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        考研英語語法重難點精解 復(fù)合句

        字號:

        定語從句(Attributive Clause)
            在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句,被定語從句所修飾的詞稱為先行詞,定語從句必須置于先行詞之后,定語從句是研究生及四、六級等各類考試的??键c,也是語法重點,本節(jié)將著重講解:
            1. 引導(dǎo)詞關(guān)系代詞:which, that, who(m), whose, as
            關(guān)系副詞:when, where, why
            例句: Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a standalone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. (選自2011年Text 3)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中,for example作插入語,a standalone media property與BabyCenter為同位語關(guān)系;that promotes complementary and even competitive products是一個定語從句,修飾BabyCenter。
            譯文: 例如,強生公司創(chuàng)建了寶寶中心網(wǎng)站,它是一家獨立的媒體資產(chǎn),用于推廣互補的甚至是競爭性的產(chǎn)品。
            例句: This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. (1996年第72題)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為This trend began during the Second World War,when引導(dǎo)一非限制性定語從句修飾the Second World War;that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment是修飾the conclusion that...這一同位語從句中demands的定語從句, 而同位語從句的主干為the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail, 其中make demand of sb. /sth.意為“向某人或某事提出要求”。
            譯文: 這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn),當(dāng)時一些國家的政府得出結(jié)論:政府向科研機構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法詳盡預(yù)見的。
            例句: One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberalarts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. (選自2011年P(guān)art B)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中,主句的主干部分是One reason is that they can cut across the insistence;why it is hard to design and teach such courses是一個定語從句,修飾reason;that liberalarts educations and professional education should...in different schools是insistence后的同位語從句。
            譯文: 這種課程很難設(shè)計和講授的原因之一就是它們打破了美國頂尖大學(xué)一貫堅持的原則:人文教育與專業(yè)教育應(yīng)該獨立,并在不同的學(xué)院講授。
            2.關(guān)系代詞引出的定語從句和關(guān)系副詞引出的定語從句
            考試中涉及定語從句的考點經(jīng)常是選關(guān)系詞,而區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞是做題依據(jù),關(guān)系代詞中除whose在句中作定語外,其他各詞均在句中作主語或賓語,即除去關(guān)系代詞后,其后不是一個完整的句子;而關(guān)系副詞在句中作狀語,即除去關(guān)系副詞后,其后是一個完整句子。
            例句: Ive kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school with twenty years ago.
            (畫線部分不是一個完整的句子)(1998年第8題)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾a girl,其中短語be with sb. at school,意為“在學(xué)校與某人是同學(xué)”。
            譯文: 我與一個二十年前和我在一起讀書的女孩一直保持著友誼。
            例句: Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.(畫線部分是一個完整句子)
            (選自1999年Text 3)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。主干部分為this is unlikely to produce...in a country,形容詞短語as large as ours和定語從句where the economy is spread over...都修飾country, is spread over和involves在定語從句中作并列謂語。
            譯文: 另外,像我們這樣一個經(jīng)濟發(fā)展遍及很多地區(qū),涉及很多跨國公司的國家,職業(yè)教育也不可能培養(yǎng)出各種職業(yè)所需要的專業(yè)人才。
            3. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
            定語從句根據(jù)其與先行詞關(guān)系的密切程度分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句,限制性定語從句是把主從句看作一個整體,因而關(guān)系緊密,不用逗號隔開,從句去掉后,主句不能單獨成立;非限制性定語從句是把主從句分開考慮,因而關(guān)系松散,通常用逗號隔開,從句去掉后,主句也能單獨成立,在引導(dǎo)詞中除關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why外,其他均可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
            例句: It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. (1999年第75題)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,介詞短語to traditional historians與to social science historians并列,每個介詞短語都由各自的定語從句來修飾。
            譯文: 這種謬誤同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社會科學(xué)派。前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論,后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。
            例句: By contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a completely agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity. (選自1998年Cloze Test)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750 a period of great abundance and prosperity,非限制性定語從句when England was still a completely agricultural country修飾hundred years。
            譯文: 相比之下,他們認(rèn)為從1650年到1750年的100年間,雖然英國還是一個完全的農(nóng)業(yè)國,但這一時期是富裕和繁榮的時期。
            例句: Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and wellorchestrated socialmedia response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the socialnews site Digg. (選自2011年Text 3)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中,主句的主干部分是Toyota Motor alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year;介詞短語with a relatively quick and wellorchestrated socialmedia response campaign作狀語,表示方式,修飾動詞alleviated;which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites...是一個非限制性定語從句,修飾campaign。
            譯文: 例如,豐田汽車公司通過發(fā)動相對迅速、精心安排的社交媒體回應(yīng)活動,包括在微博Twitter和社會新聞網(wǎng)Digg等網(wǎng)站上與消費者直接互動,緩解了今年早期的召回危機所造成的部分損失。
            4. 介詞+which/whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句
            如果which或whom在定語從句中作介詞賓語,那么該介詞可以置于從句前,這種定語從句修飾人時,介詞后只用whom,修飾物時只用which,不能用that,因為介詞后接that意思發(fā)生改變,如in+that=because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,另外介詞+which還可等同于關(guān)系副詞,如in/on, at+which=when/where, for which= why。that/which/whom在從句中充當(dāng)賓語或介詞賓語時,關(guān)系代詞常省略。
            例句: Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns)into which they plug each days events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a readymade narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. (選自2001年Text 3)
            分析: 這兩句同為復(fù)合句,在前后句中各含有一個定語從句into which they plug...和that provides...and..., 分別修飾templates和culture,其中plug sth. into sth.意為“塞入或插入”。
            譯文: 大多數(shù)記者通過一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式來看世界,并用其來衡量每天發(fā)生的事。換言之,在新聞階層有一種傳統(tǒng)的寫作規(guī)則,這種規(guī)則為在其他方面可能造成誤解的新聞提供主線和現(xiàn)成的敘事結(jié)構(gòu)。
            例句: The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為The conveniences...reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle;定語從句that Americans desire和in which...to be wasted分別修飾the conveniences和a busy lifestyle,其中in which中which指代a busy lifestyle。
            譯文: 美國人所需要的各種便利條件與其說是反映一種休閑的生活方式,還不如說反映一種忙碌的生活方式,在這種生活方式中,甚至分分秒秒都寶貴得不容浪費。
            例句: To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must gear the qualities and varieties of products we make to the worldmarket demand.(1996年第40題)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中不定式短語To survive...countries在句中作狀語表示目的。短語gear...to sth.意為“使適應(yīng),使適合”。
            譯文: 為了在國家間激烈的貿(mào)易競爭中能生存下去,我們必須使我們的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和品種適應(yīng)世界市場需求。
            5. whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句
            whose在所引導(dǎo)的定語從句中作定語,既可代表人也可代表物。
            例句: We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or ecommerce engines within that environment. (選自2011年Text 3)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。whose traffic is so strong that other organizations...是一個定語從句,修飾media;結(jié)果狀語從句so strong that other organizations place...在句中充當(dāng)表語。
            譯文: 我們把這種出售媒體定義為一種自有媒體,這種媒體的流量很大,因此其他機構(gòu)也將其廣告內(nèi)容或電子商務(wù)引擎置于它的網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境中。
            例句: It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health, wealth and happiness to elements with whose very names the general public are unfamiliar.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中it為形式主語,真正的主語為to say that...,定語從句with whose very names...修飾elements,短語be unfamiliar with...意為“不熟悉或不了解……”。
            譯文: 毫不夸張地說,我們很快就將把我們的健康、財富和幸福托付給一般人都不知其名的幾種元素。
            例句: Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.(選自1998年Text 3)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that the term applies to...是dispute的賓語從句,過去分詞短語 published in 1995修飾manifesto,定語從句whose manifesto scorns science and longs for...修飾the Unabomber。
            譯文: 把該詞用到反原子彈組織身上也不會引起多大爭議,該組織在1995年公開發(fā)表聲明藐視科學(xué),渴望回到前技術(shù)時代的理想社會。
            6. 先行詞是指人的集體名詞
            如果強調(diào)該集體的整體,關(guān)系代詞用which引導(dǎo),如果強調(diào)該集體中各個成員,則用who引導(dǎo)。
            例句: The football team, which isnt playing very well this time, wont most probably place first in the league matches at all.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,which isnt playing very well this time是一個非限制性定語從句修飾the football team。
            譯文: 這支足球隊這次踢得太差,根本不可能蟬聯(lián)聯(lián)賽冠軍。
            例句: The football team,who are taking physical test, will be back here for the result.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,who are taking physical test是一非限制性定語從句修飾the football team。
            譯文: 正在參加體能測試的足球隊員,一會兒回到這里等結(jié)果。
            7. 名詞/代詞+of+which/whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句表示整體與部分的關(guān)系
            例句: Beethoven, the great musician, wrote nine symphonies in his life, most of which were written after he had lost his hearing.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為Beethoven wrote nine symphonies in his life。most of which...是一個修飾symphonies的定語從句。
            譯文: 偉大的音樂家貝多芬一生中寫了九首交響樂,大部分作品是在耳聾后完成的。
            例句: Prof. Liu expected me to visit his students for him, most of whom were from abroad.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,most of whom were from abroad是一個定語從句修飾students。
            譯文: 劉教授希望我代他去看望他的學(xué)生,這些學(xué)生大多數(shù)來自海外。
            8. who/whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句中有插入語,而且插入語后也不用逗號分開時,很難區(qū)分它是插入語還是定語從句中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)
            試比較:Mary is a girl who I believe is honest.
            Mary is a girl whom I believe to be honest.
            很明顯,在前一個句子中,定語從句who I believe is honest中I believe是插入語,因為去掉后,語法或意義均成立,who在句中作主語,不能換用whom;而在后一個句子中,不能把定語從句whom I believe to be honest中I believe看作插入語,因為去掉后不符合語法,所以I believe不是插入語,而是定語從句中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),whom作believe的賓語,to be honest作賓語whom的補足語。
            例句: They pointed out the damage which they supposed had been done by last nights storm.(1997年第13題)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中定語從句which they supposed had been done by last nights storm中they supposed為插入語,had been done是定語從句的謂語動詞。
            譯文: 他們指出了他們所預(yù)計的由于昨晚風(fēng)暴而造成的損失。
            例句: This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. (選自2011年Text 3)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句。其中,主句的主干部分是This trend effectively began with retailers and travel providers and will no doubt go further;which we believe is still in its infancy是一個定語從句,修飾trend,we believe作插入語;介詞短語such as airlines and hotels作后置定語,修飾retailers and travel providers。
            譯文: 這種趨勢事實上起始于零售商和像航空公司、酒店等旅游服務(wù)供應(yīng)商。盡管我們相信它目前仍處于起始階段,但很有可能將會得到進一步發(fā)展。
            9. 先行詞為everybody,everyone,anybody,anyone,somebody,someone等詞時,關(guān)系代詞用who或whom
            例句: When she entered, they were cheerfully talking about somebody(whom) she didnt know.
            譯文: 當(dāng)她進來時,他們一伙正在興高采烈地談?wù)撝徽J(rèn)識的人。
            例句: Anyone who has toiled through SAT(Scholastic Assessment Test) will testify that test taking skill also matters. (選自2007年Text 2)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中定語從句who has toiled through SAT修飾anyone。
            譯文: 任何下工夫考過“學(xué)術(shù)能力評估測試”的人都會證明考試技巧也很重要。
            10. 定語從句的先行詞為下述情況時,關(guān)系代詞用that
            (1)先行詞為代詞all, everything, something, nothing, anything或用作名詞的little,much或先行詞前有only,any,no時。
            例句: Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by momenttomoment joy, we should consider being happy as a pasttense condition. (選自2011年Text 4)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,冒號后面的內(nèi)容是對前面內(nèi)容的解釋。其中,that can be measured by momenttomoment joy是一個定語從句,修飾something;Rather than concluding that... 是一個介詞短語作狀語,修飾整個句子Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness,either happy or miserable在句中作賓語補足語。
            譯文: 森尼爾并沒有對“孩子會讓父母感到幸福還是痛苦”作出定論,而是建議我們需要重新定義幸福:不應(yīng)該把它看成可用快樂的瞬間來衡量的東西,而應(yīng)將其視為一種過去式狀態(tài)。
            例句: To paraphrase 18thcentury statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”(選自2003年Text 2)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為all that is needed for...is that..., that is needed for...是修飾all的定語從句。
            譯文: 18世紀(jì)的政治家愛德蒙·伯克的意思是說:“錯的事情之所以得逞就是因為好人不作為。”
            例句: Equally,in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. (選自2005年Text 4)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that could claim real liveliness是修飾the only form的定語從句。
            譯文: 同樣,在詩歌領(lǐng)域,能夠具有真正活力的就是那種高度個人化和富有表現(xiàn)力的文學(xué)形式。
            (2)先行詞為序數(shù)詞或形容詞高級所修飾時。
            例句: He is the most educated man(that)I have ever encountered in my block.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語從句(that)I have ever encountered...修飾man。
            譯文: 他是我在小區(qū)里曾經(jīng)遇到的有學(xué)識的人。
            例句: The first thing (that) he immediately must do is to return to school.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中主句部分為The first thing is to return to school,定語從句(that)he immediately must do修飾thing。
            譯文: 他必須馬上做的首要事情就是返校。
            (3)先行詞是兩個不同性質(zhì)的詞,一個指人,一個指物時。
            例句: The man and his achievements that the newspaper covered are greatly admired by the teachers and students alike.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,that the newspaper covered是一個定語從句,在句中修飾the man and his achievements。
            譯文: 報紙上所報道的那個人和他的事跡令師生大為欽佩。
            (4)先行詞表示確切時間(time,day)、距離(distance)、方向(direction)、倍數(shù)(times)、方式(way)。這里只舉例說明確切時間(time,day)用that引導(dǎo),當(dāng)其余各詞充當(dāng)先行詞時,選用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句,關(guān)鍵還在于that后不是一個完整句子(這是判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn))。
            例句: My mother will forever remember those beautiful days(that) they spent together in the factory.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,定語從句that they...in the factory中,先行詞為beautiful days表時間,理應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when,但由于先行詞又作spent的賓語,所以只能用關(guān)系代詞which或that,又因those beautiful days是一確切時間,所以選用that。
            譯文: 我母親將永遠(yuǎn)銘記她們一起在工廠度過的那些美好的日子。
            例句:My mathematical teacher has been transferred from a town where nobody knows.(×)
            分析: 句中a town作knows的賓語,所以不能用關(guān)系副詞where,因為關(guān)系副詞在句中作狀語,所以應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that或which引導(dǎo),也可省略,故上句應(yīng)改為:My mathematical teacher has been transferred from a town(which/that) nobody knows.
            譯文: 我的數(shù)學(xué)老師是從一個沒有人知道的城鎮(zhèn)調(diào)來的。
            注意: There is an apparent reason why he was not in the village when the fire broke out.(×)
            分析: 由于該句中定語從句的先行詞為reason,所以選用關(guān)系副詞why,況且其后是一個完整句子,眾所周知,定語從句和先行詞關(guān)系是修飾關(guān)系,但在該句中定語從句why he was not in the village和先行詞reason無語法上的修飾關(guān)系,而是彼此解釋、平行關(guān)系,所以該句是同位語從句,故把why改成that。
            譯文: 很明顯,火災(zāi)發(fā)生時他不在村里。
            注意: 如果先行詞是表示時間的詞未必用when引導(dǎo),先行詞是表示地點的詞未必用where引導(dǎo),先行詞是表示原因的詞,也未必用why引導(dǎo),關(guān)鍵要弄清先行詞與定語從句的關(guān)系,以及前面提到的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)別。
            11.關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾整個主句時,即which的先行詞是前面整個句子,常位于句末且用逗號與主句隔開
            例句: The American society is established on an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.
            (2000年第29題)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,which is connected with...是一個非限制性定語從句,先行詞是其前面的整個句子。
            譯文: 美國社會是建立在一種極不穩(wěn)定的自然資源基礎(chǔ)之上,這與環(huán)境不斷惡化的可能性有關(guān)。
            例句: When traveling, you are advised to take travelers checks, which provides a secure alternative to carrying your money in cash. (1996年第27題)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,其中when traveling的完整形式應(yīng)為when you are traveling, which provides a...是一個定語從句,先行詞指代前面所說的you are advised to take travelers checks這件事。
            譯文: 建議你旅行時攜帶旅行支票,這就提供了一個比攜帶現(xiàn)金更為安全的選擇。
            12.關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語從句
            (1)用于the same...as和such...as結(jié)構(gòu)中。
            例句: Such friends as you mentioned dont make me a happy man whatever.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為Such friends dont make me a happy man whatever。 whatever置于名詞之后強調(diào)否定,意為“一點兒也不”。
            譯文: 你所提到的這些朋友一點兒都不令我高興。
            例句: My little daughter uttered a word (in) the same way as I told.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為My little daughter uttered a word (in) the same way。
            譯文: 小女兒模仿我的方式說話。
            (2)as引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾整個句子時,一定要和主句用逗號隔開,即非限制性定語從句,先行詞就是它所修飾的整個句子,該從句可放在主句前、主句后或插入主句中,as在句中作主語或賓語。
            例句: As can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition. (1999年第5題)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句, as引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾主句the principle involves the active participation of...。
            譯文: 就像從這些數(shù)字對比中所看到的,原則上要求病人在治療過程中積極配合。
            例句: As the public accept generally, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主句部分為economic growth is determined by..., as引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾整個主句。
            譯文: 正像大眾普遍接受的那樣,經(jīng)濟增長是由生產(chǎn)的順利發(fā)展決定的。
            例句: There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a“disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. (選自1998年Text 2)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干為there is a“disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote and the picture,定語從句that points to a leap in productivity修飾business anecdote,the treasury secretary 作Robert Rubin的同位語,as代表整個主句內(nèi)容,分詞短語reflected by the statistics作定語修飾the picture。
            譯文: 正如財政部長羅伯特·魯賓所言,商業(yè)界大量趣聞提到生產(chǎn)率大幅度提高了,這與官方統(tǒng)計數(shù)字所顯示的情況并不符合。
            13. 分隔式定語從句(Split Attributive Clause)
            一般情況下,定語從句緊跟在先行詞后,但有時由于修辭和語法的需要,定語從句和它所修飾的先行詞分開,這就是分隔式定語從句。
            例句: Time was like this, when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on“worthless species”. (2010年第48題)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干為time was like this,when引導(dǎo)一個定語從句,修飾time,that these creatures preserve...與or that they prey...是the evidence的兩個并列同位語從句。
            譯文: 過去,曾有生物學(xué)家總是重申這樣的事實:這些生物通過捕食弱小的動物去維持生物鏈的正常運行,或者說它們只是去捕食“沒有價值的物種”。
            例句: The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called OpenSource Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.(選自2003年Text 1)
            分析: 該句是復(fù)合句,主干部分為the winner was a tiny Virginia company, 分詞短語called OpenSource Solutions及定語從句whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world修飾company。
            譯文: 以絕對優(yōu)勢取勝的是來自于弗吉尼亞的一個叫做“資源公開方案”的小公司,他們明顯的優(yōu)勢就是掌握了這個電子領(lǐng)域。