2.3. Astronomy & Environmental Science
2.3.1 Sprawl （無序擴(kuò)展）@
V1
第一段：科學(xué)家通過satellite image研究Sprawl。
第二段：描述了一堆有的沒的，climate、hill/mountain、XXX這 三個因素對這個特征有影響，無計(jì)劃地占用山林農(nóng)田建造
第三段，說road，但是木有evidence證明其影響sprawl
第四段：又說了什么因素，但是不影響。
第五段：總結(jié)了一下吧
V2先說關(guān)于什么城市DEVELOPMENT的研究不夠好，現(xiàn)在有新的研究
然后有4段講新的研究
最后一段說老的研究也有某優(yōu)點(diǎn)?
結(jié)構(gòu)很清楚，生詞很多
有一道題問第2段和第3，4段的關(guān)系
題目：
說第二段和第三四段的關(guān)系，我選的是二是講有什么影響了，三是糾正一些以前覺得有影響但實(shí)際上沒有的。
有好幾個題貌似都問到了什么是有影響的，什么不是，不單純是二三四段里的描述，感覺跟細(xì)致些。文章很長一屏多，定位很關(guān)鍵。 By glinia 640
考古
A View Of Urban Sprawl From Outer Space Recent urban development in Los Angeles is less scattered than recent development in Boston. Miami is America's most compact big city and Pittsburgh is most sprawling. Changing the number or size of municipal governments in a metro area has no impact on whether or not urban development is scattered, but controlling access to groundwater does.
【控制地下水has impact on是否城市發(fā)展呈分散化】
These are among the startling findings from a University of Toronto-based team of researchers who used satellite data and aerial photography to create a grid of 8.7 billion data cells tracking the evolution of land use in the continental United States.
Matthew Turner and Diego Puga of the University of Toronto, Marcy Burchfield of the Neptis Foundation, a Toronto-based organization focused on urban and regional research, and Henry Overman of the London School of Economics present their findings in the May issue of The Quarterly Journal of Economics, in a paper entitled Causes of Sprawl: A Portrait(標(biāo)本，模型) from Space. Heavily illustrated with Geographic Information System images, the paper challenges conventional wisdom about urban sprawl and presents a vivid and detailed picture of land consumption in America's cities.
【新研究出現(xiàn)】
Though urban sprawl is widely regarded as an important environmental and social problem, according to the authors, much of the debate over sprawl is based on speculation. The data to conduct detailed and systematic measurement of how and where land is converted to urban use has, until now, simply not been available. Despite widespread interest in the topic, "we know next to nothing (差不多沒有)about the extent to which development is scattered or compact, and how this varies across space," they write. 【新研究的局限：based on speculation】
The authors merged high-altitude photos from 1976 with satellite images from 1992 (the most recent available) to create a grid of 8.7 billion 30-metre by 30-metre cells that tracks land use changes nationwide. "The data set we've constructed is unprecedented(空前的) in that we have coverage of the whole continental United States with a very high degree of accuracy for two time periods. That's never been done before," says Turner.【新研究的優(yōu)勢：覆蓋面廣，精確性accuracy】
The new high-resolution data allow the authors to observe the amount of open space in the neighborhood of every house in every U.S. city. Since development is more scattered when there is more open space around a house, the authors measured urban sprawl by calculating the average amount of open space in the neighborhood of a house in each city.【measure urban sprawl 的具體方法】
They found that more recent residential development is not any more(不再)
scattered than development was in 1976. Forty two per cent of land in the square kilometre surrounding the average residential development in 1976 was open space, compared with 43 per cent in 1992. "While a substantial amount of scattered residential development was built between 1976 and 1992, overall residential development did not become any more biased toward such sprawling areas."【結(jié)論一：scatter現(xiàn)象不再明顯了】
The authors are quick to point out that any one household would have seen much change in the study period, but that "if we zoom out and look at the city from a distance, we see little change, at least in terms of the proportions of sprawling and compact development: the new city is just like an enlarged version of the old city."【結(jié)論二：雖然household 的變化大，但實(shí)際city的sprawling并不明顯?！?BR> Overall, Boston is less scattered than Atlanta, however recent development in Boston has been less compact than recent development in Atlanta. Miami, San Francisco and Los Angeles were the most compact major cities, while Pittsburgh and Atlanta were the most scattered.
2.3.1 Sprawl （無序擴(kuò)展）@
V1
第一段：科學(xué)家通過satellite image研究Sprawl。
第二段：描述了一堆有的沒的，climate、hill/mountain、XXX這 三個因素對這個特征有影響，無計(jì)劃地占用山林農(nóng)田建造
第三段，說road，但是木有evidence證明其影響sprawl
第四段：又說了什么因素，但是不影響。
第五段：總結(jié)了一下吧
V2先說關(guān)于什么城市DEVELOPMENT的研究不夠好，現(xiàn)在有新的研究
然后有4段講新的研究
最后一段說老的研究也有某優(yōu)點(diǎn)?
結(jié)構(gòu)很清楚，生詞很多
有一道題問第2段和第3，4段的關(guān)系
題目：
說第二段和第三四段的關(guān)系，我選的是二是講有什么影響了，三是糾正一些以前覺得有影響但實(shí)際上沒有的。
有好幾個題貌似都問到了什么是有影響的，什么不是，不單純是二三四段里的描述，感覺跟細(xì)致些。文章很長一屏多，定位很關(guān)鍵。 By glinia 640
考古
A View Of Urban Sprawl From Outer Space Recent urban development in Los Angeles is less scattered than recent development in Boston. Miami is America's most compact big city and Pittsburgh is most sprawling. Changing the number or size of municipal governments in a metro area has no impact on whether or not urban development is scattered, but controlling access to groundwater does.
【控制地下水has impact on是否城市發(fā)展呈分散化】
These are among the startling findings from a University of Toronto-based team of researchers who used satellite data and aerial photography to create a grid of 8.7 billion data cells tracking the evolution of land use in the continental United States.
Matthew Turner and Diego Puga of the University of Toronto, Marcy Burchfield of the Neptis Foundation, a Toronto-based organization focused on urban and regional research, and Henry Overman of the London School of Economics present their findings in the May issue of The Quarterly Journal of Economics, in a paper entitled Causes of Sprawl: A Portrait(標(biāo)本，模型) from Space. Heavily illustrated with Geographic Information System images, the paper challenges conventional wisdom about urban sprawl and presents a vivid and detailed picture of land consumption in America's cities.
【新研究出現(xiàn)】
Though urban sprawl is widely regarded as an important environmental and social problem, according to the authors, much of the debate over sprawl is based on speculation. The data to conduct detailed and systematic measurement of how and where land is converted to urban use has, until now, simply not been available. Despite widespread interest in the topic, "we know next to nothing (差不多沒有)about the extent to which development is scattered or compact, and how this varies across space," they write. 【新研究的局限：based on speculation】
The authors merged high-altitude photos from 1976 with satellite images from 1992 (the most recent available) to create a grid of 8.7 billion 30-metre by 30-metre cells that tracks land use changes nationwide. "The data set we've constructed is unprecedented(空前的) in that we have coverage of the whole continental United States with a very high degree of accuracy for two time periods. That's never been done before," says Turner.【新研究的優(yōu)勢：覆蓋面廣，精確性accuracy】
The new high-resolution data allow the authors to observe the amount of open space in the neighborhood of every house in every U.S. city. Since development is more scattered when there is more open space around a house, the authors measured urban sprawl by calculating the average amount of open space in the neighborhood of a house in each city.【measure urban sprawl 的具體方法】
They found that more recent residential development is not any more(不再)
scattered than development was in 1976. Forty two per cent of land in the square kilometre surrounding the average residential development in 1976 was open space, compared with 43 per cent in 1992. "While a substantial amount of scattered residential development was built between 1976 and 1992, overall residential development did not become any more biased toward such sprawling areas."【結(jié)論一：scatter現(xiàn)象不再明顯了】
The authors are quick to point out that any one household would have seen much change in the study period, but that "if we zoom out and look at the city from a distance, we see little change, at least in terms of the proportions of sprawling and compact development: the new city is just like an enlarged version of the old city."【結(jié)論二：雖然household 的變化大，但實(shí)際city的sprawling并不明顯?！?BR> Overall, Boston is less scattered than Atlanta, however recent development in Boston has been less compact than recent development in Atlanta. Miami, San Francisco and Los Angeles were the most compact major cities, while Pittsburgh and Atlanta were the most scattered.