特別說明：原文來自教材閱讀理解第三篇
第三篇：Citizen Scientists
Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events — flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring — all around the world. But ecologists can't be everywhere so they're turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.
Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, they're asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest — birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. — and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in.
A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phenology4Network. “Phenology” is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.
One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project Bud Burst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the project — which is open to everyone — record their observations on the Project Bud Burst website.
“People don't have to be plant experts — they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood,” says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. “As we collect this data, we'll be able to make an estimate of how plants and communities5 of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.”
詞匯：
frog / fr朂/ n.蛙
ecologist / ,i:’k氂夀摟鈀樂猂琀/ n.生態(tài)學(xué)家
bud / b摟 / v.發(fā)芽，萌芽;n.芽，花蕾
database / ’de琂夀戂攀樀猂 / n.數(shù)據(jù)庫
professional / pr()’fe夂渂夀氂/ adj.專業(yè)的，職業(yè)的;n.職業(yè)選手，專業(yè)人員
phenology / f’n氂夀摟鈀樂 / n.物候?qū)W
neighbor(u)rhood n.近鄰;鄰近地區(qū)
注釋：
1.life cycle：生命周期，即生物發(fā)展過程的系列變化。
2.hyper-local beat：beat在此做名詞用，意思是：某類新聞報道，如a business beat：商業(yè)專題報道。這是近年來出現(xiàn)的新詞。hyper-local beat即hyper-local news，指的是被傳統(tǒng)新聞報道方式所忽略的小型社區(qū)或居民居住區(qū)里發(fā)生的相關(guān)信息報道。在美國由此而誕生了hyper- local news websites，專門對主流媒體沒有覆蓋的地區(qū)所發(fā)生的事件進(jìn)行報道，其形式多以網(wǎng)民，即短文中所提及的citizen journalists，上傳所在社區(qū)發(fā)生的事件報道、照片或視頻為主。這是網(wǎng)絡(luò)時代產(chǎn)生的又一種新生事物。
3.data是復(fù)數(shù)形式，但常用作單數(shù)，所以這里的代詞是it。另參見最后一段：“As we collect this data…”這里的data也用作單數(shù)。
4.phenology：物候?qū)W或生物氣候?qū)W，是氣候?qū)W和生態(tài)學(xué)的邊緣學(xué)科，主要研究氣候環(huán)境對生物的影響。
5.communities ：生態(tài)學(xué)詞匯：生物群落，即在比較相似的環(huán)境條件下在特定自然區(qū)域或環(huán)境中生活和相互影響的一群植物和動物。
練習(xí)：
1.Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them
A to provide their personal life cycles.
B to observe the life cycle of plants.
C to collect data of the life cycle of living things.
D to teach children knowledge about climate change.
2.What are citizen scientists asked to do?
A To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists.
B To send their research observations to a professional database.
C To increase their knowledge about climate change.
D To keep a record of their research observations.
3.In “All that's needed to become one ... (paragraph2)”, what does the word "one" stands for?
A A citizen journalist.
B A citizen scientist.
C A scientist.
D A citizen.
4.What is NOT true of Project Bud Burst?
A Only experts can participate in it.
B Everybody can participate in it.
C It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants.
D It has its own website.
5.What is the final purpose of Project Bud Burst?
A To study when plants will have their first buds.
B To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.
C To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States.
D To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes
2014年職稱英語教材理工類閱讀理解
第三篇：Citizen Scientists
答案與題解：
1.C 第一段和第二段第一句告訴我們，要在世界范圍觀察氣候?qū)Υ笞匀恢猩锏纳芷诘挠绊?，?shù)量有限的科學(xué)家不可能足跡遍及天下，為此科學(xué)家求助于普通公民的參與。所以C是正確選擇。
2.B 第二段第三句中encourage ordinary people to observe · · ·的主語是The citizen scientist movement,即公民參與科學(xué)觀察的運動。所以D不是正確選擇。A和C不符合文章的句意，因此也不是正確的選擇。這個句子的大意是：這一運動鼓勵普通公民根據(jù)自己的興趣愛好進(jìn)行科學(xué)觀察，并將觀察結(jié)果送交數(shù)據(jù)庫，讓專門領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家作進(jìn)一步的觀察。B正確表達(dá)了這個意思。
3.B one在這里是一個代詞，其前置詞是citizen scientists,而不是citizen journalists,這里的one指的是one of citizen scientists。所以，A、C和D都不是正確選擇。這個句子的意思是，只要每天或每星期花上幾分鐘收集數(shù)據(jù)并發(fā)送出去，就能成為一個公民科學(xué)家。
4.A 文章最后一段說，這個計劃向所有的人開放(open to everyone),所以應(yīng)選擇A。B、C、D所述內(nèi)容都在該段中提到。
5.D C表述的內(nèi)容是Project BudBurst所要做的工作，但其最終目的不僅僅是收集數(shù)據(jù)，而是研究氣候變化對生物生命周期的影響。因此，D才是正確選擇。
特別說明：原文來自教材概括大意第四篇
第四篇：Compact Disks
1 If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers — a digital code.1 The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide.
2 A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player2 turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.
3 Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers. Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune into specific signals using these codes.
4 There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on(rewritten on)as you would do with a floppy disk3. Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc — Read Only Memory4. This disk is like a "super" floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are considered to be CD-ROMs.
5 CDs were first sold to the public in 1982 These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.
6 Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented5 and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs6 and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs.
詞匯：
bump / b洂瀀/ n.隆塊，隆起
spiral / ’spa夂爂夀氂 / adj.螺旋形的
probe / pr訂戂/n.探測器
floppy / ’fl瀂樀/ adj.松軟的
floppy disk軟(磁)盤
format / ’f:m琀/ n.格式
dye / da/ n.染色
permanently / ’p:m渂夀渂琀氀樀 / adv.永久地
注釋：
1.... he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers – a digital code：他說的對，因為實際上聲音以特殊的數(shù)字形式，即數(shù)碼，刻錄在CD碟片上。in that是“因為”，如：Water is essential in that without it all living things would die.水是基本要素，因為沒有水，所有生物都要死亡。
2.CD player：CD播放機(jī)
3.as you would do with a floppy disk：就像你使用軟磁盤一樣
4.CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc – Read Only Memory：CD-ROM是Compact Disc – Read Only Memory這五個詞首字母組成的縮寫詞。
5.It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented：過不了幾年，說不定又會發(fā)明一種全新的技術(shù)。many more years是“再過許多年”。
6.“there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs”語法上可以理解為“there is no doubt(about the fact that)you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs”。
練習(xí)：
A Digital Code Has Wide Applications
B Floppy Disks Are Outdated
C CDs Are Durable
D CD's Working Principle Is Explained
E. CD-RWs Play Better Than CD-ROMs
F. CDs Are of Many Formats
1. Paragraphs l & 2 ________
2.Paragraph 3 ________
3.Paragraph 4 ________
4.Paragraph 5 ________
5.One advantage of CD-RWs is that they can ________ like floppy disks.
6.The author predicts it will not ________ before a new technology is invented for music recording.
7.The laser beam-emitting device and the receiver are considered to ________ of a CD player.
8. Space probes could not ________ without using digital codes.
A shine on bumps
B take many more years
C be the key parts
D restore the original code
E be written on and rewritten on
F keen contact with their ground station efficiently
建議考生加入收藏，我們將第一時間為大家提供最新信息，敬請期待！
第三篇：Citizen Scientists
Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events — flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring — all around the world. But ecologists can't be everywhere so they're turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.
Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, they're asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest — birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. — and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in.
A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Phenology4Network. “Phenology” is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.
One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project Bud Burst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the project — which is open to everyone — record their observations on the Project Bud Burst website.
“People don't have to be plant experts — they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood,” says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. “As we collect this data, we'll be able to make an estimate of how plants and communities5 of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.”
詞匯：
frog / fr朂/ n.蛙
ecologist / ,i:’k氂夀摟鈀樂猂琀/ n.生態(tài)學(xué)家
bud / b摟 / v.發(fā)芽，萌芽;n.芽，花蕾
database / ’de琂夀戂攀樀猂 / n.數(shù)據(jù)庫
professional / pr()’fe夂渂夀氂/ adj.專業(yè)的，職業(yè)的;n.職業(yè)選手，專業(yè)人員
phenology / f’n氂夀摟鈀樂 / n.物候?qū)W
neighbor(u)rhood n.近鄰;鄰近地區(qū)
注釋：
1.life cycle：生命周期，即生物發(fā)展過程的系列變化。
2.hyper-local beat：beat在此做名詞用，意思是：某類新聞報道，如a business beat：商業(yè)專題報道。這是近年來出現(xiàn)的新詞。hyper-local beat即hyper-local news，指的是被傳統(tǒng)新聞報道方式所忽略的小型社區(qū)或居民居住區(qū)里發(fā)生的相關(guān)信息報道。在美國由此而誕生了hyper- local news websites，專門對主流媒體沒有覆蓋的地區(qū)所發(fā)生的事件進(jìn)行報道，其形式多以網(wǎng)民，即短文中所提及的citizen journalists，上傳所在社區(qū)發(fā)生的事件報道、照片或視頻為主。這是網(wǎng)絡(luò)時代產(chǎn)生的又一種新生事物。
3.data是復(fù)數(shù)形式，但常用作單數(shù)，所以這里的代詞是it。另參見最后一段：“As we collect this data…”這里的data也用作單數(shù)。
4.phenology：物候?qū)W或生物氣候?qū)W，是氣候?qū)W和生態(tài)學(xué)的邊緣學(xué)科，主要研究氣候環(huán)境對生物的影響。
5.communities ：生態(tài)學(xué)詞匯：生物群落，即在比較相似的環(huán)境條件下在特定自然區(qū)域或環(huán)境中生活和相互影響的一群植物和動物。
練習(xí)：
1.Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need them
A to provide their personal life cycles.
B to observe the life cycle of plants.
C to collect data of the life cycle of living things.
D to teach children knowledge about climate change.
2.What are citizen scientists asked to do?
A To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists.
B To send their research observations to a professional database.
C To increase their knowledge about climate change.
D To keep a record of their research observations.
3.In “All that's needed to become one ... (paragraph2)”, what does the word "one" stands for?
A A citizen journalist.
B A citizen scientist.
C A scientist.
D A citizen.
4.What is NOT true of Project Bud Burst?
A Only experts can participate in it.
B Everybody can participate in it.
C It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants.
D It has its own website.
5.What is the final purpose of Project Bud Burst?
A To study when plants will have their first buds.
B To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.
C To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States.
D To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes
2014年職稱英語教材理工類閱讀理解
第三篇：Citizen Scientists
答案與題解：
1.C 第一段和第二段第一句告訴我們，要在世界范圍觀察氣候?qū)Υ笞匀恢猩锏纳芷诘挠绊?，?shù)量有限的科學(xué)家不可能足跡遍及天下，為此科學(xué)家求助于普通公民的參與。所以C是正確選擇。
2.B 第二段第三句中encourage ordinary people to observe · · ·的主語是The citizen scientist movement,即公民參與科學(xué)觀察的運動。所以D不是正確選擇。A和C不符合文章的句意，因此也不是正確的選擇。這個句子的大意是：這一運動鼓勵普通公民根據(jù)自己的興趣愛好進(jìn)行科學(xué)觀察，并將觀察結(jié)果送交數(shù)據(jù)庫，讓專門領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家作進(jìn)一步的觀察。B正確表達(dá)了這個意思。
3.B one在這里是一個代詞，其前置詞是citizen scientists,而不是citizen journalists,這里的one指的是one of citizen scientists。所以，A、C和D都不是正確選擇。這個句子的意思是，只要每天或每星期花上幾分鐘收集數(shù)據(jù)并發(fā)送出去，就能成為一個公民科學(xué)家。
4.A 文章最后一段說，這個計劃向所有的人開放(open to everyone),所以應(yīng)選擇A。B、C、D所述內(nèi)容都在該段中提到。
5.D C表述的內(nèi)容是Project BudBurst所要做的工作，但其最終目的不僅僅是收集數(shù)據(jù)，而是研究氣候變化對生物生命周期的影響。因此，D才是正確選擇。
特別說明：原文來自教材概括大意第四篇
第四篇：Compact Disks
1 If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers — a digital code.1 The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide.
2 A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player2 turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.
3 Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers. Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune into specific signals using these codes.
4 There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on(rewritten on)as you would do with a floppy disk3. Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc — Read Only Memory4. This disk is like a "super" floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are considered to be CD-ROMs.
5 CDs were first sold to the public in 1982 These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.
6 Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented5 and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs6 and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs.
詞匯：
bump / b洂瀀/ n.隆塊，隆起
spiral / ’spa夂爂夀氂 / adj.螺旋形的
probe / pr訂戂/n.探測器
floppy / ’fl瀂樀/ adj.松軟的
floppy disk軟(磁)盤
format / ’f:m琀/ n.格式
dye / da/ n.染色
permanently / ’p:m渂夀渂琀氀樀 / adv.永久地
注釋：
1.... he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers – a digital code：他說的對，因為實際上聲音以特殊的數(shù)字形式，即數(shù)碼，刻錄在CD碟片上。in that是“因為”，如：Water is essential in that without it all living things would die.水是基本要素，因為沒有水，所有生物都要死亡。
2.CD player：CD播放機(jī)
3.as you would do with a floppy disk：就像你使用軟磁盤一樣
4.CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc – Read Only Memory：CD-ROM是Compact Disc – Read Only Memory這五個詞首字母組成的縮寫詞。
5.It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented：過不了幾年，說不定又會發(fā)明一種全新的技術(shù)。many more years是“再過許多年”。
6.“there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs”語法上可以理解為“there is no doubt(about the fact that)you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs”。
練習(xí)：
A Digital Code Has Wide Applications
B Floppy Disks Are Outdated
C CDs Are Durable
D CD's Working Principle Is Explained
E. CD-RWs Play Better Than CD-ROMs
F. CDs Are of Many Formats
1. Paragraphs l & 2 ________
2.Paragraph 3 ________
3.Paragraph 4 ________
4.Paragraph 5 ________
5.One advantage of CD-RWs is that they can ________ like floppy disks.
6.The author predicts it will not ________ before a new technology is invented for music recording.
7.The laser beam-emitting device and the receiver are considered to ________ of a CD player.
8. Space probes could not ________ without using digital codes.
A shine on bumps
B take many more years
C be the key parts
D restore the original code
E be written on and rewritten on
F keen contact with their ground station efficiently
建議考生加入收藏，我們將第一時間為大家提供最新信息，敬請期待！