171Studies show that in 70 percent of traffic accidents, at least one driver involved is less than 10 miles from home when the accident occurs. This statistic indicates that drivers have a tendency to drive incautiously when they are close to home, probably because familiar surroundings give them a false sense of security. Thus, the places where people feel safest are the places where they are in fact at greatest risk of serious injury.
172Copper occurs in nature mixed with other minerals and valuable metals in ore, and the proportion of copper in the ore can vary considerably. Until fairly recently, the only way to extract pure copper from ore was by using a process that requires large amounts of electric energy, especially if the proportion of copper in the ore is low. New copper-extracting technologies can use up to 40 percent less electricity than the older method to process the same amount of raw ore, especially when the proportion of copper in the ore is high. Therefore, we can expect the amount of electricity used by the copper-extraction industry to decline significantly.
173In measuring electrical activity in different parts of the brain, researchers found that people who describe themselves as generally happy have more activity in the left prefrontal lobe of their brains than do other people. Therefore, a medication for stimulating the left prefrontal lobe of the brain would be an effective treatment for clinical depression.
174The following appeared in a memo from a manager of a car dealership.
"Ten years ago, long-term car leasing became available in our country of Mohilia as an alternative to outright car ownership, and leasing has steadily risen in popularity. For each of the last five years, the number of people leasing new cars has surpassed the number buying new cars. The average age of cars driven in Mohilia is six years; hence, if new car leases again outnumber purchases this year, it is likely that the majority of drivers will be driving leased, not individually owned, cars. Therefore, we should change the focus of our business from selling cars to leasing them."
175The following appeared in a newsletter about education policy.
'The average annual earnings of high school dropouts are significantly less than the average annual earnings of high school graduates. To address this problem, the state governor has proposed that the state should establish free vocational training programs for high school dropouts. But the availability of such programs would probably encourage some students who would otherwise have graduated to drop out in order to pursue vocational training. Hence the proposed programs would lower, not raise, the average earning potential of young people. Therefore, the state should not establish the vocational training programs but should instead focus on improving academic programs in our high schools.'
176The following appeared in a newsletter about health.
"The proportion of children in the United States who are overweight is greater now than ever before. Obesity rates among children have been increasing since the 1970's and, during that same time period, the proportion of children living in suburbs has increased. Whereas children in rural areas tend to have outdoor active chores and children in cities often walk to school or other places they need to go, children in suburbs are typically driven everywhere. Thus the increase in childhood obesity is probably due mainly to the suburbanization of America and the associated decrease in the opportunities children have for exercise."
177The following appeared as part of an article in a health and beauty magazine.
"A group of volunteers participated in a study of consumer responses to the new Luxess face cream. Every morning for a month, they washed their faces with mild soap and then applied Luxess. At the end of that month, most volunteers reported a marked improvement in the way their skin looked and felt. Thus it appears that Luxess is truly effective in improving the condition of facial skin."
178The cities of East Sacunda and West Sacunda are in an earthquake-prone area. Since 1985 both cities have had stringent building codes requiring all new buildings to have specific features designed to prevent damage in an earthquake. Buildings built before 1985 are exempt from the codes, but many building owners have modified their buildings to make them conform to the 1985 codes. Last year a major earthquake hit the area, and many people lost their homes. The number of people who were left homeless was much higher in East Sacunda than in West Sacunda, however, so we can conclude that building owners in East Sacunda were less likely to modify their buildings so as to bring them up to the 1985 code standards.
179The following appeared in a letter to the editor of an archaeological magazine.
"Archaeologists excavated a cave that had been inhabited by prehistoric people for thousands of years. These people hunted wild animals, many of whose bones were found at levels corresponding to different times of habitation. Most of the bones at the oldest levels, over 40,000 years old, were from a deer species whose modern-day descendants are known to prefer woodland habitats, whereas most of the bones at more recent levels, dating from 30,000 to 10,000 years ago, were from a gazelle species whose modern-day descendants are known to prefer grasslands. We can thus conclude that the climate of the area changed dramatically between 40,000 and 30,000 years ago, causing the terrain to change from woodland to grassland."
180The following appeared in a magazine for the trucking industry.
"The Longhaul trucking company was concerned that its annual accident rate (the number of accidents per mile driven) was too high. It granted a significant pay increase to its drivers and increased its training standards. It also put strict limits on the number of hours per week each driver could drive. The following year, its trucks were involved in half the number of accidents as before the changes were implemented. A survey of other trucking companies found that the highest-paid drivers were the least likely to have had an accident. Therefore, trucking companies wishing to reduce their accident rate can do so simply by raising their drivers' pay and limiting the overall number of hours they drive."
171研究表明在70%的交通事故中，至少有一名駕駛員在事故發(fā)生時離家不到10英里。這一統(tǒng)計數(shù)字表明駕駛員在離家近的時候有不謹(jǐn)慎駕駛的傾向，可能是因為周圍熟悉的環(huán)境給了他們一種錯誤的安全感。因此，人們感覺安全的地方實際上是他們受嚴(yán)重傷害的危險性高的地方。
172銅在自然中與其他礦物和有價值的金屬混合存在于礦石中，而且礦石中銅的比例可能有很大差別。直到近，從礦石中提取純銅的方法是通過一種需要大量電力的流程，特別是當(dāng)?shù)V石中銅的比例比較低的時候。新的銅提取技術(shù)在處理同等數(shù)量的原礦石時能夠比老的方式節(jié)省40%的電力，特別是當(dāng)?shù)V石中銅的比例比較高的時候。因此，我們可以預(yù)期銅礦提取工業(yè)所用的電力將會顯著減少。
173在測量大腦不同部分的電波活動的時候，研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)那些把自己描述成快樂的人大腦左前額部分的活動比其他人更多。因此，刺激大腦左前額部分對于抑郁癥的臨床治療將會是一種有效的方法。
174 10年前，長期汽車租賃在我們Mohilia國家出現(xiàn)，成為對于汽車完全所有權(quán)的一種補充，這種租賃業(yè)務(wù)的受歡迎度也逐漸增加。過去五年的每一年中，租賃新車的人數(shù)都超過了買新車的人數(shù)。Mohilia的汽車平均使用時間為6年；因此，如果新車租賃在今年又超過購買，有可能大多數(shù)駕駛員將會開租來的車而不是私人擁有的車。因此，我們應(yīng)該把業(yè)務(wù)重點從出售車輛轉(zhuǎn)向租賃車輛。
175高中輟學(xué)者的平均年收入要顯著低于高中畢業(yè)生。為解決這一問題，州政府提議本州應(yīng)該為高校輟學(xué)者建立免費的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)項目。但這種項目的實施將可能促使一些本來能夠畢業(yè)的學(xué)生中途退學(xué)以參加職業(yè)培訓(xùn)。因此提議中的項目將會降低而不是提高年輕人的平均收入潛力。因此，本州不應(yīng)該建立職業(yè)培訓(xùn)項目而應(yīng)該集中精力提高高中的教學(xué)項目。
176現(xiàn)在美國超重兒童的比例比以往任何時候都要高。20世紀(jì)70年代以來兒童肥胖癥的發(fā)病率增加，而且在同一時期，生活在郊區(qū)的兒童比例也增加了。鄉(xiāng)村兒童經(jīng)常會有室外工作，市區(qū)兒童經(jīng)常步行去學(xué)校以及其他地方，而郊區(qū)兒童通常坐車去他們要去的地方。因此兒童肥胖癥的增加可能主要是由于美國城市郊區(qū)化以及相應(yīng)的兒童鍛煉機會的減少造成的。
177一組志愿者參加了一項關(guān)于消費者對新的Luxess面霜的反應(yīng)的調(diào)查。在一個月中的每個早晨，他們都用柔和香皂洗臉然后使用Luxess。一個月之后，多數(shù)志愿者報告說他們皮膚的觀感顯著改善。因此，這說明Luxess對于改善面部皮膚狀況確實有效。
178東Sacunda市和西Sacunda市位于地震易發(fā)區(qū)。1985年以來兩個城市都實行了嚴(yán)格的建筑規(guī)范，要求所有新建筑必須具有防止地震損害的具體措施。1985年以前建造的房屋可以不受此規(guī)范限制，但很多業(yè)主都對他們的房屋進(jìn)行了修整以符合1985年的規(guī)范。去年一場大地震襲擊了這個地區(qū)，很多人無家可歸。東Sacunda市無家可歸者的人數(shù)比西Sacunda市高的多，因而我們可以得出結(jié)論，東Sacunda市的房屋業(yè)主較少修整他們的房屋來符合1985年的規(guī)范。
179考古學(xué)家發(fā)掘了一個由史前人類居住了上千年的洞穴。這些人類獵殺野生動物，這些動物的骨頭在與不同居住時期相對應(yīng)的不同地層被發(fā)現(xiàn)。大多數(shù)在超過40000年歷史的久遠(yuǎn)的地層發(fā)現(xiàn)的骨頭是一種鹿的骨頭，這種鹿的后代已知喜歡在林地生活；而在30000到10000年前的地層所發(fā)現(xiàn)的骨頭是一種小羚羊的骨頭，其后代喜歡在草原生活。我們可以因此得出結(jié)論，該地區(qū)的氣候在40000到30000年前曾劇烈地變化，導(dǎo)致這一區(qū)域從林地變成了草原。
180 Longhaul貨運公司注意到其年度事故率（每駕駛一百英里所發(fā)生的事故數(shù)）過高。公司大幅提高了付給駕駛員的報酬，提高了其訓(xùn)練標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。公司還對每名駕駛員每周駕駛的時數(shù)提出了更嚴(yán)格的限定。在隨后的一年里，該公司卡車所卷入的事故數(shù)是實行這些改變之前的一半。對于其他一些貨運公司的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，報酬高的駕駛員是不容易出車禍的駕駛員。因此，想要降低事故率的貨運公司可以簡單地通過提高駕駛員的報酬和限制他們駕駛的總時數(shù)來達(dá)到目的。
172Copper occurs in nature mixed with other minerals and valuable metals in ore, and the proportion of copper in the ore can vary considerably. Until fairly recently, the only way to extract pure copper from ore was by using a process that requires large amounts of electric energy, especially if the proportion of copper in the ore is low. New copper-extracting technologies can use up to 40 percent less electricity than the older method to process the same amount of raw ore, especially when the proportion of copper in the ore is high. Therefore, we can expect the amount of electricity used by the copper-extraction industry to decline significantly.
173In measuring electrical activity in different parts of the brain, researchers found that people who describe themselves as generally happy have more activity in the left prefrontal lobe of their brains than do other people. Therefore, a medication for stimulating the left prefrontal lobe of the brain would be an effective treatment for clinical depression.
174The following appeared in a memo from a manager of a car dealership.
"Ten years ago, long-term car leasing became available in our country of Mohilia as an alternative to outright car ownership, and leasing has steadily risen in popularity. For each of the last five years, the number of people leasing new cars has surpassed the number buying new cars. The average age of cars driven in Mohilia is six years; hence, if new car leases again outnumber purchases this year, it is likely that the majority of drivers will be driving leased, not individually owned, cars. Therefore, we should change the focus of our business from selling cars to leasing them."
175The following appeared in a newsletter about education policy.
'The average annual earnings of high school dropouts are significantly less than the average annual earnings of high school graduates. To address this problem, the state governor has proposed that the state should establish free vocational training programs for high school dropouts. But the availability of such programs would probably encourage some students who would otherwise have graduated to drop out in order to pursue vocational training. Hence the proposed programs would lower, not raise, the average earning potential of young people. Therefore, the state should not establish the vocational training programs but should instead focus on improving academic programs in our high schools.'
176The following appeared in a newsletter about health.
"The proportion of children in the United States who are overweight is greater now than ever before. Obesity rates among children have been increasing since the 1970's and, during that same time period, the proportion of children living in suburbs has increased. Whereas children in rural areas tend to have outdoor active chores and children in cities often walk to school or other places they need to go, children in suburbs are typically driven everywhere. Thus the increase in childhood obesity is probably due mainly to the suburbanization of America and the associated decrease in the opportunities children have for exercise."
177The following appeared as part of an article in a health and beauty magazine.
"A group of volunteers participated in a study of consumer responses to the new Luxess face cream. Every morning for a month, they washed their faces with mild soap and then applied Luxess. At the end of that month, most volunteers reported a marked improvement in the way their skin looked and felt. Thus it appears that Luxess is truly effective in improving the condition of facial skin."
178The cities of East Sacunda and West Sacunda are in an earthquake-prone area. Since 1985 both cities have had stringent building codes requiring all new buildings to have specific features designed to prevent damage in an earthquake. Buildings built before 1985 are exempt from the codes, but many building owners have modified their buildings to make them conform to the 1985 codes. Last year a major earthquake hit the area, and many people lost their homes. The number of people who were left homeless was much higher in East Sacunda than in West Sacunda, however, so we can conclude that building owners in East Sacunda were less likely to modify their buildings so as to bring them up to the 1985 code standards.
179The following appeared in a letter to the editor of an archaeological magazine.
"Archaeologists excavated a cave that had been inhabited by prehistoric people for thousands of years. These people hunted wild animals, many of whose bones were found at levels corresponding to different times of habitation. Most of the bones at the oldest levels, over 40,000 years old, were from a deer species whose modern-day descendants are known to prefer woodland habitats, whereas most of the bones at more recent levels, dating from 30,000 to 10,000 years ago, were from a gazelle species whose modern-day descendants are known to prefer grasslands. We can thus conclude that the climate of the area changed dramatically between 40,000 and 30,000 years ago, causing the terrain to change from woodland to grassland."
180The following appeared in a magazine for the trucking industry.
"The Longhaul trucking company was concerned that its annual accident rate (the number of accidents per mile driven) was too high. It granted a significant pay increase to its drivers and increased its training standards. It also put strict limits on the number of hours per week each driver could drive. The following year, its trucks were involved in half the number of accidents as before the changes were implemented. A survey of other trucking companies found that the highest-paid drivers were the least likely to have had an accident. Therefore, trucking companies wishing to reduce their accident rate can do so simply by raising their drivers' pay and limiting the overall number of hours they drive."
171研究表明在70%的交通事故中，至少有一名駕駛員在事故發(fā)生時離家不到10英里。這一統(tǒng)計數(shù)字表明駕駛員在離家近的時候有不謹(jǐn)慎駕駛的傾向，可能是因為周圍熟悉的環(huán)境給了他們一種錯誤的安全感。因此，人們感覺安全的地方實際上是他們受嚴(yán)重傷害的危險性高的地方。
172銅在自然中與其他礦物和有價值的金屬混合存在于礦石中，而且礦石中銅的比例可能有很大差別。直到近，從礦石中提取純銅的方法是通過一種需要大量電力的流程，特別是當(dāng)?shù)V石中銅的比例比較低的時候。新的銅提取技術(shù)在處理同等數(shù)量的原礦石時能夠比老的方式節(jié)省40%的電力，特別是當(dāng)?shù)V石中銅的比例比較高的時候。因此，我們可以預(yù)期銅礦提取工業(yè)所用的電力將會顯著減少。
173在測量大腦不同部分的電波活動的時候，研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)那些把自己描述成快樂的人大腦左前額部分的活動比其他人更多。因此，刺激大腦左前額部分對于抑郁癥的臨床治療將會是一種有效的方法。
174 10年前，長期汽車租賃在我們Mohilia國家出現(xiàn)，成為對于汽車完全所有權(quán)的一種補充，這種租賃業(yè)務(wù)的受歡迎度也逐漸增加。過去五年的每一年中，租賃新車的人數(shù)都超過了買新車的人數(shù)。Mohilia的汽車平均使用時間為6年；因此，如果新車租賃在今年又超過購買，有可能大多數(shù)駕駛員將會開租來的車而不是私人擁有的車。因此，我們應(yīng)該把業(yè)務(wù)重點從出售車輛轉(zhuǎn)向租賃車輛。
175高中輟學(xué)者的平均年收入要顯著低于高中畢業(yè)生。為解決這一問題，州政府提議本州應(yīng)該為高校輟學(xué)者建立免費的職業(yè)培訓(xùn)項目。但這種項目的實施將可能促使一些本來能夠畢業(yè)的學(xué)生中途退學(xué)以參加職業(yè)培訓(xùn)。因此提議中的項目將會降低而不是提高年輕人的平均收入潛力。因此，本州不應(yīng)該建立職業(yè)培訓(xùn)項目而應(yīng)該集中精力提高高中的教學(xué)項目。
176現(xiàn)在美國超重兒童的比例比以往任何時候都要高。20世紀(jì)70年代以來兒童肥胖癥的發(fā)病率增加，而且在同一時期，生活在郊區(qū)的兒童比例也增加了。鄉(xiāng)村兒童經(jīng)常會有室外工作，市區(qū)兒童經(jīng)常步行去學(xué)校以及其他地方，而郊區(qū)兒童通常坐車去他們要去的地方。因此兒童肥胖癥的增加可能主要是由于美國城市郊區(qū)化以及相應(yīng)的兒童鍛煉機會的減少造成的。
177一組志愿者參加了一項關(guān)于消費者對新的Luxess面霜的反應(yīng)的調(diào)查。在一個月中的每個早晨，他們都用柔和香皂洗臉然后使用Luxess。一個月之后，多數(shù)志愿者報告說他們皮膚的觀感顯著改善。因此，這說明Luxess對于改善面部皮膚狀況確實有效。
178東Sacunda市和西Sacunda市位于地震易發(fā)區(qū)。1985年以來兩個城市都實行了嚴(yán)格的建筑規(guī)范，要求所有新建筑必須具有防止地震損害的具體措施。1985年以前建造的房屋可以不受此規(guī)范限制，但很多業(yè)主都對他們的房屋進(jìn)行了修整以符合1985年的規(guī)范。去年一場大地震襲擊了這個地區(qū)，很多人無家可歸。東Sacunda市無家可歸者的人數(shù)比西Sacunda市高的多，因而我們可以得出結(jié)論，東Sacunda市的房屋業(yè)主較少修整他們的房屋來符合1985年的規(guī)范。
179考古學(xué)家發(fā)掘了一個由史前人類居住了上千年的洞穴。這些人類獵殺野生動物，這些動物的骨頭在與不同居住時期相對應(yīng)的不同地層被發(fā)現(xiàn)。大多數(shù)在超過40000年歷史的久遠(yuǎn)的地層發(fā)現(xiàn)的骨頭是一種鹿的骨頭，這種鹿的后代已知喜歡在林地生活；而在30000到10000年前的地層所發(fā)現(xiàn)的骨頭是一種小羚羊的骨頭，其后代喜歡在草原生活。我們可以因此得出結(jié)論，該地區(qū)的氣候在40000到30000年前曾劇烈地變化，導(dǎo)致這一區(qū)域從林地變成了草原。
180 Longhaul貨運公司注意到其年度事故率（每駕駛一百英里所發(fā)生的事故數(shù)）過高。公司大幅提高了付給駕駛員的報酬，提高了其訓(xùn)練標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。公司還對每名駕駛員每周駕駛的時數(shù)提出了更嚴(yán)格的限定。在隨后的一年里，該公司卡車所卷入的事故數(shù)是實行這些改變之前的一半。對于其他一些貨運公司的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，報酬高的駕駛員是不容易出車禍的駕駛員。因此，想要降低事故率的貨運公司可以簡單地通過提高駕駛員的報酬和限制他們駕駛的總時數(shù)來達(dá)到目的。