CONCENTRATION IS CENTERING YOUR ATTENTION
Psychologically defined, concentration is the process of centering one’s attention over a period of time. In practical application, however, concentration is not as simple to deal successfully with as the definition may imply. For this reason, it is helpful to keep the following points in mind.
聚精會(huì)神就是集中你的注意力
按心理學(xué)定義,專心是一段時(shí)間內(nèi)集中注意力的過(guò)程。然而,在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,成功地對(duì)待專心這個(gè)問(wèn)題并不像定義中所說(shuō)的那么簡(jiǎn)單。正因?yàn)檫@樣,把以下幾點(diǎn)記在心里是有幫助的。
Your attention span varies
Even with the greatest effort, our span of attention fluctuates. You can demonstrate for yourself this fluctuation of attention. In a quiet room, place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard. Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity, fades to a point where it cannot be heard, and then increases again. This phenomenon reveals how our span of attention fluctuates, for the intensity of the ticking is actually constant.
你的注意力范圍是變化的
即使付出大努力,我們注意力的范圍還是波動(dòng)的。你可以自己證明這種注意力的變化。在一個(gè)安靜的房間里,把一塊表放在剛剛能聽(tīng)到它聲音的地方,仔細(xì)聽(tīng),注意到嘀嗒聲是如何明顯地提高強(qiáng)度,繼而,衰弱到聽(tīng)不到,然后又提高了。這種現(xiàn)象揭示了我們注意力范圍是如何波動(dòng)的,因?yàn)猷謬}聲的強(qiáng)度實(shí)際上并無(wú)變化。
You pay attention to one thing at a time
Evidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time. It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once. But apparently this is only an illusion. In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of short duration and relatively infrequent.
你在同一時(shí)刻注意一件事情
至今為止的資料表明,在同一時(shí)刻你只能注意到一個(gè)念頭。你的注意力可能轉(zhuǎn)移得很快,似乎能立刻注意到幾個(gè)概念。但顯然這只是一個(gè)錯(cuò)覺(jué)。在注意力集中時(shí),注意力的焦點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移是在很短時(shí)間內(nèi),而且比較而言是很少發(fā)生的。
An illustration of periods of high, moderate, and low attention
High attention has long periods of attending and short distraction periods. In low attention the periods of attending are short and the distraction periods long. In moderate attention there is a mixture of the extremes. Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention centered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.
高度、適度、低注意力的說(shuō)明
高度注意有較強(qiáng)的注意期和很短的注意力分散期。在低注意力下,注意到短期而注意力分散期長(zhǎng)。適度注意力融合了兩種極端。因此,顯而易見(jiàn),把自己的注意力集中在胡思亂想上的學(xué)生甚至不可能回想出講課的要點(diǎn)。
[en]Lack of concentration is a symptom, not the cause, of difficulty. When a student says "I can’t concentrate", what he is really saying is, "I can’t attend to the task at hand because my distractors are too strong."
缺乏注意力是困難的征兆,而不是起因。當(dāng)一個(gè)學(xué)生說(shuō)"我無(wú)法集中注意力"時(shí),他其實(shí)在說(shuō),"因?yàn)榉稚⑽业淖⒁饬Φ臇|西太強(qiáng),我不能專心手頭的工作"
DISTRACTORS ARE OF TWO SORTS - PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL
A distractor is anything which causes attention to vary from a central focal point. In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature. Both types of distractors must be understood before the student can attempt to remedy his lack of concentration.
注意力的干擾有兩種:心理上的和物質(zhì)上的
干擾物是任何可以使注意力偏離中心焦點(diǎn)的東西。在學(xué)習(xí)的情況下,干擾物實(shí)際上可以被認(rèn)為是心理的或者是物質(zhì)的。在學(xué)生嘗試補(bǔ)救自己注意力缺乏之前,應(yīng)當(dāng)首先了解這兩種干擾物。
Emotions are the most powerful distractors
The angry man forgets the pain of injury, the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense or anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters. In the student’s life there are many psychological pressures and tensions which block effective productivity. The fears about making the grade, the doubts of the friendliness of a friend’s behaviour and the pressures of limited finances - these are only a few of the emotional forces which affect the student.
情緒是強(qiáng)大的干擾
生氣的人會(huì)忘記傷害的疼痛,恐懼的人會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)很難享受快樂(lè),緊張、焦慮的人可能對(duì)極小的事情反應(yīng)強(qiáng)烈。在學(xué)生生活里,有許多心理壓力和緊張,嚴(yán)重影響學(xué)習(xí)效率。對(duì)是否能取得好成績(jī)的擔(dān)憂,對(duì)朋友行為是否友好的懷疑和經(jīng)濟(jì)能力有限而造成的壓力――這些僅僅只是幾種影響學(xué)生的精神壓力。
Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person. Some persons gain goal and direction from their tensions and actually do better because of them. Others fall apart under pressure, while a few people do well despite the pressure.
每個(gè)人情緒的反應(yīng)大不相同。一些人從他們的緊張中獲得目標(biāo)和方向,實(shí)際上卻因此做得更好。基他人在壓力下崩潰了,而一些人盡管有壓力卻做得很好。
Physical distractors are always present and rarely understood
Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think. Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks. One research report has shown that comprehension and retention of reading were decreased when students listened to lively music. However, rate of reading was
Psychologically defined, concentration is the process of centering one’s attention over a period of time. In practical application, however, concentration is not as simple to deal successfully with as the definition may imply. For this reason, it is helpful to keep the following points in mind.
聚精會(huì)神就是集中你的注意力
按心理學(xué)定義,專心是一段時(shí)間內(nèi)集中注意力的過(guò)程。然而,在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,成功地對(duì)待專心這個(gè)問(wèn)題并不像定義中所說(shuō)的那么簡(jiǎn)單。正因?yàn)檫@樣,把以下幾點(diǎn)記在心里是有幫助的。
Your attention span varies
Even with the greatest effort, our span of attention fluctuates. You can demonstrate for yourself this fluctuation of attention. In a quiet room, place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard. Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity, fades to a point where it cannot be heard, and then increases again. This phenomenon reveals how our span of attention fluctuates, for the intensity of the ticking is actually constant.
你的注意力范圍是變化的
即使付出大努力,我們注意力的范圍還是波動(dòng)的。你可以自己證明這種注意力的變化。在一個(gè)安靜的房間里,把一塊表放在剛剛能聽(tīng)到它聲音的地方,仔細(xì)聽(tīng),注意到嘀嗒聲是如何明顯地提高強(qiáng)度,繼而,衰弱到聽(tīng)不到,然后又提高了。這種現(xiàn)象揭示了我們注意力范圍是如何波動(dòng)的,因?yàn)猷謬}聲的強(qiáng)度實(shí)際上并無(wú)變化。
You pay attention to one thing at a time
Evidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time. It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once. But apparently this is only an illusion. In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of short duration and relatively infrequent.
你在同一時(shí)刻注意一件事情
至今為止的資料表明,在同一時(shí)刻你只能注意到一個(gè)念頭。你的注意力可能轉(zhuǎn)移得很快,似乎能立刻注意到幾個(gè)概念。但顯然這只是一個(gè)錯(cuò)覺(jué)。在注意力集中時(shí),注意力的焦點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移是在很短時(shí)間內(nèi),而且比較而言是很少發(fā)生的。
An illustration of periods of high, moderate, and low attention
High attention has long periods of attending and short distraction periods. In low attention the periods of attending are short and the distraction periods long. In moderate attention there is a mixture of the extremes. Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention centered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.
高度、適度、低注意力的說(shuō)明
高度注意有較強(qiáng)的注意期和很短的注意力分散期。在低注意力下,注意到短期而注意力分散期長(zhǎng)。適度注意力融合了兩種極端。因此,顯而易見(jiàn),把自己的注意力集中在胡思亂想上的學(xué)生甚至不可能回想出講課的要點(diǎn)。
[en]Lack of concentration is a symptom, not the cause, of difficulty. When a student says "I can’t concentrate", what he is really saying is, "I can’t attend to the task at hand because my distractors are too strong."
缺乏注意力是困難的征兆,而不是起因。當(dāng)一個(gè)學(xué)生說(shuō)"我無(wú)法集中注意力"時(shí),他其實(shí)在說(shuō),"因?yàn)榉稚⑽业淖⒁饬Φ臇|西太強(qiáng),我不能專心手頭的工作"
DISTRACTORS ARE OF TWO SORTS - PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL
A distractor is anything which causes attention to vary from a central focal point. In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature. Both types of distractors must be understood before the student can attempt to remedy his lack of concentration.
注意力的干擾有兩種:心理上的和物質(zhì)上的
干擾物是任何可以使注意力偏離中心焦點(diǎn)的東西。在學(xué)習(xí)的情況下,干擾物實(shí)際上可以被認(rèn)為是心理的或者是物質(zhì)的。在學(xué)生嘗試補(bǔ)救自己注意力缺乏之前,應(yīng)當(dāng)首先了解這兩種干擾物。
Emotions are the most powerful distractors
The angry man forgets the pain of injury, the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense or anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters. In the student’s life there are many psychological pressures and tensions which block effective productivity. The fears about making the grade, the doubts of the friendliness of a friend’s behaviour and the pressures of limited finances - these are only a few of the emotional forces which affect the student.
情緒是強(qiáng)大的干擾
生氣的人會(huì)忘記傷害的疼痛,恐懼的人會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)很難享受快樂(lè),緊張、焦慮的人可能對(duì)極小的事情反應(yīng)強(qiáng)烈。在學(xué)生生活里,有許多心理壓力和緊張,嚴(yán)重影響學(xué)習(xí)效率。對(duì)是否能取得好成績(jī)的擔(dān)憂,對(duì)朋友行為是否友好的懷疑和經(jīng)濟(jì)能力有限而造成的壓力――這些僅僅只是幾種影響學(xué)生的精神壓力。
Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person. Some persons gain goal and direction from their tensions and actually do better because of them. Others fall apart under pressure, while a few people do well despite the pressure.
每個(gè)人情緒的反應(yīng)大不相同。一些人從他們的緊張中獲得目標(biāo)和方向,實(shí)際上卻因此做得更好。基他人在壓力下崩潰了,而一些人盡管有壓力卻做得很好。
Physical distractors are always present and rarely understood
Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think. Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks. One research report has shown that comprehension and retention of reading were decreased when students listened to lively music. However, rate of reading was