 Text 1的第4題。)
    1. Which of the following is not true according to Paragraph 1?
    [A]Consumers and free traders were very angry.
    [B]Only the Levi‘s maker can decide the prices of the jeans.
    [C] The ruling has protected Levi‘s from price dumping.
    [D] Levi‘s jeans should be sold at a high price .
    2. Gucci‘s success shows that _______.
    [A]Gucci has successfully saved its own image.
    [B] It has changed its fate with its own effort.
    [C]Opening its own stores is the key to success.
    [D] It should be the court‘s duty to save its image.
    3. The word “specious”(line 12， paragraph 2) in the context probably means _______.
    [A]responsible for oneself
    [B] having too many doubts
    [C] not as it seems to be
    [D]raising misunderstanding
    4. According to the passage， the doomed fate of Levi‘s is caused by such factors except that ________.
    [A]the rivals are competitive
    [B]it fails to command premium prices
    [C]market forces have their own rules
    [D]the court fails to give some help
    5. The author‘s attitude towards Levi’s prospect seems to be _______.
    [A] biased
    [B] indifferent
    [C] puzzling
    [D] objective
    答案：BBCDD
    篇章剖析
    本文的結(jié)構(gòu)形式為提出問題——分析問題。在第一段首先提出問題，指出歐洲法庭對特易購超市做出的裁決。第二段指出當(dāng)事方對同一事件的不同看法和解釋。第三段指出爭論的核心問題在于是否應(yīng)該借助法庭達(dá)到一些商業(yè)目的，并以古奇(Gucci)為例說明答案為否定。第四段對利維(Levi‘s)的前景做出了評價和分析。
    詞匯注釋
    seething adj.沸騰的， 火熱的
    foul adj.下流的，粗俗的：
    segment v.分割
    innovation n.改革， 創(chuàng)新
    specious adj. 似是而非的; 似乎正確的，但實際卻是謬誤的
    arbitrage v. 套匯， 套利交易
    with a vengeance 猛烈地;極度地
    licensing n.注冊登記
    discount n.折扣
    resort vi.求助， 訴諸
    premium n.額外費用， 獎金， 獎賞， 保險費， (貨幣兌現(xiàn)的)貼水
    難句突破
    1.Levi Strauss persuaded the court that， by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas， Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands——which could only lead to less innovation and， in the long run， would reduce consumer choice.
    主體句式：Levi Strauss persuaded that …
    結(jié)構(gòu)分析：that之后是一個賓語從句;by之后的句子做伴隨狀語來修飾賓語從句;賓語從句中which又引導(dǎo)了一個非限制性定語從句。
    句子譯文：利維?斯圖爾斯公司使法庭相信，泰斯科把利維牛仔服與肥皂粉、香蕉等放在一起廉價銷售這一做法正在損害其形象，因而也影響到其品牌價位，這勢必會使產(chǎn)品缺乏新意，最終導(dǎo)致消費者可選范圍大大縮小。
    題目分析
    1.答案為B，屬事實細(xì)節(jié)題。原文對應(yīng)信息是“…should not be allowed … to sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker.”意思是“只有事先經(jīng)過牛仔褲生產(chǎn)商的同意才能打折銷售。”是否只有生產(chǎn)商才能決定價格，我們不得而知。
    2.答案為B，屬推理判斷題。文中提到問題的實質(zhì)是“whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this.”后又以古奇(Gucci) “saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers， controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.”為例，說明它的成功并不是訴諸法庭，而是通過自身的努力和嘗試。
    3.答案為C ，屬猜詞題。第二段開頭提出了利維公司(Levi‘s)對特易購(Tesco)的指責(zé)，后又提出了特易購的反駁意見，前后兩者之間的觀點應(yīng)該是相反的。從而可猜出該詞的含義。
    4.答案為D，屬推理判斷題。原文對應(yīng)信息是最后一段。
    5.答案為D，屬情感態(tài)度題。作者沒有任何偏頗的闡述整個事件。
    參考譯文
    法庭的裁決使消費者感到義憤填膺，也使很多人認(rèn)為這對自由貿(mào)易者來說顯然是一樁違規(guī)裁決。11月20日，歐洲法庭對泰斯科(Tesco)這家英國連鎖超市做出了如下判決：泰斯科不能從歐盟之外的國家進(jìn)口利維?斯圖爾斯公司生產(chǎn)的牛仔褲;未經(jīng)牛仔制造商的許可，不得減價銷售。具有諷刺意味的是，這項裁決是根據(jù)一道歐盟商標(biāo)指令做出的。該指令的目的在于保護(hù)本地、而非美國制造商免受價格傾銷造成的損害。其內(nèi)涵是，任何一家擁有自己品牌的公司都可給自己的產(chǎn)品定位，并以適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞椒指钍袌觯热缋S牛仔褲，它必須像古姿(Gucci)牌手提包一樣高價銷售。
    利維?斯圖爾斯公司使法庭相信，泰斯科把利維牛仔服與肥皂粉、香蕉等放在一起廉價銷售這一做法正在損害其形象，因而也影響到其品牌價位，這勢必會使產(chǎn)品缺乏新意，最終導(dǎo)致消費者可選范圍大大縮小。消費者團(tuán)體和泰斯科卻認(rèn)為，利維公司一案(的判決)貌似有理，實則不然。泰斯科爭辯說，它只是從美國和歐洲銷售利維牛仔服裝的差價中套利。這是一種在金融市場天天進(jìn)行上百萬次、并使消費者真正受益的商業(yè)行為。泰斯科一直以低于利維?斯圖爾斯公司授權(quán)專賣店一半的價格每周銷售15，000條牛仔褲。泰斯科公司全球非食品類商品采購主管克里斯廷?？肆_斯認(rèn)為，這一裁決會冒“設(shè)置歐洲堡壘”的巨大風(fēng)險。
    這場激烈的爭論還將繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去，所涉及的范圍將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出休閑服裝業(yè)(季諾。大衛(wèi)多夫香水制造商也和利維。斯圖爾斯聯(lián)手起訴)。核心問題不在于品牌是否需要通過控制銷售方式來維護(hù)其形象，而在于法院是否有責(zé)任來幫助其達(dá)到這一目的。意大利品牌服飾公司古姿公司—由于許可經(jīng)營管理松懈和其商品在折扣店里過度曝光，其形象正在受到損害—并沒有依靠法庭，而是通過中止與第三方供應(yīng)商的合同、更好的控制商品銷售，以及開專賣店等方式挽救了自己的命運?，F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)很難找到打折銷售古姿產(chǎn)品的地方了。
    品牌專家認(rèn)為，利維?斯圖爾斯公司正在逐步喪失其市場占有率，而讓位于像迪賽(Diesel)這樣市場信息頗為靈通的競爭對手。利維?斯圖爾斯公司已無力控制品牌溢價。在市場機制的作用下，像利維這樣的一般品牌很有可能逐漸消失，進(jìn)而被新的品牌所取代。由于其價格受到法庭保護(hù)，利維?斯圖爾斯公司可能會再維持一段時間，但是沒有任何一個法庭會使它起死回生，再度成為知名品牌。