英語聽力頻道為大家整理的英語聽力mp3下載：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人之海外行賄，供大家參考:)
Business
商業(yè)報(bào)道
Bribery abroad
海外行賄
A tale of two laws
兩部法律的故事
America's anti-corruption law deters foreign investment . Britain's is smarter
美國(guó)的反貪腐法讓企業(yè)對(duì)海外投資望而卻步，而英國(guó)的則更為明智
BRIBING foreign officials is wrong,
向外國(guó)官員行賄是不對(duì)的。
but not everything governments do to prevent it is wise or proportional .
但并非政府所做的所有防范行賄的措施都是明智或能產(chǎn)生對(duì)應(yīng)成效的。
Firms are increasingly fed up with the way America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act is written and applied .
企業(yè)對(duì)美國(guó)的海外反腐法厭倦是與日俱增，不僅僅因?yàn)樗膬?nèi)容，還因?yàn)樗膱?zhí)行方式。
The law was passed in 1977, but recent years have seen a spike in enforcement , from five actions in 2004 to 74 in 2010.
該法案于1977年通過，然而最近幾年執(zhí)行次數(shù)增長(zhǎng)迅速，從2004年的5次增長(zhǎng)到2010年的74次。
Five of the ten biggest settlements ever were last year, including a $400m fine against BAE Systems,
十大處罰中有五個(gè)發(fā)生于去年，
a British defence contractor, and a $365m fine against ENI, an Italian oil firm.
其中包括對(duì)英國(guó)國(guó)防承包商BAE系統(tǒng)的處罰以及意大利石油公司ENI的處罰。
On August 31st the Wall Street Journal reported that the Department of Justice has been investigating Oracle,
八月31日《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》報(bào)道稱司法部調(diào)查一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫軟件公司Oracle，
a database-software company, for a year.
已經(jīng)一年了。
Unusually, Oracle has said nothing about the investigation. Ethisphere, a promoter of corporate responsibility,
反常的是，Oracle對(duì)這次調(diào)查只字不提。
rated Oracle one of the world's most ethical companies in 2009.
企業(yè)責(zé)任提倡人Ethisphere認(rèn)為Oracle是2009年全球最有道德責(zé)任感的企業(yè)之一。
Mike Koehler, a law professor at Butler University in Indiana,
印第安納州Butler大學(xué)的某法律專家Mike Koehler寫道，
writes that General Electric, HP, AstraZeneca and others have all been among Ethisphere's World's Most Ethical while settling FCPA prosecutions or under investigation.
曾位列Ethisphere的全球道德責(zé)任感企業(yè)名單上的General Electric, HP, AstraZeneca等企業(yè)都被FCPA的指控過或者受到調(diào)查。
An FCPA action is an ordeal.
被FCPA指控的話，后果很慘痛。
Few firms dare risk going to court—only two cases against corporations have ever resulted in completed trials.
很少企業(yè)敢冒險(xiǎn)上法庭—企業(yè)被告的案例中只有兩個(gè)結(jié)案了。
The vast majority of cases are settled, which can take years.
很多案子要用上幾年時(shí)間才能結(jié)案。
Listed companies must satisfy not only the Department of Justice,
上市公司不僅要達(dá)到司法部的要求，
but also the Securities and Exchange Commission, which enforces the FCPA provisions requiring accurate records of all business dealings.
還要滿足證券和交易委員會(huì)的要求，而這就使得FCPA要具備所有企業(yè)的交易記錄。
Before the department and the commission will sign off on a settlement,
在司法部和該委員會(huì)做出最終決定之前，
the company must satisfy them that the rest of its operations are squeaky clean.
企業(yè)必須讓他們相信公司的其它運(yùn)作也是沒有貓膩的。
Narrow investigations can mutate into broad ones that cost tens of millions of dollars.
調(diào)查不充分會(huì)使案情變得更大，為此將付出成千億美元。
And bosses can be sent to prison for up to 20 years if their companies fall foul of the FCPA.
如果企業(yè)違反了FCPA的規(guī)定其老板的可被判刑20年。
In theory, they could be jailed because a staff member at a foreign subsidiary bribed an official without their knowledge.
理論上，即使是在他們不知情的情況下，如果其駐外員工向官員行賄的話，他們也可被判入獄。
In some cases, the law insists that directors ought to know about dodgy goings-on, even if they do not.
某些情況下，法律堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為管理者應(yīng)該知道這些小動(dòng)作—即使有時(shí)候他們確實(shí)不知情。
This is a hefty deterrent to doing business in poor countries, some studies have found.
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，這成了企業(yè)進(jìn)駐窮國(guó)的極大障礙。
Andy Spalding, a law professor at the Chicago-Kent College of Law,
芝加哥肯特法學(xué)院的一名法律專家Andy Spalding
likens the way the FCPA is enforced to de facto sanctions on countries where corruption is rife.
將FCPA的做法類比為貪腐盛行的國(guó)家的事實(shí)判決。
A study by KPMG, a consultancy,
某顧問公司KPMG做了一份研究表明，
found that a third of British and a quarter of American companies would simply steer clear of corruption-prone countries to avoid the risk of being prosecuted.
三分之一的英國(guó)公司和四分之一的美國(guó)公司會(huì)簡(jiǎn)單地選擇不去那些貪腐盛行的國(guó)家做生意，從而避免被起訴。
Firms from less fussy places, such as China, will happily fill the gap.
而處于要求不那么嚴(yán)格的國(guó)家的企業(yè)則很樂意填補(bǔ)這個(gè)空白。
The US Chamber of Commerce, a business lobby, says the FCPA also deters foreign mergers and acquisitions.
商業(yè)游說團(tuán)—美國(guó)商會(huì)—認(rèn)為FCPA將外資并購(gòu)企業(yè)也嚇跑了，
A firm inherits the sins of a company it buys, even if it has done reasonable due diligence, the chamber says.
它認(rèn)為即使一個(gè)企業(yè)已經(jīng)做了法律盡職調(diào)查，但還是要承擔(dān)它所并購(gòu)的企業(yè)的罪行。
To avoid this risk, it must conduct the equivalent of a vast internal investigation, says the chamber.
為了避免這種危險(xiǎn)，該企業(yè)必須進(jìn)行一次大范圍的內(nèi)部調(diào)查，該商會(huì)說道。
Many firms find it simpler to stay at home.
于是很多企業(yè)覺得留在國(guó)內(nèi)發(fā)展要簡(jiǎn)單得多。
A new British anti-bribery law, passed in 2010, appears to have been better crafted.
英國(guó)2010年通過的反賄賂法似乎更勝一籌。
The Bribery Act is broad and tough.
該《賄賂法》涉及范圍更廣，
It covers bribery within Britain as well as abroad.
刑法也更重：其處罰對(duì)象既包括國(guó)內(nèi)也包括國(guó)外。
In contrast to the FCPA, it makes no exception for small facilitation payments to speed up routine business such as customs checks or visas.
相較FCPA，它連便利支付—能加速一些類似海關(guān)檢查或者簽證等日常業(yè)務(wù)的支付方式—也不放過。
But it is fair, too.
然而它也是公平的。
Unlike the FCPA,
與FCPA不同的是，
it has a compliance defence that allows a company to avoid the harshest penalties if the wrongdoer is a junior employee and the firm otherwise has a strict anti-bribery policy which is clear to all employees and effectively administered. One rogue employee can't easily cause a crippling probe into an otherwise blameless company.
它允許遵守式合規(guī)性保護(hù)，也就是說，如果涉事員工是未成年人或者該企業(yè)有嚴(yán)格的反賄賂規(guī)定，并且讓所有員工都知曉這項(xiàng)規(guī)定從而使其得到有效執(zhí)行，那么該企業(yè)可以避開最嚴(yán)酷的懲罰。一個(gè)按規(guī)矩做事的企業(yè)不會(huì)如此輕易地讓一兩位明知故犯的員工給毀了。
America's Department of Justice sees no need for such safeguards.
而美國(guó)司法部認(rèn)為這樣的防范是多余的。
And since few cases go to trial, judges have given little guidance as to what the FCPA's bewildering text actually means.
由于很少案子受到審訊，法官也沒有對(duì)FCPA那些令人迷惑的條款做出太多指示。
So, for now, it means whatever an aggressive prosecutor says it does.
因此，就目前為止，這些條款的含義，全憑膽大的起訴人如何作出解讀。
Business
商業(yè)報(bào)道
Bribery abroad
海外行賄
A tale of two laws
兩部法律的故事
America's anti-corruption law deters foreign investment . Britain's is smarter
美國(guó)的反貪腐法讓企業(yè)對(duì)海外投資望而卻步，而英國(guó)的則更為明智
BRIBING foreign officials is wrong,
向外國(guó)官員行賄是不對(duì)的。
but not everything governments do to prevent it is wise or proportional .
但并非政府所做的所有防范行賄的措施都是明智或能產(chǎn)生對(duì)應(yīng)成效的。
Firms are increasingly fed up with the way America's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act is written and applied .
企業(yè)對(duì)美國(guó)的海外反腐法厭倦是與日俱增，不僅僅因?yàn)樗膬?nèi)容，還因?yàn)樗膱?zhí)行方式。
The law was passed in 1977, but recent years have seen a spike in enforcement , from five actions in 2004 to 74 in 2010.
該法案于1977年通過，然而最近幾年執(zhí)行次數(shù)增長(zhǎng)迅速，從2004年的5次增長(zhǎng)到2010年的74次。
Five of the ten biggest settlements ever were last year, including a $400m fine against BAE Systems,
十大處罰中有五個(gè)發(fā)生于去年，
a British defence contractor, and a $365m fine against ENI, an Italian oil firm.
其中包括對(duì)英國(guó)國(guó)防承包商BAE系統(tǒng)的處罰以及意大利石油公司ENI的處罰。
On August 31st the Wall Street Journal reported that the Department of Justice has been investigating Oracle,
八月31日《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》報(bào)道稱司法部調(diào)查一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫軟件公司Oracle，
a database-software company, for a year.
已經(jīng)一年了。
Unusually, Oracle has said nothing about the investigation. Ethisphere, a promoter of corporate responsibility,
反常的是，Oracle對(duì)這次調(diào)查只字不提。
rated Oracle one of the world's most ethical companies in 2009.
企業(yè)責(zé)任提倡人Ethisphere認(rèn)為Oracle是2009年全球最有道德責(zé)任感的企業(yè)之一。
Mike Koehler, a law professor at Butler University in Indiana,
印第安納州Butler大學(xué)的某法律專家Mike Koehler寫道，
writes that General Electric, HP, AstraZeneca and others have all been among Ethisphere's World's Most Ethical while settling FCPA prosecutions or under investigation.
曾位列Ethisphere的全球道德責(zé)任感企業(yè)名單上的General Electric, HP, AstraZeneca等企業(yè)都被FCPA的指控過或者受到調(diào)查。
An FCPA action is an ordeal.
被FCPA指控的話，后果很慘痛。
Few firms dare risk going to court—only two cases against corporations have ever resulted in completed trials.
很少企業(yè)敢冒險(xiǎn)上法庭—企業(yè)被告的案例中只有兩個(gè)結(jié)案了。
The vast majority of cases are settled, which can take years.
很多案子要用上幾年時(shí)間才能結(jié)案。
Listed companies must satisfy not only the Department of Justice,
上市公司不僅要達(dá)到司法部的要求，
but also the Securities and Exchange Commission, which enforces the FCPA provisions requiring accurate records of all business dealings.
還要滿足證券和交易委員會(huì)的要求，而這就使得FCPA要具備所有企業(yè)的交易記錄。
Before the department and the commission will sign off on a settlement,
在司法部和該委員會(huì)做出最終決定之前，
the company must satisfy them that the rest of its operations are squeaky clean.
企業(yè)必須讓他們相信公司的其它運(yùn)作也是沒有貓膩的。
Narrow investigations can mutate into broad ones that cost tens of millions of dollars.
調(diào)查不充分會(huì)使案情變得更大，為此將付出成千億美元。
And bosses can be sent to prison for up to 20 years if their companies fall foul of the FCPA.
如果企業(yè)違反了FCPA的規(guī)定其老板的可被判刑20年。
In theory, they could be jailed because a staff member at a foreign subsidiary bribed an official without their knowledge.
理論上，即使是在他們不知情的情況下，如果其駐外員工向官員行賄的話，他們也可被判入獄。
In some cases, the law insists that directors ought to know about dodgy goings-on, even if they do not.
某些情況下，法律堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為管理者應(yīng)該知道這些小動(dòng)作—即使有時(shí)候他們確實(shí)不知情。
This is a hefty deterrent to doing business in poor countries, some studies have found.
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，這成了企業(yè)進(jìn)駐窮國(guó)的極大障礙。
Andy Spalding, a law professor at the Chicago-Kent College of Law,
芝加哥肯特法學(xué)院的一名法律專家Andy Spalding
likens the way the FCPA is enforced to de facto sanctions on countries where corruption is rife.
將FCPA的做法類比為貪腐盛行的國(guó)家的事實(shí)判決。
A study by KPMG, a consultancy,
某顧問公司KPMG做了一份研究表明，
found that a third of British and a quarter of American companies would simply steer clear of corruption-prone countries to avoid the risk of being prosecuted.
三分之一的英國(guó)公司和四分之一的美國(guó)公司會(huì)簡(jiǎn)單地選擇不去那些貪腐盛行的國(guó)家做生意，從而避免被起訴。
Firms from less fussy places, such as China, will happily fill the gap.
而處于要求不那么嚴(yán)格的國(guó)家的企業(yè)則很樂意填補(bǔ)這個(gè)空白。
The US Chamber of Commerce, a business lobby, says the FCPA also deters foreign mergers and acquisitions.
商業(yè)游說團(tuán)—美國(guó)商會(huì)—認(rèn)為FCPA將外資并購(gòu)企業(yè)也嚇跑了，
A firm inherits the sins of a company it buys, even if it has done reasonable due diligence, the chamber says.
它認(rèn)為即使一個(gè)企業(yè)已經(jīng)做了法律盡職調(diào)查，但還是要承擔(dān)它所并購(gòu)的企業(yè)的罪行。
To avoid this risk, it must conduct the equivalent of a vast internal investigation, says the chamber.
為了避免這種危險(xiǎn)，該企業(yè)必須進(jìn)行一次大范圍的內(nèi)部調(diào)查，該商會(huì)說道。
Many firms find it simpler to stay at home.
于是很多企業(yè)覺得留在國(guó)內(nèi)發(fā)展要簡(jiǎn)單得多。
A new British anti-bribery law, passed in 2010, appears to have been better crafted.
英國(guó)2010年通過的反賄賂法似乎更勝一籌。
The Bribery Act is broad and tough.
該《賄賂法》涉及范圍更廣，
It covers bribery within Britain as well as abroad.
刑法也更重：其處罰對(duì)象既包括國(guó)內(nèi)也包括國(guó)外。
In contrast to the FCPA, it makes no exception for small facilitation payments to speed up routine business such as customs checks or visas.
相較FCPA，它連便利支付—能加速一些類似海關(guān)檢查或者簽證等日常業(yè)務(wù)的支付方式—也不放過。
But it is fair, too.
然而它也是公平的。
Unlike the FCPA,
與FCPA不同的是，
it has a compliance defence that allows a company to avoid the harshest penalties if the wrongdoer is a junior employee and the firm otherwise has a strict anti-bribery policy which is clear to all employees and effectively administered. One rogue employee can't easily cause a crippling probe into an otherwise blameless company.
它允許遵守式合規(guī)性保護(hù)，也就是說，如果涉事員工是未成年人或者該企業(yè)有嚴(yán)格的反賄賂規(guī)定，并且讓所有員工都知曉這項(xiàng)規(guī)定從而使其得到有效執(zhí)行，那么該企業(yè)可以避開最嚴(yán)酷的懲罰。一個(gè)按規(guī)矩做事的企業(yè)不會(huì)如此輕易地讓一兩位明知故犯的員工給毀了。
America's Department of Justice sees no need for such safeguards.
而美國(guó)司法部認(rèn)為這樣的防范是多余的。
And since few cases go to trial, judges have given little guidance as to what the FCPA's bewildering text actually means.
由于很少案子受到審訊，法官也沒有對(duì)FCPA那些令人迷惑的條款做出太多指示。
So, for now, it means whatever an aggressive prosecutor says it does.
因此，就目前為止，這些條款的含義，全憑膽大的起訴人如何作出解讀。