定語從句
一、概述
在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞，用作定語的從句叫做定語從句(attributive clause)。被定語從句所修飾的詞叫做先行詞(antecedent)。定語從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有關(guān)系代詞who、whom、whose、which、that和關(guān)系副詞when、where、why等。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.后，那個小偷向警察交出他偷的所有的東西。（引導(dǎo)詞是關(guān)系代詞that）
His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone whose family was poor.他父母不讓他和家庭困難的人結(jié)婚。（引導(dǎo)詞是關(guān)系代詞whose）
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.在那個黑暗的街道上，沒有她可以求助的人。（引導(dǎo)詞是關(guān)系代詞whom）
In 1519 another traveller who went to America from Europe discovered the tomato. 1519年另一位從歐洲去美洲的旅行家發(fā)現(xiàn)了西紅柿。（引導(dǎo)詞是關(guān)系代詞who）
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然記得第去北京的那一天。（引導(dǎo)詞是關(guān)系副詞when）
This is the house where we lived last year. 這就是我們?nèi)ツ曜〉姆孔?。（引?dǎo)詞是關(guān)系副詞where）
二、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的功用能
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞用來引導(dǎo)定語從句，在先行詞和定語從句之間起紐帶作用，使二者聯(lián)系起來。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞可作定語從句的一個成分。關(guān)系代詞可作主語、賓語、定語；關(guān)系副詞可作狀語。
1、作主語
關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞一致。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需要的是大量的油。（引導(dǎo)詞that在句中作主語）
A plane is a machine that can fly. 飛機(jī)是會飛的機(jī)器。（引導(dǎo)詞that在句中作主語）
The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada.昨天到我班來訪的外國人來自加拿大。（引導(dǎo)詞who在句中作主語）
They planted the trees which didn't need much water. 他們種植了需水不多的樹木。（引導(dǎo)詞which在句中作主語）
2、作賓語
在定語從句里作賓語的關(guān)系代詞在口語中常被省去
The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. 我煮的面條美味可口。（引導(dǎo)詞that，可省略）
The fish (which) we bought wes not fresh. 我們買的魚不新鮮。（引導(dǎo)詞which，可省略）
The person to (whom) you just talked is Mr.Li. 剛才你與其交談的人是李先生。（引導(dǎo)詞whom，不可省略）
3、作定語
關(guān)系代詞whose在定語從句中作定語用。
Miss Brown is the teacher whose house caught fire last night.布朗小姐就是昨晚房子著火的那位老師。
This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. 這就是那個男孩，他母親是我們的語文老師。
注意：關(guān)系代詞whose在從句中與它所修飾的詞一起作介詞賓語時，可以跟介詞放在主語和從句之間。
The boss in whose company Mr. Kang worked called at the hospital. 老板到醫(yī)院拜訪了康先生，康先生在他的公司里工作。
4、作狀語
關(guān)系副詞where, when和why在定語從句中分別作地點狀語、時間狀語和原因狀語。
I'll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我將永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我們在農(nóng)場工作的那段日子。
The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 他父親工作的那個工廠在城市的西部。
This is the reason why he came late. 這就是他來晚的理由。
三、關(guān)系代詞的用法
英語中的關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，which，that和as。它們的用法如下：
1、who，whom的用法
who和whom指人，who在定語從句中作主語；whom在定語從句中作賓語，在限制性定語從句中可省略。在口語中可用who代替whom。
In the beginning, people who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初，買到西紅柿的人常常會生氣。(作主語)
The person (whom) you should write to is Mr. Ball. 你應(yīng)該給他寫信的人是波爾先生。(whom作賓語能省略)
His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. 他很愛你的母親，她于1818年去世了。（whom引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，作賓語但不能省略）
2、whose的用法
whose 指人或物，在定語從句中作定語，指物時?？捎胦f which取代。
I have a friend whose father is a mayor. 我有個朋友，他父親是市長。
We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我們住在窗口朝南的房子里。
3、which 的用法
which指物，在定語從句中作主語和賓語，作賓語時，在限制性定語從句中可省略。
Today, fruit trees which once grew only in China can now be found in many parts of the world. 今天，那些曾經(jīng)只在中國生長的果樹能夠在世界上許多地方看到了。（作主語，不能省略）
They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.他們需要一種不像水稻那樣需要水的作物。（作主語，不能省略）
It is used to record the tickets (which) passengers buy.它用來記錄乘客所購買的車票。(作賓語，可以省略)
He came late, which we all know. 我們都知道，他來晚了。（作賓語，在非限制性定語從句中不省略）
4、that 的用法
that 多指物，有時也指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，指物時其用法和which大致相同，但也有區(qū)別。
All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有來自農(nóng)村的人工作都更努力。（that指人，在從句中作主語，不能省略）
This is all (that) I can tell you. 這是我能告訴你的全部情況。（that指物，在從句中作賓語，常省略）
This is the best play that was written by Jack. 這是杰克寫的好的一個劇本。（that指物，在從句中作主語，不能省略）
She is the only person(that) I can trust. 她是我可以依賴的人。（that指人，在從句中作賓語，可以省略）
5、關(guān)系代詞that和which的區(qū)別
（1)相同點
這兩個關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時，都可以指物；在從句中都可作主語或賓語；作賓語時都可省略。
The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.剛開的那列火車是去上海的。(作主語)
The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我們昨天晚上看的電影好極了。(作賓語，可省略)
（2）用that，不用which的情況
①當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞或被它們修飾時。
all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代詞時（something之后也可用which）。
To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要開始工作，我所需要的是你的許可。
Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事嗎?
He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他幾乎沒有回答老師的那些問題。
②當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時。
This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.這是這家書店售出的有趣的書之一。
The first thing that should be done is to get some food.該做的第一件事是弄點吃的。
③當(dāng)先行詞有the very，the only，the same等修飾時。
That’s the only thing that we can do now.目前我們只能這樣了。
Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原話。
④當(dāng)先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時。
They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他們在談?wù)撛诠S里看到的人和事。
They talked for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 他們聊起他們所能記得起的學(xué)校里的人和事來，聊了約半個鐘頭。
⑤當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時。
China is not the country that it was.中國已經(jīng)不是過去的中國了。
⑥當(dāng)要避免與疑問詞which重復(fù)時。
Which is the car that was made in Beijing?哪輛車是北京制造的?
⑦當(dāng)先行詞為the way, the time, the period等時，關(guān)系代詞常用that，但通常被省略。
I don't like the way(that)you speak to her.我不喜歡你對她說話的方式。
（3）用which，不用that的情況
①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一項有趣的運(yùn)動。
Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much. 卡羅爾說這項工作將在十月前做，對此我個人表示懷疑。
Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy. 桃樂茜總是吹噓她在戲劇中的角色，這當(dāng)然使別人不高興。
②直接放在介詞后作賓語時。
Language is the most important tool without which people can't communicate with each other.語言是重要的工具，沒有它，人們便無法交流。
巧記that和which的區(qū)別：
that，which可互換，下列請況勿照辦；that情況比較多，不妨對你說一說；不定代詞這路貨，全用that準(zhǔn)沒錯；先行詞前被限制，千萬不要用which；
要用which別著急，介詞提前逗隔離。
6、關(guān)系代詞who與that的區(qū)別
（1）當(dāng)先行詞是he、people、those等時，引導(dǎo)詞常用who。
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到長城非好漢。
Those who are for me, put up your hands. 同意我的人請舉手。
I'll never forget the people who have helped me. 我將永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記那些幫助過我的人。
（2）當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞作定語從句的表語時常用that。
She isn't the little girl that she used to be. 她再也不是過去的那個小姑娘了。
He is the man that I asked for help yesterday.他就是我昨天求助的人。
7、as的用法
（1）as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句通常構(gòu)成such...as或the same...as固定搭配，as在從句中可作主語、表語或賓語。
I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那種工具。(作賓語)
Many of the sports were the same as they are now.過去的許多運(yùn)動項目同現(xiàn)在的一樣。(作表語)
Don’t read such books as are not worth reading. Read such books as you can understand.不要讀那些不值得讀的書，只去讀那些你能讀懂的書就可以了。
He lent me as much money as he had.她把所有的錢借給了我。
Repeat this as often as is necessary.根據(jù)需要反復(fù)這樣做。(作主語)
（2）such…that…與such…as
“such…that…”表示“如此……以致……”的意思，用來引導(dǎo)一個結(jié)果狀語從句；而“such…as…”表“像……這樣的……”的意思，用來引導(dǎo)定語從句，as在從句中充當(dāng)主、賓或表語等。
He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一個如此誠實的人以至于我們都尊敬他。
He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我們所尊敬的這種誠實的人。
（3）the same…that…與the same as
“the same…that…”表同一人或物，而“the same…as…”表同種類的東西。試比較下列兩個句子：
This is the same book that I lost.這就是我丟失那本書。（指同一本書）
This is the same book as I lost.這本書跟我丟失那本書一模一樣。（并不是原來的那一本）
（4）as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句
as作關(guān)系代詞，還可用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可以用來代替一個句子或單詞，as引導(dǎo)的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。
The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month.
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.眾所周知，月球一月繞地球一周。
8、but 的用法
but既可指人，又可指物，常在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語。but 本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相當(dāng)于“that/which/who…not”。它前面的主句必須有“否定”的詞(如no, not, little, few, hardly等)。but引導(dǎo)的肯定定語從句和否定的主句連用，通過雙重否定達(dá)到強(qiáng)烈肯定的效果。
There is no mother but loves her own children.(=There is no mother that/who doesn’t love her children.)沒有不愛自己子女的母親。
There were few people but were hurt.(= There were few people who/that were not hurt.)幾乎沒有人不受傷。
9、than的用法
than既可指人，又可指物，可作關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句，than前通常有比較級的詞。
Don’t give children more money than is needed.給孩子們的錢不要超過所需。
He has got more than he asked for.他所得到的比他所要求的還要多。
Fewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party.來參加晚會的朋友比我們預(yù)料的還要少。
四、關(guān)系副詞
英語中的關(guān)系副詞有where，when，why等。
1、when的用法
when指時間，修飾表時間的先行詞，在定語從何中作時間狀語。
July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天氣很熱的月份。
He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚來時，我出去了。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?你還記得十年前的一個下午，我到你家借項鏈的事嗎?
2、where的用法
where指地點，修飾表地點的先行詞，在定語從句中作地點狀語。
After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎住了五十年后，他回到他童年時生活的小城鎮(zhèn)。
I can still remember the sitting-room where my mother and I used to sit in the evening.我還記得那間我媽媽和我晚上常坐在一起的起居室。
She will go home where she can rest. 她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。
One morning, an elephant was led down the road where they stood. 一天上午，有人趕著一頭象沿著他們站立的那條路走過來。
注意：先行詞為表示時間、地點的名詞時，關(guān)系詞不一定都用when或where。如果關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語，就要用關(guān)系代詞whch或that。
This is the factory that/which we visited last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ陞⒂^的那家工廠。
I won't forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我在農(nóng)村度過的那段時光。
3、why的用法
why指原因，修飾名詞reason，在定語從句中作原因狀語。
This is the reason why he did so. 這就是他這樣做了的理由。
Do you know the reason why he left early?你知道他為什么早走嗎？
巧記定語從句的用法
主句型，從句型，兩種句子要完整。從句緊靠先行詞，系詞引導(dǎo)要弄清。定人用who或whom，定物which當(dāng)先用。關(guān)系代詞有that，定人定物有本領(lǐng)。定時間要用when，定地點where行。關(guān)系代(副)詞作成分，唯作賓語可以省。
五、“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”用法
1、介詞+which在定語從句中分別作時間、地點和原因狀語
介詞+which在關(guān)系分句中分別作時間，地點和原因狀語，代替相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞when，where和why。
I still remember the day on which (=when)I first came to school.我仍然記得初來學(xué)校的那一天。
The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工廠是一個大廠子。
This is the reason for which(=why)he was put in prison.這就是他為什么被關(guān)起來的原因。
In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., by which time many people have gone home. 在辦公室里，我好像知道五點半從有時間，在此前很多人都已回家了。
注意：關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時，介詞不能放在它的前面，只能放在從句中有關(guān)動詞的后面。
The village that she lives in is 100 metres away. 她住在100米遠(yuǎn)的村莊里。
2、介詞+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定語從句中作地點狀語
介詞+which(指物)/whom(指人)在關(guān)系分句中作地點狀語，表示存在關(guān)系，關(guān)系分句主謂常須倒置。
They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small boy.他們來到一處農(nóng)舍，前邊坐著一個小孩。
I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看見一個人，他的頭上站著一只鳥。
3、不定代詞或數(shù)詞+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在定語從句中作主語
不定代詞或數(shù)詞+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在關(guān)系分句中作主語，說明整體中的部分。
China has a lot of islands, one of which is Taiwan.中國有許多島嶼，其中之一是臺灣。
There are a lot of students here，none of whom like the film.這里有許多學(xué)生，他們之中無人喜歡這個電影。
4、介詞+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在關(guān)系分句中作目的、方式或地點狀語
這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞一般受動詞或介詞后的名詞所制約。
Could you tell me for whom you've bought this coat?你能告訴我這件衣服是給誰買的嗎?
The rat is digging a tunnel through which it can reach the field to get food.這只老鼠正在挖洞，通過這條洞它能到田里搞吃的。
The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.這人是一位工程師，我是從他那里得到這消息的。
5、介詞+which(指物)/whom(指人)，用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系分句中，作狀語，說明動作的發(fā)出者。
The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 傷害羊的那只狼被打死了。
The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼的那人是一個好獵手。
6、名詞+of which，代替whose+名詞，在關(guān)系分句中作定語。
He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.他給了那個男孩10美元讓她擦十扇窗戶，大部分窗戶至少一年沒擦了。
I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves)were black with disease.我看見一些樹，它們的葉子因生病而發(fā)黑。
He mentioned a book, the title of which (=whose title )I've forgotten.他提到一本書，書的名我忘了。
7、介詞+which(指物)/whose(指人)，修飾后邊的名詞。
It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship broke into pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在這期間輪船撞碎了。
The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司機(jī)就是她從他的房間偷走地圖的那個人。
比較：介詞+which+不定式。此種用法多見于正式文體中，相當(dāng)于一個帶有主語和謂語的定語從句。
She had only 1.87 with which to buy(=she could buy)Jim, her husband, a present.她只有一元八角七分錢，用這些錢給他的丈夫吉姆買一件禮物。
At last he had something about which to write (=he could write) home. 他終于有給家寫信的內(nèi)容了。
六、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
1、限制性定語從句
定語從句分限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。限制性定語從句為先行詞不可缺少的定語。如果將這種定語從句省去，主句的意思就會不完整或失去意義。這種從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時不用逗號分開。
She has found the necklace that she lost 2 years ago
. 她找到了兩年前丟失的項鏈。(限制性定語從句)
This is the man who came to see you yesterday.這就是昨天來看你的那個人。(限制性定語從句)
It happened at the time when I left the office. 這件事發(fā)生在我離開辦公室的時候。
2、非限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對先行詞作附加的說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。這種從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開，一般不用that來引導(dǎo)。
Yesterday, I met Li Ping, who seemed to be busy. 昨天我遇見了李平，他好像很忙。(非限制性定語從句)
In Britain, which has a population of 55. 8 million, 110,000 people die from smoking each year. 英國有5580萬人口，每年有11萬人口死于吸煙。(非限制性定語從句)
Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was shot on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington, D. C.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)美國人民經(jīng)歷了這些年的亞伯拉罕·林肯1865年4月14日在華盛頓的一家戲院被槍殺。(非限制性定語從句)
3、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別
（1）形式上不同
非限制性定語從句在書寫時往往用逗號和主句分開，而限制性定語從句不用逗號與主句分開。
Last night I saw a very good film，which was about the Long March.昨晚我看了一場好電影，這部電影是關(guān)于長征的故事。
The man whom I met in the street was a driver.我在街上遇到的那個人是個司機(jī)。
（2）可否省略的不同
限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義，而非限制性定語從句是對先行詞作的附加說明，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。
I was the only person in my office who was invited.我是我辦公室中受邀之人。
They set up a state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.他們想建立自己的國家，在那里他們可以隨意地把黑人當(dāng)奴隸。
（3）關(guān)系代詞的不同
非限制性定語從句不能用that代替who，whom和which，并且關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語從句中作賓語時也不能省略，但在限制性定語從句中卻恰恰相反。
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.這是我看過得好的電影。
She sang a new song, which we liked very much.她唱了一首新歌，我們都喜歡這首歌。
（4）翻譯方式不同
限制性定語從句往往譯在先行詞之前，而非限制性定語從句往往譯為一個并列的句子。
She is the nurse who looks after the children.她就是照料這些孩子的阿姨。
This note was left by Xiao Wu, who was here a moment ago.這個條子是小吳留的，她剛才到這兒來過。
比較:
He has a brother, who lives in Beijing. (有一個哥哥。)
He has a brother who lives in Beijing. (可能有幾個哥哥，其中一個是住在北京的。)
4、as與which在非限制性定語從句中的用法區(qū)別
as和which作為關(guān)系代詞都可以用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代整個主句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，在從句中作主語或賓語，但它們在用法上有區(qū)別。
（1）相同之處
當(dāng)從句位于主句之后，引導(dǎo)詞指代整個主句所表達(dá)的全部意義時，as和which可以互換。
The elephant is like a snake, as/which everybody can see.熱和人都看得出，這頭大象像條蛇。
He is an Englishman, as/which I know from his accent.他是一個英國人，那時我從他的口音上知道的。
A big earthquake occurred in the west part of Japan last night, as/which was reported on TV.據(jù)電視報道，昨天夜里日本西部地區(qū)發(fā)生了大地震。
（2）不同之處
①as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，位置比較靈活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之中或之后，而which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句只能位于主句之后，不能謂語主句之前。
Robert is good at languages, as we all know. 羅伯特擅長學(xué)語言，這我們都知道。
As is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time. 都知道,再過二十到三十年，中國將成為一個強(qiáng)大先進(jìn)的國家。
He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意，這使我很生氣。
As is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.正如上文提到的，高中學(xué)生的人數(shù)在不斷增加。
As is known to everybody， the moon travels round the earth once every month．大家都知道，月亮每月繞地球一周。
Air, as we know, is a gas.我們知道，空氣是一種氣體。
He is very careful, as his work shows.他的工作表現(xiàn)表明他非常謹(jǐn)慎。
注意：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句常有“如同……那樣”的含義，因此在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)如as we know/as is known to all(眾所周知),as we all can see(正如我們大家都能看到的那樣),as has been said before/above(正如前文所述),as has been pointed out(正如所指出的那樣),as might be imagined(可以想象得到),as might be expected(正如所預(yù)料的那樣),as is often the case(情況常常是這樣)等中，一般不能用which代替as。
②搭配上，在由the same或such所修飾的名詞后通常用as作關(guān)系代詞引出限制性定語從句。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).我遇到了與他一樣的麻煩。
I've never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.我從未聽過像他講得那么有趣的故事。
③which引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上相當(dāng)于一個并列句，可以用and this代替，意思是“這件事”；as引導(dǎo)的從句主要起連接上下文的作用，表達(dá)說話人的觀點、看法，并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)或出處等。例如：
He sold his bicycle, which surprised me. (=He sold his bicycle, and this surprised me.)他把自行車賣了,這使我感到奇怪。
William became the first American woman to win three Olympic gold medals in track, which made her mother very proud.威廉姆成為第一位在奧運(yùn)會上贏得徑賽金牌的美國婦女，這使他媽媽很自豪。
He left early, which was wise.他早早地離開，那是很明智的。
Einstein, as we know, is a famous scientist.我們知道，愛因斯坦是一位的科學(xué)家。
As is known to all, China is the country with largest population in the world. 眾所周知，中國是世界上人口多的國家。
④當(dāng)which在從句中指代的是先行詞本身而不是主句時，不可用as代替which。
The apple tree, which I planted last year, has not borne any fruit.這棵蘋果樹是我去年種下的，還沒有結(jié)出任何果實。
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very instructive.我昨天買的那本書很有教育意義。
⑤在從句中作主語時，which既可作系動詞be的主語，也可作實義動詞的主語，而as只可作系動詞be的主語。
He married her, which was natural. (可用as代替which)他和她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的事。
He saw the girl, which delighted him. (不可用as代替which)他見到了那個女孩，這使他很高興。
He was late for class again, which made the teacher very angry. (不可用as代替which)他上課又遲到了，這使老師很生氣。
⑥as引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上不可與主語相悖，而which引導(dǎo)的從句則不受此限制。例如：
Mummy treats me like a baby, which I can't bear.媽媽把我當(dāng)小孩看待，這使我不能忍受的。
The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn't expected.試驗結(jié)果很好，這是我們沒預(yù)料到的。
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.天氣證明很好，這我們沒預(yù)料到。
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一、概述
在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞，用作定語的從句叫做定語從句(attributive clause)。被定語從句所修飾的詞叫做先行詞(antecedent)。定語從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有關(guān)系代詞who、whom、whose、which、that和關(guān)系副詞when、where、why等。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.后，那個小偷向警察交出他偷的所有的東西。（引導(dǎo)詞是關(guān)系代詞that）
His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone whose family was poor.他父母不讓他和家庭困難的人結(jié)婚。（引導(dǎo)詞是關(guān)系代詞whose）
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.在那個黑暗的街道上，沒有她可以求助的人。（引導(dǎo)詞是關(guān)系代詞whom）
In 1519 another traveller who went to America from Europe discovered the tomato. 1519年另一位從歐洲去美洲的旅行家發(fā)現(xiàn)了西紅柿。（引導(dǎo)詞是關(guān)系代詞who）
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然記得第去北京的那一天。（引導(dǎo)詞是關(guān)系副詞when）
This is the house where we lived last year. 這就是我們?nèi)ツ曜〉姆孔?。（引?dǎo)詞是關(guān)系副詞where）
二、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的功用能
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞用來引導(dǎo)定語從句，在先行詞和定語從句之間起紐帶作用，使二者聯(lián)系起來。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞可作定語從句的一個成分。關(guān)系代詞可作主語、賓語、定語；關(guān)系副詞可作狀語。
1、作主語
關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞一致。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需要的是大量的油。（引導(dǎo)詞that在句中作主語）
A plane is a machine that can fly. 飛機(jī)是會飛的機(jī)器。（引導(dǎo)詞that在句中作主語）
The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada.昨天到我班來訪的外國人來自加拿大。（引導(dǎo)詞who在句中作主語）
They planted the trees which didn't need much water. 他們種植了需水不多的樹木。（引導(dǎo)詞which在句中作主語）
2、作賓語
在定語從句里作賓語的關(guān)系代詞在口語中常被省去
The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. 我煮的面條美味可口。（引導(dǎo)詞that，可省略）
The fish (which) we bought wes not fresh. 我們買的魚不新鮮。（引導(dǎo)詞which，可省略）
The person to (whom) you just talked is Mr.Li. 剛才你與其交談的人是李先生。（引導(dǎo)詞whom，不可省略）
3、作定語
關(guān)系代詞whose在定語從句中作定語用。
Miss Brown is the teacher whose house caught fire last night.布朗小姐就是昨晚房子著火的那位老師。
This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher. 這就是那個男孩，他母親是我們的語文老師。
注意：關(guān)系代詞whose在從句中與它所修飾的詞一起作介詞賓語時，可以跟介詞放在主語和從句之間。
The boss in whose company Mr. Kang worked called at the hospital. 老板到醫(yī)院拜訪了康先生，康先生在他的公司里工作。
4、作狀語
關(guān)系副詞where, when和why在定語從句中分別作地點狀語、時間狀語和原因狀語。
I'll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我將永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我們在農(nóng)場工作的那段日子。
The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 他父親工作的那個工廠在城市的西部。
This is the reason why he came late. 這就是他來晚的理由。
三、關(guān)系代詞的用法
英語中的關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，which，that和as。它們的用法如下：
1、who，whom的用法
who和whom指人，who在定語從句中作主語；whom在定語從句中作賓語，在限制性定語從句中可省略。在口語中可用who代替whom。
In the beginning, people who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初，買到西紅柿的人常常會生氣。(作主語)
The person (whom) you should write to is Mr. Ball. 你應(yīng)該給他寫信的人是波爾先生。(whom作賓語能省略)
His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. 他很愛你的母親，她于1818年去世了。（whom引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，作賓語但不能省略）
2、whose的用法
whose 指人或物，在定語從句中作定語，指物時?？捎胦f which取代。
I have a friend whose father is a mayor. 我有個朋友，他父親是市長。
We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我們住在窗口朝南的房子里。
3、which 的用法
which指物，在定語從句中作主語和賓語，作賓語時，在限制性定語從句中可省略。
Today, fruit trees which once grew only in China can now be found in many parts of the world. 今天，那些曾經(jīng)只在中國生長的果樹能夠在世界上許多地方看到了。（作主語，不能省略）
They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.他們需要一種不像水稻那樣需要水的作物。（作主語，不能省略）
It is used to record the tickets (which) passengers buy.它用來記錄乘客所購買的車票。(作賓語，可以省略)
He came late, which we all know. 我們都知道，他來晚了。（作賓語，在非限制性定語從句中不省略）
4、that 的用法
that 多指物，有時也指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，指物時其用法和which大致相同，但也有區(qū)別。
All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有來自農(nóng)村的人工作都更努力。（that指人，在從句中作主語，不能省略）
This is all (that) I can tell you. 這是我能告訴你的全部情況。（that指物，在從句中作賓語，常省略）
This is the best play that was written by Jack. 這是杰克寫的好的一個劇本。（that指物，在從句中作主語，不能省略）
She is the only person(that) I can trust. 她是我可以依賴的人。（that指人，在從句中作賓語，可以省略）
5、關(guān)系代詞that和which的區(qū)別
（1)相同點
這兩個關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時，都可以指物；在從句中都可作主語或賓語；作賓語時都可省略。
The train that ( which ) has just left is for Shanghai.剛開的那列火車是去上海的。(作主語)
The film that(which) we saw last night is wonderful.我們昨天晚上看的電影好極了。(作賓語，可省略)
（2）用that，不用which的情況
①當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞或被它們修飾時。
all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代詞時（something之后也可用which）。
To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要開始工作，我所需要的是你的許可。
Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事嗎?
He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他幾乎沒有回答老師的那些問題。
②當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時。
This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.這是這家書店售出的有趣的書之一。
The first thing that should be done is to get some food.該做的第一件事是弄點吃的。
③當(dāng)先行詞有the very，the only，the same等修飾時。
That’s the only thing that we can do now.目前我們只能這樣了。
Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原話。
④當(dāng)先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時。
They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他們在談?wù)撛诠S里看到的人和事。
They talked for about half an hour of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 他們聊起他們所能記得起的學(xué)校里的人和事來，聊了約半個鐘頭。
⑤當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時。
China is not the country that it was.中國已經(jīng)不是過去的中國了。
⑥當(dāng)要避免與疑問詞which重復(fù)時。
Which is the car that was made in Beijing?哪輛車是北京制造的?
⑦當(dāng)先行詞為the way, the time, the period等時，關(guān)系代詞常用that，但通常被省略。
I don't like the way(that)you speak to her.我不喜歡你對她說話的方式。
（3）用which，不用that的情況
①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
Football, which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一項有趣的運(yùn)動。
Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much. 卡羅爾說這項工作將在十月前做，對此我個人表示懷疑。
Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy. 桃樂茜總是吹噓她在戲劇中的角色，這當(dāng)然使別人不高興。
②直接放在介詞后作賓語時。
Language is the most important tool without which people can't communicate with each other.語言是重要的工具，沒有它，人們便無法交流。
巧記that和which的區(qū)別：
that，which可互換，下列請況勿照辦；that情況比較多，不妨對你說一說；不定代詞這路貨，全用that準(zhǔn)沒錯；先行詞前被限制，千萬不要用which；
要用which別著急，介詞提前逗隔離。
6、關(guān)系代詞who與that的區(qū)別
（1）當(dāng)先行詞是he、people、those等時，引導(dǎo)詞常用who。
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到長城非好漢。
Those who are for me, put up your hands. 同意我的人請舉手。
I'll never forget the people who have helped me. 我將永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記那些幫助過我的人。
（2）當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞作定語從句的表語時常用that。
She isn't the little girl that she used to be. 她再也不是過去的那個小姑娘了。
He is the man that I asked for help yesterday.他就是我昨天求助的人。
7、as的用法
（1）as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句通常構(gòu)成such...as或the same...as固定搭配，as在從句中可作主語、表語或賓語。
I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那種工具。(作賓語)
Many of the sports were the same as they are now.過去的許多運(yùn)動項目同現(xiàn)在的一樣。(作表語)
Don’t read such books as are not worth reading. Read such books as you can understand.不要讀那些不值得讀的書，只去讀那些你能讀懂的書就可以了。
He lent me as much money as he had.她把所有的錢借給了我。
Repeat this as often as is necessary.根據(jù)需要反復(fù)這樣做。(作主語)
（2）such…that…與such…as
“such…that…”表示“如此……以致……”的意思，用來引導(dǎo)一個結(jié)果狀語從句；而“such…as…”表“像……這樣的……”的意思，用來引導(dǎo)定語從句，as在從句中充當(dāng)主、賓或表語等。
He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一個如此誠實的人以至于我們都尊敬他。
He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我們所尊敬的這種誠實的人。
（3）the same…that…與the same as
“the same…that…”表同一人或物，而“the same…as…”表同種類的東西。試比較下列兩個句子：
This is the same book that I lost.這就是我丟失那本書。（指同一本書）
This is the same book as I lost.這本書跟我丟失那本書一模一樣。（并不是原來的那一本）
（4）as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句
as作關(guān)系代詞，還可用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可以用來代替一個句子或單詞，as引導(dǎo)的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。
The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month.
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.眾所周知，月球一月繞地球一周。
8、but 的用法
but既可指人，又可指物，常在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語。but 本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相當(dāng)于“that/which/who…not”。它前面的主句必須有“否定”的詞(如no, not, little, few, hardly等)。but引導(dǎo)的肯定定語從句和否定的主句連用，通過雙重否定達(dá)到強(qiáng)烈肯定的效果。
There is no mother but loves her own children.(=There is no mother that/who doesn’t love her children.)沒有不愛自己子女的母親。
There were few people but were hurt.(= There were few people who/that were not hurt.)幾乎沒有人不受傷。
9、than的用法
than既可指人，又可指物，可作關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句，than前通常有比較級的詞。
Don’t give children more money than is needed.給孩子們的錢不要超過所需。
He has got more than he asked for.他所得到的比他所要求的還要多。
Fewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party.來參加晚會的朋友比我們預(yù)料的還要少。
四、關(guān)系副詞
英語中的關(guān)系副詞有where，when，why等。
1、when的用法
when指時間，修飾表時間的先行詞，在定語從何中作時間狀語。
July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天氣很熱的月份。
He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚來時，我出去了。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?你還記得十年前的一個下午，我到你家借項鏈的事嗎?
2、where的用法
where指地點，修飾表地點的先行詞，在定語從句中作地點狀語。
After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎住了五十年后，他回到他童年時生活的小城鎮(zhèn)。
I can still remember the sitting-room where my mother and I used to sit in the evening.我還記得那間我媽媽和我晚上常坐在一起的起居室。
She will go home where she can rest. 她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。
One morning, an elephant was led down the road where they stood. 一天上午，有人趕著一頭象沿著他們站立的那條路走過來。
注意：先行詞為表示時間、地點的名詞時，關(guān)系詞不一定都用when或where。如果關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語，就要用關(guān)系代詞whch或that。
This is the factory that/which we visited last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ陞⒂^的那家工廠。
I won't forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我在農(nóng)村度過的那段時光。
3、why的用法
why指原因，修飾名詞reason，在定語從句中作原因狀語。
This is the reason why he did so. 這就是他這樣做了的理由。
Do you know the reason why he left early?你知道他為什么早走嗎？
巧記定語從句的用法
主句型，從句型，兩種句子要完整。從句緊靠先行詞，系詞引導(dǎo)要弄清。定人用who或whom，定物which當(dāng)先用。關(guān)系代詞有that，定人定物有本領(lǐng)。定時間要用when，定地點where行。關(guān)系代(副)詞作成分，唯作賓語可以省。
五、“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”用法
1、介詞+which在定語從句中分別作時間、地點和原因狀語
介詞+which在關(guān)系分句中分別作時間，地點和原因狀語，代替相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞when，where和why。
I still remember the day on which (=when)I first came to school.我仍然記得初來學(xué)校的那一天。
The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工廠是一個大廠子。
This is the reason for which(=why)he was put in prison.這就是他為什么被關(guān)起來的原因。
In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., by which time many people have gone home. 在辦公室里，我好像知道五點半從有時間，在此前很多人都已回家了。
注意：關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時，介詞不能放在它的前面，只能放在從句中有關(guān)動詞的后面。
The village that she lives in is 100 metres away. 她住在100米遠(yuǎn)的村莊里。
2、介詞+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定語從句中作地點狀語
介詞+which(指物)/whom(指人)在關(guān)系分句中作地點狀語，表示存在關(guān)系，關(guān)系分句主謂常須倒置。
They arrived at a farm house in front of which sat a small boy.他們來到一處農(nóng)舍，前邊坐著一個小孩。
I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看見一個人，他的頭上站著一只鳥。
3、不定代詞或數(shù)詞+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在定語從句中作主語
不定代詞或數(shù)詞+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在關(guān)系分句中作主語，說明整體中的部分。
China has a lot of islands, one of which is Taiwan.中國有許多島嶼，其中之一是臺灣。
There are a lot of students here，none of whom like the film.這里有許多學(xué)生，他們之中無人喜歡這個電影。
4、介詞+which(指物)/whom(指人)，在關(guān)系分句中作目的、方式或地點狀語
這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞一般受動詞或介詞后的名詞所制約。
Could you tell me for whom you've bought this coat?你能告訴我這件衣服是給誰買的嗎?
The rat is digging a tunnel through which it can reach the field to get food.這只老鼠正在挖洞，通過這條洞它能到田里搞吃的。
The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.這人是一位工程師，我是從他那里得到這消息的。
5、介詞+which(指物)/whom(指人)，用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系分句中，作狀語，說明動作的發(fā)出者。
The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 傷害羊的那只狼被打死了。
The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼的那人是一個好獵手。
6、名詞+of which，代替whose+名詞，在關(guān)系分句中作定語。
He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.他給了那個男孩10美元讓她擦十扇窗戶，大部分窗戶至少一年沒擦了。
I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves)were black with disease.我看見一些樹，它們的葉子因生病而發(fā)黑。
He mentioned a book, the title of which (=whose title )I've forgotten.他提到一本書，書的名我忘了。
7、介詞+which(指物)/whose(指人)，修飾后邊的名詞。
It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship broke into pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在這期間輪船撞碎了。
The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司機(jī)就是她從他的房間偷走地圖的那個人。
比較：介詞+which+不定式。此種用法多見于正式文體中，相當(dāng)于一個帶有主語和謂語的定語從句。
She had only 1.87 with which to buy(=she could buy)Jim, her husband, a present.她只有一元八角七分錢，用這些錢給他的丈夫吉姆買一件禮物。
At last he had something about which to write (=he could write) home. 他終于有給家寫信的內(nèi)容了。
六、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
1、限制性定語從句
定語從句分限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。限制性定語從句為先行詞不可缺少的定語。如果將這種定語從句省去，主句的意思就會不完整或失去意義。這種從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時不用逗號分開。
She has found the necklace that she lost 2 years ago
. 她找到了兩年前丟失的項鏈。(限制性定語從句)
This is the man who came to see you yesterday.這就是昨天來看你的那個人。(限制性定語從句)
It happened at the time when I left the office. 這件事發(fā)生在我離開辦公室的時候。
2、非限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對先行詞作附加的說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。這種從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開，一般不用that來引導(dǎo)。
Yesterday, I met Li Ping, who seemed to be busy. 昨天我遇見了李平，他好像很忙。(非限制性定語從句)
In Britain, which has a population of 55. 8 million, 110,000 people die from smoking each year. 英國有5580萬人口，每年有11萬人口死于吸煙。(非限制性定語從句)
Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was shot on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington, D. C.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)美國人民經(jīng)歷了這些年的亞伯拉罕·林肯1865年4月14日在華盛頓的一家戲院被槍殺。(非限制性定語從句)
3、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別
（1）形式上不同
非限制性定語從句在書寫時往往用逗號和主句分開，而限制性定語從句不用逗號與主句分開。
Last night I saw a very good film，which was about the Long March.昨晚我看了一場好電影，這部電影是關(guān)于長征的故事。
The man whom I met in the street was a driver.我在街上遇到的那個人是個司機(jī)。
（2）可否省略的不同
限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義，而非限制性定語從句是對先行詞作的附加說明，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。
I was the only person in my office who was invited.我是我辦公室中受邀之人。
They set up a state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.他們想建立自己的國家，在那里他們可以隨意地把黑人當(dāng)奴隸。
（3）關(guān)系代詞的不同
非限制性定語從句不能用that代替who，whom和which，并且關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語從句中作賓語時也不能省略，但在限制性定語從句中卻恰恰相反。
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.這是我看過得好的電影。
She sang a new song, which we liked very much.她唱了一首新歌，我們都喜歡這首歌。
（4）翻譯方式不同
限制性定語從句往往譯在先行詞之前，而非限制性定語從句往往譯為一個并列的句子。
She is the nurse who looks after the children.她就是照料這些孩子的阿姨。
This note was left by Xiao Wu, who was here a moment ago.這個條子是小吳留的，她剛才到這兒來過。
比較:
He has a brother, who lives in Beijing. (有一個哥哥。)
He has a brother who lives in Beijing. (可能有幾個哥哥，其中一個是住在北京的。)
4、as與which在非限制性定語從句中的用法區(qū)別
as和which作為關(guān)系代詞都可以用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代整個主句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，在從句中作主語或賓語，但它們在用法上有區(qū)別。
（1）相同之處
當(dāng)從句位于主句之后，引導(dǎo)詞指代整個主句所表達(dá)的全部意義時，as和which可以互換。
The elephant is like a snake, as/which everybody can see.熱和人都看得出，這頭大象像條蛇。
He is an Englishman, as/which I know from his accent.他是一個英國人，那時我從他的口音上知道的。
A big earthquake occurred in the west part of Japan last night, as/which was reported on TV.據(jù)電視報道，昨天夜里日本西部地區(qū)發(fā)生了大地震。
（2）不同之處
①as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，位置比較靈活，可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之中或之后，而which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句只能位于主句之后，不能謂語主句之前。
Robert is good at languages, as we all know. 羅伯特擅長學(xué)語言，這我們都知道。
As is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time. 都知道,再過二十到三十年，中國將成為一個強(qiáng)大先進(jìn)的國家。
He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改變了主意，這使我很生氣。
As is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.正如上文提到的，高中學(xué)生的人數(shù)在不斷增加。
As is known to everybody， the moon travels round the earth once every month．大家都知道，月亮每月繞地球一周。
Air, as we know, is a gas.我們知道，空氣是一種氣體。
He is very careful, as his work shows.他的工作表現(xiàn)表明他非常謹(jǐn)慎。
注意：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句常有“如同……那樣”的含義，因此在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)如as we know/as is known to all(眾所周知),as we all can see(正如我們大家都能看到的那樣),as has been said before/above(正如前文所述),as has been pointed out(正如所指出的那樣),as might be imagined(可以想象得到),as might be expected(正如所預(yù)料的那樣),as is often the case(情況常常是這樣)等中，一般不能用which代替as。
②搭配上，在由the same或such所修飾的名詞后通常用as作關(guān)系代詞引出限制性定語從句。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).我遇到了與他一樣的麻煩。
I've never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.我從未聽過像他講得那么有趣的故事。
③which引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上相當(dāng)于一個并列句，可以用and this代替，意思是“這件事”；as引導(dǎo)的從句主要起連接上下文的作用，表達(dá)說話人的觀點、看法，并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)或出處等。例如：
He sold his bicycle, which surprised me. (=He sold his bicycle, and this surprised me.)他把自行車賣了,這使我感到奇怪。
William became the first American woman to win three Olympic gold medals in track, which made her mother very proud.威廉姆成為第一位在奧運(yùn)會上贏得徑賽金牌的美國婦女，這使他媽媽很自豪。
He left early, which was wise.他早早地離開，那是很明智的。
Einstein, as we know, is a famous scientist.我們知道，愛因斯坦是一位的科學(xué)家。
As is known to all, China is the country with largest population in the world. 眾所周知，中國是世界上人口多的國家。
④當(dāng)which在從句中指代的是先行詞本身而不是主句時，不可用as代替which。
The apple tree, which I planted last year, has not borne any fruit.這棵蘋果樹是我去年種下的，還沒有結(jié)出任何果實。
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very instructive.我昨天買的那本書很有教育意義。
⑤在從句中作主語時，which既可作系動詞be的主語，也可作實義動詞的主語，而as只可作系動詞be的主語。
He married her, which was natural. (可用as代替which)他和她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的事。
He saw the girl, which delighted him. (不可用as代替which)他見到了那個女孩，這使他很高興。
He was late for class again, which made the teacher very angry. (不可用as代替which)他上課又遲到了，這使老師很生氣。
⑥as引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上不可與主語相悖，而which引導(dǎo)的從句則不受此限制。例如：
Mummy treats me like a baby, which I can't bear.媽媽把我當(dāng)小孩看待，這使我不能忍受的。
The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn't expected.試驗結(jié)果很好，這是我們沒預(yù)料到的。
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.天氣證明很好，這我們沒預(yù)料到。
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