2011年8月GMAT作文機經(jīng)AA(至8.26)
1. 本月機經(jīng)6次
V1. B島國5年前舉辦了一場足球賽，隨后旅游的人數(shù)增加，現(xiàn)在某人建議要再辦一個國際體育盛會，預(yù)計能帶來游客數(shù)量上升和經(jīng)濟增長。
V2.一個島國B 5年前開了一個足球比賽，近三年內(nèi)游客人數(shù)漲了25%。所以說為了促進更多的游客來，我們B應(yīng)該舉行更多的比賽。才能帶了更多的游客數(shù)量和利潤。
原題：The country of Bonaria held a major soccer event five years ago. Therefore, if the country continues to hold major sport events, tourism will increase rapidly in the country and thus bring benefits to the country’s economy.
某個國家5年前辦了場運動會，然后發(fā)現(xiàn)近三年旅游人數(shù)增多鳥，經(jīng)濟都增長了。所以有人提出為了促進經(jīng)濟增長，要再辦個國際賽事。
考古：
[v1]一個B城市:5年前hold an succor competition. 發(fā)現(xiàn)相比在這個competition 3年前，在這個competition舉辦后的3年的number of tourists increased 25%。所有呢，這個B城市打算再舉辦類似的sport event 來吸引游客。這個城市B相信，這個sport event會增加游客人數(shù)，同時benefit the country economy.
[v2] AA:5年前辦了一個足球比賽，后來旅游發(fā)展很好，所以我們應(yīng)該引進更多的國際體育賽事到B市，就可以吸引游客，帶動經(jīng)濟發(fā)展
[v3] B國家五年前hosted a international soccer competition 游客增加 所以市長未來想要再辦類似的比賽以增加觀光收入和國家收益
提供觀點：
1、錯誤的由時間先后推出因果關(guān)系
2、過去的成功不能保證將來，存在他因
2. 本月機經(jīng)3次
一個經(jīng)理在會議說，他們公司的一家廠的drill bits一美元的成本能生產(chǎn)10個他們公司的其他的廠只能生產(chǎn)7個。所以為了減少成本，他們應(yīng)該將所有的drill bits 的生產(chǎn)放到 那家廠，從而實現(xiàn)longterm goal。
原題： The following appeared in a presentation by the chief production manager of a machine parts manufacturing company at a management meeting:
“Our factory in Cookville is our most advanced and efficient. It is capable of producing ten drill bits for each dollar of production costs, whereas none of our other factories can produce more than seven drill bits per dollar of production costs. Therefore, we can reduce our overall drill bit production costs by devoting the Cookville factory entirely to drill bit production. Since reducing the production costs of individual machine parts is the only way to achieve our larger goal of reducing our overall production costs, dedicating the Cookville factory entirely to drill bit production and shifting all other machine part production to our other factories will help us to attain that larger goal.”
提供思路：
這個argument 的思路繞來繞去就是有three mojor flaws: reduce costs by devoting entirely drill bit production to C; the only way to reduce costs is to reduce production costs; shifting the production of the other parts to other factories is the appropriate way to go
針對這三個 direct or indirect conlusions 寫就行了
1: although C produce more bits per dollar, the reason may be that C has high- skilled workers, total new and high- quality machines, or less amounts of orders(訂單) thus entirely shifting is fallacious, the results may be that the workers may be too tired and have too much burden, the machines would be worn out, and all this could contribute to the lowering of the productivity
2: the management assumes without further more evidence that reucing the productions costs is the only way to enhance cost -effective production process: 可以train workers , 引進new technologies, 定期維修老舊設(shè)備，提高management strategy...
3: 就是轉(zhuǎn)移制造這一部分：也許轉(zhuǎn)移制造之后 cargo and transporting fees would roar因為sporadically 分布的 工廠可以及時供貨，集中在一個地方不利于 供貨， 而且shifting 牽扯到 搬家的費用：那些cumbersome machine怎么轉(zhuǎn)移啊,人員怎么遷移啊。。。這些都是huge expense, may not weighover the elevation of the productivity
3.本月機經(jīng)5次
V1. 一個公司要在Park Hill district投資三家businesses，寂靜上有。
V2.因為過去兩年park hill district的三家店，一個*/戲院，一個pizza店，一個golf club收入增長，建議投資公司投在irongate district的三家店，也是*，pizza和golf。另外，建議建立一個機制，在其中兩家店消費的顧客在第三家店可以享受折扣，這樣可以提升利潤和投資匯報
考古
AA：在P district有三家店(theater, pizza, golf club)在過去的兩年business都increase了，所以I district也想開這三家店，并且I district決定：如果有去其中兩家店的顧客，那么去第三家店可以打折，這樣 I district 覺得肯定可以contribute to profit and maximize revenue.
V2:一家capital investment company的recommendation：在Park Hill District 開的三家店XX theater，XX playhouse(貌似，反正不重要)和XX Golf Club，兩年前盈利increase了，所以作者建議在另一個district也投資新開三家經(jīng)營范圍類似(但品牌不同)的店;另外，采用a program：上前兩家消費的顧客在第三家永久享受折扣——那么這三家店每一家都能盈利并且投資公司能賺到錢。
提供觀點：
2、 過去的營業(yè)額增長不代表在另一個district開三家店生意能夠好，區(qū)域之間可能存在差異，錯誤的類比
3、 推理不充分，這種折扣政策能保證三家店的每一家都盈利么?會不會某一家店承擔(dān)了過多的折扣?
某地開了高爾夫、披薩店、還有劇院，表現(xiàn)不俗，于是某投資公司決定在B地也開。
原題 125：The following appeared as part of the business plan of the Capital Idea investment firm.
“Across town in the Park Hill district, the Thespian Theater, Pizzazz Pizza, and the Niblick Golf Club have all had business increases within the past two years. Capital Idea should therefore invest in the Roxy Playhouse, the Slice-o’-Pizza, and the Divot Golf Club, three new businesses in the Irongate district. As a condition, we should require them to participate in a special program: Any customer who patronizes two of the businesses will receive a substantial discount at the third. By motivating customers to patronize all three, we will thus contribute to the profitability of each and maximize our return.”
Capital Idea投資公司的商業(yè)計劃：
在ParkHill區(qū)的Thespian劇院，Pizzazz比薩，Niblick高爾夫俱樂部在過去2年都有業(yè)務(wù)增長。因此Capital Idea應(yīng)該投資Poxy劇場，Slic-o比薩和Divot高爾夫俱樂部這3家新的Irongate區(qū)的企業(yè)。為使他們達到條件，我們應(yīng)該要求他們參加特殊的項目：任何顧客在其中兩家消費將在第三家得到折扣。通過刺激顧客在所有3家店消費，我們將增進每一家的利潤，從而使我們的回報大化。
觀點
The author commits a fallcy of false analogy.
Therefore the proposal of investment in the Irongate district is groundless. No investment should be made until other factors have been considered and the benefit-cost analysis has been made.
The programme suggested by the author is reckless or even ridiculous. The possible result can be the opposite of the author’s imagination because the consumers have interest of only one or two of the three stores.
The business increases occured in the past two years. No one can guarantee the future profit.
The three new companies are not necessarily analogous to those profitable ones.
The condition that is required is absurd. There is no causal relatioship between the condition and the collective profit.
4. 本月機經(jīng)2次
原題The following appeared as part of an article in a magazine devoted to regional life.
“Corporations should look to the city of Helios when seeking new business opportunities or a new location. Even in the recent recession, Helios’s unemployment rate was lower than the regional average. It is the industrial center of the region, and historically it has provided more than its share of the region’s manufacturing jobs. In addition, Helios is attempting to expand its economic base by attracting companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies.”
Discuss how well reasoned... etc.
一份面向地方生活的雜志上的一篇文章：
企業(yè)在尋找新的商機或位置時應(yīng)該去Helios城。甚至在近的衰退中，Helios的失業(yè)率也比地區(qū)平均水平低，它是地區(qū)的工業(yè)中心，歷它提供的比它在地區(qū)制造業(yè)工作中分享的份額中更多。而且，Helios正試圖通過吸引研究和發(fā)展革新技術(shù)的公司來擴張它的經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)。
提供觀點：
1. 作者認為應(yīng)該到該地區(qū)建廠理由是這里的失業(yè)率很高。但是卻沒有給出因果關(guān)系。從常理來看這是沒有道理的因為失業(yè)率高的地方可能更難雇傭到雇員從而使成本增加。
2. 作者認為該地區(qū)會鼓勵研發(fā)，所以應(yīng)該到該地區(qū)投資。但事實上就象作者說的那樣該地區(qū)是制造業(yè)中心怎么可能有很多對技術(shù)和科研很熟練的人員。
1， 因為H地區(qū)industrial and manufacturing比較attractive，所以那里的工人很可能只適合做這類的，如果缺乏能夠做innovative technologies and research的工人labor pool，那么很可能導(dǎo)致失敗。
2， H的低失業(yè)率更可能成為壞處。因為比如有l(wèi)ess available work force。企業(yè)必須提高wage才能吸引他們。提高了COST。
3， 錯誤的假設(shè)過去的成功能夠代表未來。比方說已經(jīng)飽和的資源、過分的競爭、以及可能出現(xiàn)的錯誤政策，都可能導(dǎo)致H地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟不再發(fā)達。
In this argument corporations are urged to consider the city of Helios when seeking a new location or new business opportunities. To support this recommendation, the author points out that Helios is the industrial center of the region, providing most of the region’s manufacturing jobs and enjoying a lower-than-average unemployment rate. Moreover, it is argued, efforts are currently underway to expand the economic base of the city by attracting companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies. This argument is problematic for two reasons.
To begin with, it is questionable whether the available labor pool in Helios could support all types of corporations. Given that Helios has attracted mainly industrial and manufacturing companies in the past, it is unlikely that the local pool of prospective employees would be suitable for corporations of other types. For example, the needs of research and development companies would not be met by a labor force trained in manufacturing skills. For this reason, it’s unlikely that Helios will be successful in its attempt to attract companies that focus or research and development of innovative technologies.
Another problem with the available work force is its size. Due to the lower than average unemployment rate in Helios, corporations that require large numbers of workers would not find Helios attractive. The fact that few persons are out of work suggests that new corporations will have to either attract new workers to Helios or pay the existing workers higher wages in order to lure them away from their current jobs. Neither of these alternatives seems enticing to companies seeking to relocate.
In conclusion, the author has not succeeded in providing compelling reasons for selecting Helios as the site for a company wishing to relocate. In fact, the reasons offered function better as reasons for not relocating to Helios. Nor has the author provided compelling reasons for companies seeking new business opportunities to choose Helios.
5. 本月機經(jīng)6次
有200個Waymarsh的students參加了一個protest，而the other 12,000 stayed in campus，說所以有人認為那12,000個更好地代表了全state的學(xué)生，所以不用響應(yīng)他們的protest.
原題：去年冬天有200個州立大學(xué)的學(xué)生去州政府*政府消減這個大學(xué)的各種項目費用，但由于其他的12000名大學(xué)似乎這個問題不感興趣，他們或者呆在校園，或者休假。由于200人相對于12000來說，不具有代表性，所以州政府可以不用理睬學(xué)生的*。
The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper:
“This past winter, 200 students from Waymarsh State College traveled to the state capitol building to protest against proposed cuts in funding for various state college programs. The other 12,000 Waymarsh students evidently weren’t so concerned about their education: they either stayed on campus or left for winter break. Since the group who did not protest is far more numerous, it is more representative of the state’s college students than are the protesters. Therefore the state legislature need not heed the appeals of the protesting students.”
提供觀點：
1. 代表學(xué)生的形成方式不知道。如果是隨機產(chǎn)生的，那么去反對的學(xué)生完全可以代表學(xué)生總體。
2. 沒去的學(xué)生不一定不關(guān)心。他們可能有更重要的事情要忙。例如要趕回家過圣誕節(jié)。有已經(jīng)訂好的寒假計劃等等。
3. 此外，沒去的學(xué)生之所以沒有去很可能是因為他們覺得那些代表足可以代表他們表達心聲。
范文：
First, the author assumes that because only one-tenth of the students took part in the protest, these students’ views are unrepresentative of the entire student body. This assumption is unwarranted. If it turns out, for example, that the protesting students were randomly selected from the entire student body, their views would reflect the views of the entire college. Without information regarding the way in which the protesting students were selected, it is presumptuous to conclude that their opinions fail to reflect the opinions of their colleagues.
Second, the author cites the fact that the remaining 12,000 students stayed on campus or left for winter break as evidence that they are not concerned about their education. One obvious rejoinder to this line of reasoning is that the students who did not participate did so with the knowledge that their concerns would be expressed by the protesting students. In any case, the author has failed to demonstrate a logical connection between the students’ alleged lack of concern and the fact that they either stayed on campus or left for winter break. Without this connection, the conclusion reached by the author that the remaining 12,000 students are not concerned about their education is unacceptable.
6. 本月機經(jīng)3次
一個S國有trade deficit，說好的解決方法是降低它的出口物糖的價格，因為糖是它的國家的主要出口物。說糖的降價能提高其在國際市場的競爭力，同時也能增加糖的sale，從而減少貿(mào)易逆差。
原題：The following appeared as part of an article in a weekly newsmagazine:
“The country of Sacchar can best solve its current trade deficit problem by lowering the price of sugar, its primary export. Such an action would make Sacchar better able to compete for markets with other sugar-exporting countries. The sale of Sacchar’s sugar abroad would increase, and this increase would substantially reduce Sacchar’s trade deficit.”
提供觀點：
1、比起價格下降而帶來的損失產(chǎn)量提高的影響是不是更大不是定數(shù)Increasing sales by lowering the price of sugar will not yeild an increase in income unless the increase in sales is sufficient to overcome the loss in income due to the lower price. in the absence of ...
2、可能性價比本來就很有競爭力了不需要降價，也可能價格已經(jīng)很低了沒有降低的空間了
3、降低進口可能是一個更好的辦法A trade-deficit occurs when a country spends more on imports than it earns from exports. However, the author provides no evidence that substantiates this assumption. It is possible that revenues from imports will increase dramatically in the near future; if so, the course of action proposed by the author might be unnecessary to solve Sacchar’s trade deficit proplem. To the extent that this is the case...
北美范文
The author of this article argues that the country of Sacchar can best solve its current trade deficit problem by lowering the price of its main export, sugar. The line of reasoning is that this action would make Sacchar more competitive with other sugar-exporting countries, thereby increasing sales of Sacchar’s sugar abroad and, in turn, substantially reducing the trade-deficit. This line of reasoning is unconvincing for a couple of reasons.
In the first place, this argument is based on an oversimplified analysis of the trade deficit problem Sacchar currently faces. A trade-deficit occurs when a country spends more on imports than it earns from exports. The author’s argument relies on the assumption that earnings from imports will remain constant. However, the author provides no evidence that substantiates this assumption. It is possible that revenues from imports will increase dramatically in the near future; if so, the course of action proposed by the author might be unnecessary to solve Sacchar’s trade deficit problem. Conversely, it is possible that revenues from imports are likely to decrease dramatically in the near future. To the extent that this is the case, lowering sugar prices may have a negligible countervailing effect, depending on the demand for Sacchar’s sugar.
In the second place, increasing sales by lowering the price of sugar will not yield an increase in income unless the increase in sales is sufficient to overcome the loss in income due to the lower price. This raises three questions the author fails to address. First, will a price decrease in fact stimulate demand? Second, is demand sufficient to meet the increase in supply? Third, can Sacchar increase the sugar production sufficiently to overcome the deficit? In the absence of answers to these questions, we cannot assess the author’s proposal.
In conclusion, the author provides an incomplete analysis of the problem and, as a result, provides a questionable solution. To better evaluate the proposal, we would need to know how revenues from imports are likely to change in the future. To strengthen the argument, the author must provide evidence that demand is sufficient to meet the proposed increase in supply, and that Sacchar has sufficient resources to accommodate the increase.
7. 本月機經(jīng)3次
一家音像店用新廣告宣傳方式后利潤大幅增加，所以賣衣服那家也要把報紙廣告換成radio advertising
原題：
The following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of Carlo’s Clothing to the staff:
“Since Disc Depot, the music store on the next block, began a new radio advertising campaign last year, its business has grown dramatically, as evidenced by the large increase in foot traffic into the store. While the Disc Depot’s owners have apparently become wealthy enough to retire, profits at Carlo’s Clothing have remained stagnant for the past three years. In order to boost our sales and profits, we should therefore switch from newspaper advertising to frequent radio advertisements like those for Disc Depot.”(124)
思路參考：
1. 錯誤類比。Depot Disc是music/entertainment industry而Carol’s Clothing是fashion，之類的。
2. 錯誤結(jié)論。increase of foot traffic可以說是有更多的顧客來或者是顧客在店里呆了更長時間，但是不一定是profit增加了。
3. Clothing store的profit少也許有別的原因，而不是marketing不夠。
目前沒有參考范文
8. 原題 The following appeared in a letter from a part-owner of a small retail clothing chain to her business partner:
“Commercial real estate prices have been rising steadily in the Sandida Heights neighborhood for several years, while the prices in the adjacent neighborhood of Palm Grove have remained the same. It seems obvious, then, that a retail space in Sandida Heights must now be much more expensive than a similar space in Palm Grove, which was not the case several years ago. So, it appears that retail spaces in Sandida Heights are now overpriced relative to those in Palm Grove. Therefore, it would be in our financial interest to purchase a retail space in Palm Grove rather than in Sandida Heights.”
考古
AA：S和P兩個地方，有人說去P買retail space比較劃算，因為S近地產(chǎn)一直在漲，P的保持不變，所以S的房價肯定是overestimated的，買P劃算。
這個頭腦風(fēng)暴吧，很多可以攻擊的
1. S低價漲可能只是廣告炒作，真正買的時候可能會有折扣之類的
2. S的價格漲可能是更好的投資，證明當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟不錯
3.P的價格不變可能本來就很高了，所以賣不動也就漲不了價值類的
9. 本月機經(jīng)2次
S鎮(zhèn)公立學(xué)校S 什么high school開了200門選修課，街尾一個私立學(xué)校只開了80門，結(jié)果人家上大學(xué)率比公立的高。S校就說要效仿人家，減少選修課量，以讓學(xué)生focus，也可以減少tax dollar。
No.99 or 101 The following appeared in an editorial from a newspaper serving the town of Saluda.
“The Saluda Consolidated High School offers over 200 different courses from which its students can choose. A much smaller private school down the street offers a basic curriculum of only 80 different courses, but it consistently sends a higher proportion of its graduating seniors on to college than Consolidated does. By eliminating at least half of the courses offered there and focusing on a basic curriculum, we could improve student performance at Consolidated and also save many tax dollars.”
10. 一個公司在其員工中做了民意調(diào)查，關(guān)于公司需要改進的地方。結(jié)果是員工覺得communication between employees and managers 重要。所以公司特別為此開辦了由高官主持的communication session，員工自愿參加. 所以，作者認為開辦了這么一個班可以很好的改善這個情況。
題庫原題：No.64 The following appeared in a memorandum from the director of human resources to the executive officers of
Company X:
“Last year, we surveyed our employees on improvements needed at Company X by having them rank, in order of importance, the issues presented in a list of possible improvements. Improved communications between employees and management was consistently ranked as the issue of highest importance by the employees who responded to the survey. As you know, we have since instituted regular communications sessions conducted by high-level management, which the employees can attend on a voluntary basis. Therefore, it is likely that most employees at Company X now feel that the improvement most needed at the company has been made.”
人力資源經(jīng)理給X公司的經(jīng)營主管的備忘錄：
去年，我們向員工調(diào)查他們認為X公司應(yīng)該進行的改進，讓他們把改進按重要性排列。結(jié)果列印為一張可能的改進的表格。根據(jù)調(diào)查中員工的反應(yīng)，“加強員工和管理層的溝通”具重要性，穩(wěn)居調(diào)查表之首。如你所知，那以后我們建立了由高層管理人員組織，雇員可以自愿參加的常規(guī)交流會。因此，看來X的多數(shù)員工認為應(yīng)該進行的改進已經(jīng)完成了。
提供觀點：
1. The result of a last year’s survey does not necessarily represent the improvement most needed of this year.
2. How was the survey held has not been illustrated by the author, thus making the conclusion groundless.
3. Whether the implement of the mentioned resolution is right or wrong is still unkonwn, it is still too early to say the improvement has been made.
范文:(下文思路單一，兩段都是談?wù){(diào)查方法的問題，還可以談后半部分，“采取了措施就一定能達到目的嗎?”)
The Director of Human Resources concludes that most employees at Company X feel that the improvement most needed at the company has been satisfactorily addressed. Two reasons are offered in support of this conclusion. First, a survey of employees showed that the issue respondents were most concerned about was employee-management communication. Second, the company has since instituted regular voluntary sessions for employees and management designed to improve communication. The director’s argument is questionable for two reasons.
To begin with, the validity of the survey is doubtful. Lacking information about the number of employees surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to assess the validity of the results. For example, if 200 employees were surveyed but only two responded, the conclusion that most of the employees ranked employee-management communication as the most pressing issue would be highly suspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out interpretations such as this, the survey results are insufficient to support the author’s conclusion.
Furthermore, even if the survey accurately ranks certain issues according to level of employee concern, the highest-ranked issue in the survey might not be the issue about which employees are most concerned. Why? The improvement most needed from the point of view of the employees might not have appeared as one of the choices on the survey. For example, if the list of improvements presented on the survey was created by management rather than by the employees, then the issues of greatest concern to the employees might not be included on the list. Lacking information about how the survey was prepared, it is impossible to assess its reliability. Consequently, any conclusion based on it is highly questionable.
In conclusion, the director’s conclusion is not well-founded. To strengthen the argument, additional information regarding the way in which the employee survey was prepared and conducted is required.
11. The Easy Credit Company would比對手更有競爭力吧by donate money to the environmental organizations in using the symbol of logo. From a recent poll, people are concerning about the environmental issues. Therefore, the company will attract more customers and increase the interest rates…
題庫原題：34. The following appeared as part of a plan proposed by an executive of the Easy Credit Company to the president.
“The Easy Credit Company would gain an advantage over competing credit card services if we were to donate a portion of the proceeds from the use of our cards to a well-known environmental organization in exchange for the use of its symbol or logo on our card. Since a recent poll shows that a large percentage of the public is concerned about environmental issues, this policy would attract new customers, increase use among existing customers, and enable us to charge interest rates that are higher than the lowest ones available.”
范文：
In this argument the author concludes that the Easy Credit Company would gain several advantages over its competitors by donating a portion of its profits to a well-known environmental organization in exchange for the use of the organization’s logo on their credit card. The author reaches this conclusion on the basis of a recent poll that shows widespread public concern about environmental issues. Among the advantages of this policy, the author foresees an increase in credit card use by existing customers, the ability to charge higher interest rates, and the ability to attract new customers. While the author’s argument has some merit, it suffers from two critical problems.
To begin with, the author assumes that the environmental organization whose logo is sought is concerned with the same environmental issues about which the poll shows widespread concern. However, the author provides no evidence that this is the case. It is possible that very few credit-card users are concerned about the issues that are the organization’s areas of concern; if so, then it is unlikely that the organization’s logo would attract much business for the Easy Credit Company.
Next, the author assumes that the public’s concern about environmental issues will result in its taking steps to do something about the problem—in this case, to use the Easy Credit Company credit card. This assumption is unsupported and runs contrary to experience. Also, it is more reasonable to assume that people who are concerned about a particular cause will choose a more direct means of expressing their concern.
In conclusion, the author’s argument is unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen the argument, the author must show a positive link between the environmental issues about which the public has expressed concern and the issues with which this particular environmental organization is concerned. In addition, the author must provide evidence to support the assumption that concern about a problem will cause people to do something about the problem.
12. 本月機經(jīng)2次
Montoya 在位期間人口降低，失業(yè)率升高， varro在位反之，所以該怎么怎么樣。
題庫原題11：The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.
“In the first four years that Montoya has served as mayor of the city of San Perdito, the population has decreased and the unemployment rate has increased. Two businesses have closed for each new business that has opened. Under Varro, who served as mayor for four years before Montoya, the unemployment rate decreased and the population increased. Clearly, the residents of San Perdito would be best served if they voted Montoya out of office and reelected Varro.”
地方性報紙的編者按：
在Montoya當(dāng)San Perdito市長的頭4年里，人口下降而失業(yè)率上升。每當(dāng)一個新企業(yè)開業(yè)，就有兩個舊的關(guān)門。而在Montoya之前Uarro當(dāng)市長的4年里，失業(yè)率下降人口增長。很明顯，San Perdito的居民重新選舉Varro而非Montoya會得到更好的服務(wù)。
提供觀點：
1. It is fallacious reasoning unless other possible casual explanations have been considered and ruled out. recession depression downturn低迷時期 is part of a picture of ... mayor
2. set the stage for Yet another possibility is that Varro enjoyed a period of economic stability and Varro’s own administration set the stage for the unemployment and the decline in population .
3. availability emotionally intentionally specific specifically anger angry citizen thereby bypass
4. cast one’s vote for sb. eliminate abolish casual emotional appeal
1， 缺乏standard ratio of the closed business to new business in the whole country, 不能說兩個倒閉一個開就是壞事，很可能淘汰eliminate through selection or contest了out of date的企業(yè)，建立了更多具有competitive advantages 的企業(yè)。也是好事。
2， 未排除他因造成了不同。很可能是因為在P在任期間，全國的經(jīng)濟不景氣，造成了事業(yè)更增加。而不是兩個市長的不同。假定過去和現(xiàn)在一樣，也是個錯誤!recession depression downturn低迷時期
北美范文：
The recommendation endorsed in this argument is that residents of San Perdito vote current mayor Montoya out of office, and re-elect former mayor Varro. The reasons cited are that during Montoya’s four years in office the population has decreased while unemployment has increased, whereas during Varro’s term unemployment declined while the population grew. This argument involves the sort of gross oversimplification and emotional appeal typical of political rhetoric; for this reason it is unconvincing.
First of all, the author assumes that the Montoya administration caused the unemployment in San Perdito as well as its population loss. The line of reasoning is that because Montoya was elected before the rise in unemployment and the decline in population, the former event caused the latter. But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps a statewide or nationwide recession is the cause of these events. Or perhaps the current economic downturn is part of a larger picture of economic cycles and trends, and has nothing to do with who happens to be mayor. Yet another possibility is that Varro enjoyed a period of economic stability and Varro’s own administration set the stage for the unemployment and the decline in population the city is now experiencing under Montoya.
Secondly, job availability and the economic health of one’s community are issues that affect people emotionally. The argument at hand might have been intentionally oversimplified for the specific purpose of angering citizens of San Perdito, and thereby turning them against the incumbent mayor. Arguments that bypass relevant, complex reasoning in favor of stirring up emotions do nothing to establish their conclusions; they are also unfair to the parties involved.
In conclusion, I would not cast my vote for Varro on the basis of this weak argument. The author must provide support for the assumption that Mayor Montoya has caused San Perdito’s poor economy. Moreover, such support would have to involve examining and eliminating other possible causal factors. Only with more convincing evidence could this argument become more than just an emotional appeal.
13. 本月機經(jīng)3次
V1某家公司sales增加，但是profit沒有增加，于是想辦法。一個辦法是reduce costs,具體是在不影響顧客滿意度的前提下，lay off 10 employees at each store and eliminate free samples什么的。第二個辦法是與一個cafe合作，在store里開這個cafe，因為有survey顯示喝咖啡的人與傾向于在store shopping的人是similar的
V2一家G grocer主要賣expensive luxuries，銷售增長很快，但利潤下降了。公司打算每個店裁掉lay off一部分人，eliminate displays and samples。同時，公司打算讓一家Cabaret的coffee shop在商場內(nèi)開店，因為公司發(fā)現(xiàn)咖啡店的顧客與商場的顧客相似。
V3.有一個grocer store，顧客都是富人，在不減少顧客購物體驗的條件下，store plans to reduce costs by laying off 10 employees at each stores and eliminating expensive products display and free samples。又提到要和一個coffee cafe合作，因為coffee cafe的顧客群和grocer store的是同一類人，因此合作很有可能會增加去store的顧客，從而增加sales。因此這個plan終會增加sales和profits.
1. 本月機經(jīng)6次
V1. B島國5年前舉辦了一場足球賽，隨后旅游的人數(shù)增加，現(xiàn)在某人建議要再辦一個國際體育盛會，預(yù)計能帶來游客數(shù)量上升和經(jīng)濟增長。
V2.一個島國B 5年前開了一個足球比賽，近三年內(nèi)游客人數(shù)漲了25%。所以說為了促進更多的游客來，我們B應(yīng)該舉行更多的比賽。才能帶了更多的游客數(shù)量和利潤。
原題：The country of Bonaria held a major soccer event five years ago. Therefore, if the country continues to hold major sport events, tourism will increase rapidly in the country and thus bring benefits to the country’s economy.
某個國家5年前辦了場運動會，然后發(fā)現(xiàn)近三年旅游人數(shù)增多鳥，經(jīng)濟都增長了。所以有人提出為了促進經(jīng)濟增長，要再辦個國際賽事。
考古：
[v1]一個B城市:5年前hold an succor competition. 發(fā)現(xiàn)相比在這個competition 3年前，在這個competition舉辦后的3年的number of tourists increased 25%。所有呢，這個B城市打算再舉辦類似的sport event 來吸引游客。這個城市B相信，這個sport event會增加游客人數(shù)，同時benefit the country economy.
[v2] AA:5年前辦了一個足球比賽，后來旅游發(fā)展很好，所以我們應(yīng)該引進更多的國際體育賽事到B市，就可以吸引游客，帶動經(jīng)濟發(fā)展
[v3] B國家五年前hosted a international soccer competition 游客增加 所以市長未來想要再辦類似的比賽以增加觀光收入和國家收益
提供觀點：
1、錯誤的由時間先后推出因果關(guān)系
2、過去的成功不能保證將來，存在他因
2. 本月機經(jīng)3次
一個經(jīng)理在會議說，他們公司的一家廠的drill bits一美元的成本能生產(chǎn)10個他們公司的其他的廠只能生產(chǎn)7個。所以為了減少成本，他們應(yīng)該將所有的drill bits 的生產(chǎn)放到 那家廠，從而實現(xiàn)longterm goal。
原題： The following appeared in a presentation by the chief production manager of a machine parts manufacturing company at a management meeting:
“Our factory in Cookville is our most advanced and efficient. It is capable of producing ten drill bits for each dollar of production costs, whereas none of our other factories can produce more than seven drill bits per dollar of production costs. Therefore, we can reduce our overall drill bit production costs by devoting the Cookville factory entirely to drill bit production. Since reducing the production costs of individual machine parts is the only way to achieve our larger goal of reducing our overall production costs, dedicating the Cookville factory entirely to drill bit production and shifting all other machine part production to our other factories will help us to attain that larger goal.”
提供思路：
這個argument 的思路繞來繞去就是有three mojor flaws: reduce costs by devoting entirely drill bit production to C; the only way to reduce costs is to reduce production costs; shifting the production of the other parts to other factories is the appropriate way to go
針對這三個 direct or indirect conlusions 寫就行了
1: although C produce more bits per dollar, the reason may be that C has high- skilled workers, total new and high- quality machines, or less amounts of orders(訂單) thus entirely shifting is fallacious, the results may be that the workers may be too tired and have too much burden, the machines would be worn out, and all this could contribute to the lowering of the productivity
2: the management assumes without further more evidence that reucing the productions costs is the only way to enhance cost -effective production process: 可以train workers , 引進new technologies, 定期維修老舊設(shè)備，提高management strategy...
3: 就是轉(zhuǎn)移制造這一部分：也許轉(zhuǎn)移制造之后 cargo and transporting fees would roar因為sporadically 分布的 工廠可以及時供貨，集中在一個地方不利于 供貨， 而且shifting 牽扯到 搬家的費用：那些cumbersome machine怎么轉(zhuǎn)移啊,人員怎么遷移啊。。。這些都是huge expense, may not weighover the elevation of the productivity
3.本月機經(jīng)5次
V1. 一個公司要在Park Hill district投資三家businesses，寂靜上有。
V2.因為過去兩年park hill district的三家店，一個*/戲院，一個pizza店，一個golf club收入增長，建議投資公司投在irongate district的三家店，也是*，pizza和golf。另外，建議建立一個機制，在其中兩家店消費的顧客在第三家店可以享受折扣，這樣可以提升利潤和投資匯報
考古
AA：在P district有三家店(theater, pizza, golf club)在過去的兩年business都increase了，所以I district也想開這三家店，并且I district決定：如果有去其中兩家店的顧客，那么去第三家店可以打折，這樣 I district 覺得肯定可以contribute to profit and maximize revenue.
V2:一家capital investment company的recommendation：在Park Hill District 開的三家店XX theater，XX playhouse(貌似，反正不重要)和XX Golf Club，兩年前盈利increase了，所以作者建議在另一個district也投資新開三家經(jīng)營范圍類似(但品牌不同)的店;另外，采用a program：上前兩家消費的顧客在第三家永久享受折扣——那么這三家店每一家都能盈利并且投資公司能賺到錢。
提供觀點：
2、 過去的營業(yè)額增長不代表在另一個district開三家店生意能夠好，區(qū)域之間可能存在差異，錯誤的類比
3、 推理不充分，這種折扣政策能保證三家店的每一家都盈利么?會不會某一家店承擔(dān)了過多的折扣?
某地開了高爾夫、披薩店、還有劇院，表現(xiàn)不俗，于是某投資公司決定在B地也開。
原題 125：The following appeared as part of the business plan of the Capital Idea investment firm.
“Across town in the Park Hill district, the Thespian Theater, Pizzazz Pizza, and the Niblick Golf Club have all had business increases within the past two years. Capital Idea should therefore invest in the Roxy Playhouse, the Slice-o’-Pizza, and the Divot Golf Club, three new businesses in the Irongate district. As a condition, we should require them to participate in a special program: Any customer who patronizes two of the businesses will receive a substantial discount at the third. By motivating customers to patronize all three, we will thus contribute to the profitability of each and maximize our return.”
Capital Idea投資公司的商業(yè)計劃：
在ParkHill區(qū)的Thespian劇院，Pizzazz比薩，Niblick高爾夫俱樂部在過去2年都有業(yè)務(wù)增長。因此Capital Idea應(yīng)該投資Poxy劇場，Slic-o比薩和Divot高爾夫俱樂部這3家新的Irongate區(qū)的企業(yè)。為使他們達到條件，我們應(yīng)該要求他們參加特殊的項目：任何顧客在其中兩家消費將在第三家得到折扣。通過刺激顧客在所有3家店消費，我們將增進每一家的利潤，從而使我們的回報大化。
觀點
The author commits a fallcy of false analogy.
Therefore the proposal of investment in the Irongate district is groundless. No investment should be made until other factors have been considered and the benefit-cost analysis has been made.
The programme suggested by the author is reckless or even ridiculous. The possible result can be the opposite of the author’s imagination because the consumers have interest of only one or two of the three stores.
The business increases occured in the past two years. No one can guarantee the future profit.
The three new companies are not necessarily analogous to those profitable ones.
The condition that is required is absurd. There is no causal relatioship between the condition and the collective profit.
4. 本月機經(jīng)2次
原題The following appeared as part of an article in a magazine devoted to regional life.
“Corporations should look to the city of Helios when seeking new business opportunities or a new location. Even in the recent recession, Helios’s unemployment rate was lower than the regional average. It is the industrial center of the region, and historically it has provided more than its share of the region’s manufacturing jobs. In addition, Helios is attempting to expand its economic base by attracting companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies.”
Discuss how well reasoned... etc.
一份面向地方生活的雜志上的一篇文章：
企業(yè)在尋找新的商機或位置時應(yīng)該去Helios城。甚至在近的衰退中，Helios的失業(yè)率也比地區(qū)平均水平低，它是地區(qū)的工業(yè)中心，歷它提供的比它在地區(qū)制造業(yè)工作中分享的份額中更多。而且，Helios正試圖通過吸引研究和發(fā)展革新技術(shù)的公司來擴張它的經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)。
提供觀點：
1. 作者認為應(yīng)該到該地區(qū)建廠理由是這里的失業(yè)率很高。但是卻沒有給出因果關(guān)系。從常理來看這是沒有道理的因為失業(yè)率高的地方可能更難雇傭到雇員從而使成本增加。
2. 作者認為該地區(qū)會鼓勵研發(fā)，所以應(yīng)該到該地區(qū)投資。但事實上就象作者說的那樣該地區(qū)是制造業(yè)中心怎么可能有很多對技術(shù)和科研很熟練的人員。
1， 因為H地區(qū)industrial and manufacturing比較attractive，所以那里的工人很可能只適合做這類的，如果缺乏能夠做innovative technologies and research的工人labor pool，那么很可能導(dǎo)致失敗。
2， H的低失業(yè)率更可能成為壞處。因為比如有l(wèi)ess available work force。企業(yè)必須提高wage才能吸引他們。提高了COST。
3， 錯誤的假設(shè)過去的成功能夠代表未來。比方說已經(jīng)飽和的資源、過分的競爭、以及可能出現(xiàn)的錯誤政策，都可能導(dǎo)致H地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟不再發(fā)達。
In this argument corporations are urged to consider the city of Helios when seeking a new location or new business opportunities. To support this recommendation, the author points out that Helios is the industrial center of the region, providing most of the region’s manufacturing jobs and enjoying a lower-than-average unemployment rate. Moreover, it is argued, efforts are currently underway to expand the economic base of the city by attracting companies that focus on research and development of innovative technologies. This argument is problematic for two reasons.
To begin with, it is questionable whether the available labor pool in Helios could support all types of corporations. Given that Helios has attracted mainly industrial and manufacturing companies in the past, it is unlikely that the local pool of prospective employees would be suitable for corporations of other types. For example, the needs of research and development companies would not be met by a labor force trained in manufacturing skills. For this reason, it’s unlikely that Helios will be successful in its attempt to attract companies that focus or research and development of innovative technologies.
Another problem with the available work force is its size. Due to the lower than average unemployment rate in Helios, corporations that require large numbers of workers would not find Helios attractive. The fact that few persons are out of work suggests that new corporations will have to either attract new workers to Helios or pay the existing workers higher wages in order to lure them away from their current jobs. Neither of these alternatives seems enticing to companies seeking to relocate.
In conclusion, the author has not succeeded in providing compelling reasons for selecting Helios as the site for a company wishing to relocate. In fact, the reasons offered function better as reasons for not relocating to Helios. Nor has the author provided compelling reasons for companies seeking new business opportunities to choose Helios.
5. 本月機經(jīng)6次
有200個Waymarsh的students參加了一個protest，而the other 12,000 stayed in campus，說所以有人認為那12,000個更好地代表了全state的學(xué)生，所以不用響應(yīng)他們的protest.
原題：去年冬天有200個州立大學(xué)的學(xué)生去州政府*政府消減這個大學(xué)的各種項目費用，但由于其他的12000名大學(xué)似乎這個問題不感興趣，他們或者呆在校園，或者休假。由于200人相對于12000來說，不具有代表性，所以州政府可以不用理睬學(xué)生的*。
The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper:
“This past winter, 200 students from Waymarsh State College traveled to the state capitol building to protest against proposed cuts in funding for various state college programs. The other 12,000 Waymarsh students evidently weren’t so concerned about their education: they either stayed on campus or left for winter break. Since the group who did not protest is far more numerous, it is more representative of the state’s college students than are the protesters. Therefore the state legislature need not heed the appeals of the protesting students.”
提供觀點：
1. 代表學(xué)生的形成方式不知道。如果是隨機產(chǎn)生的，那么去反對的學(xué)生完全可以代表學(xué)生總體。
2. 沒去的學(xué)生不一定不關(guān)心。他們可能有更重要的事情要忙。例如要趕回家過圣誕節(jié)。有已經(jīng)訂好的寒假計劃等等。
3. 此外，沒去的學(xué)生之所以沒有去很可能是因為他們覺得那些代表足可以代表他們表達心聲。
范文：
First, the author assumes that because only one-tenth of the students took part in the protest, these students’ views are unrepresentative of the entire student body. This assumption is unwarranted. If it turns out, for example, that the protesting students were randomly selected from the entire student body, their views would reflect the views of the entire college. Without information regarding the way in which the protesting students were selected, it is presumptuous to conclude that their opinions fail to reflect the opinions of their colleagues.
Second, the author cites the fact that the remaining 12,000 students stayed on campus or left for winter break as evidence that they are not concerned about their education. One obvious rejoinder to this line of reasoning is that the students who did not participate did so with the knowledge that their concerns would be expressed by the protesting students. In any case, the author has failed to demonstrate a logical connection between the students’ alleged lack of concern and the fact that they either stayed on campus or left for winter break. Without this connection, the conclusion reached by the author that the remaining 12,000 students are not concerned about their education is unacceptable.
6. 本月機經(jīng)3次
一個S國有trade deficit，說好的解決方法是降低它的出口物糖的價格，因為糖是它的國家的主要出口物。說糖的降價能提高其在國際市場的競爭力，同時也能增加糖的sale，從而減少貿(mào)易逆差。
原題：The following appeared as part of an article in a weekly newsmagazine:
“The country of Sacchar can best solve its current trade deficit problem by lowering the price of sugar, its primary export. Such an action would make Sacchar better able to compete for markets with other sugar-exporting countries. The sale of Sacchar’s sugar abroad would increase, and this increase would substantially reduce Sacchar’s trade deficit.”
提供觀點：
1、比起價格下降而帶來的損失產(chǎn)量提高的影響是不是更大不是定數(shù)Increasing sales by lowering the price of sugar will not yeild an increase in income unless the increase in sales is sufficient to overcome the loss in income due to the lower price. in the absence of ...
2、可能性價比本來就很有競爭力了不需要降價，也可能價格已經(jīng)很低了沒有降低的空間了
3、降低進口可能是一個更好的辦法A trade-deficit occurs when a country spends more on imports than it earns from exports. However, the author provides no evidence that substantiates this assumption. It is possible that revenues from imports will increase dramatically in the near future; if so, the course of action proposed by the author might be unnecessary to solve Sacchar’s trade deficit proplem. To the extent that this is the case...
北美范文
The author of this article argues that the country of Sacchar can best solve its current trade deficit problem by lowering the price of its main export, sugar. The line of reasoning is that this action would make Sacchar more competitive with other sugar-exporting countries, thereby increasing sales of Sacchar’s sugar abroad and, in turn, substantially reducing the trade-deficit. This line of reasoning is unconvincing for a couple of reasons.
In the first place, this argument is based on an oversimplified analysis of the trade deficit problem Sacchar currently faces. A trade-deficit occurs when a country spends more on imports than it earns from exports. The author’s argument relies on the assumption that earnings from imports will remain constant. However, the author provides no evidence that substantiates this assumption. It is possible that revenues from imports will increase dramatically in the near future; if so, the course of action proposed by the author might be unnecessary to solve Sacchar’s trade deficit problem. Conversely, it is possible that revenues from imports are likely to decrease dramatically in the near future. To the extent that this is the case, lowering sugar prices may have a negligible countervailing effect, depending on the demand for Sacchar’s sugar.
In the second place, increasing sales by lowering the price of sugar will not yield an increase in income unless the increase in sales is sufficient to overcome the loss in income due to the lower price. This raises three questions the author fails to address. First, will a price decrease in fact stimulate demand? Second, is demand sufficient to meet the increase in supply? Third, can Sacchar increase the sugar production sufficiently to overcome the deficit? In the absence of answers to these questions, we cannot assess the author’s proposal.
In conclusion, the author provides an incomplete analysis of the problem and, as a result, provides a questionable solution. To better evaluate the proposal, we would need to know how revenues from imports are likely to change in the future. To strengthen the argument, the author must provide evidence that demand is sufficient to meet the proposed increase in supply, and that Sacchar has sufficient resources to accommodate the increase.
7. 本月機經(jīng)3次
一家音像店用新廣告宣傳方式后利潤大幅增加，所以賣衣服那家也要把報紙廣告換成radio advertising
原題：
The following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of Carlo’s Clothing to the staff:
“Since Disc Depot, the music store on the next block, began a new radio advertising campaign last year, its business has grown dramatically, as evidenced by the large increase in foot traffic into the store. While the Disc Depot’s owners have apparently become wealthy enough to retire, profits at Carlo’s Clothing have remained stagnant for the past three years. In order to boost our sales and profits, we should therefore switch from newspaper advertising to frequent radio advertisements like those for Disc Depot.”(124)
思路參考：
1. 錯誤類比。Depot Disc是music/entertainment industry而Carol’s Clothing是fashion，之類的。
2. 錯誤結(jié)論。increase of foot traffic可以說是有更多的顧客來或者是顧客在店里呆了更長時間，但是不一定是profit增加了。
3. Clothing store的profit少也許有別的原因，而不是marketing不夠。
目前沒有參考范文
8. 原題 The following appeared in a letter from a part-owner of a small retail clothing chain to her business partner:
“Commercial real estate prices have been rising steadily in the Sandida Heights neighborhood for several years, while the prices in the adjacent neighborhood of Palm Grove have remained the same. It seems obvious, then, that a retail space in Sandida Heights must now be much more expensive than a similar space in Palm Grove, which was not the case several years ago. So, it appears that retail spaces in Sandida Heights are now overpriced relative to those in Palm Grove. Therefore, it would be in our financial interest to purchase a retail space in Palm Grove rather than in Sandida Heights.”
考古
AA：S和P兩個地方，有人說去P買retail space比較劃算，因為S近地產(chǎn)一直在漲，P的保持不變，所以S的房價肯定是overestimated的，買P劃算。
這個頭腦風(fēng)暴吧，很多可以攻擊的
1. S低價漲可能只是廣告炒作，真正買的時候可能會有折扣之類的
2. S的價格漲可能是更好的投資，證明當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟不錯
3.P的價格不變可能本來就很高了，所以賣不動也就漲不了價值類的
9. 本月機經(jīng)2次
S鎮(zhèn)公立學(xué)校S 什么high school開了200門選修課，街尾一個私立學(xué)校只開了80門，結(jié)果人家上大學(xué)率比公立的高。S校就說要效仿人家，減少選修課量，以讓學(xué)生focus，也可以減少tax dollar。
No.99 or 101 The following appeared in an editorial from a newspaper serving the town of Saluda.
“The Saluda Consolidated High School offers over 200 different courses from which its students can choose. A much smaller private school down the street offers a basic curriculum of only 80 different courses, but it consistently sends a higher proportion of its graduating seniors on to college than Consolidated does. By eliminating at least half of the courses offered there and focusing on a basic curriculum, we could improve student performance at Consolidated and also save many tax dollars.”
10. 一個公司在其員工中做了民意調(diào)查，關(guān)于公司需要改進的地方。結(jié)果是員工覺得communication between employees and managers 重要。所以公司特別為此開辦了由高官主持的communication session，員工自愿參加. 所以，作者認為開辦了這么一個班可以很好的改善這個情況。
題庫原題：No.64 The following appeared in a memorandum from the director of human resources to the executive officers of
Company X:
“Last year, we surveyed our employees on improvements needed at Company X by having them rank, in order of importance, the issues presented in a list of possible improvements. Improved communications between employees and management was consistently ranked as the issue of highest importance by the employees who responded to the survey. As you know, we have since instituted regular communications sessions conducted by high-level management, which the employees can attend on a voluntary basis. Therefore, it is likely that most employees at Company X now feel that the improvement most needed at the company has been made.”
人力資源經(jīng)理給X公司的經(jīng)營主管的備忘錄：
去年，我們向員工調(diào)查他們認為X公司應(yīng)該進行的改進，讓他們把改進按重要性排列。結(jié)果列印為一張可能的改進的表格。根據(jù)調(diào)查中員工的反應(yīng)，“加強員工和管理層的溝通”具重要性，穩(wěn)居調(diào)查表之首。如你所知，那以后我們建立了由高層管理人員組織，雇員可以自愿參加的常規(guī)交流會。因此，看來X的多數(shù)員工認為應(yīng)該進行的改進已經(jīng)完成了。
提供觀點：
1. The result of a last year’s survey does not necessarily represent the improvement most needed of this year.
2. How was the survey held has not been illustrated by the author, thus making the conclusion groundless.
3. Whether the implement of the mentioned resolution is right or wrong is still unkonwn, it is still too early to say the improvement has been made.
范文:(下文思路單一，兩段都是談?wù){(diào)查方法的問題，還可以談后半部分，“采取了措施就一定能達到目的嗎?”)
The Director of Human Resources concludes that most employees at Company X feel that the improvement most needed at the company has been satisfactorily addressed. Two reasons are offered in support of this conclusion. First, a survey of employees showed that the issue respondents were most concerned about was employee-management communication. Second, the company has since instituted regular voluntary sessions for employees and management designed to improve communication. The director’s argument is questionable for two reasons.
To begin with, the validity of the survey is doubtful. Lacking information about the number of employees surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to assess the validity of the results. For example, if 200 employees were surveyed but only two responded, the conclusion that most of the employees ranked employee-management communication as the most pressing issue would be highly suspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out interpretations such as this, the survey results are insufficient to support the author’s conclusion.
Furthermore, even if the survey accurately ranks certain issues according to level of employee concern, the highest-ranked issue in the survey might not be the issue about which employees are most concerned. Why? The improvement most needed from the point of view of the employees might not have appeared as one of the choices on the survey. For example, if the list of improvements presented on the survey was created by management rather than by the employees, then the issues of greatest concern to the employees might not be included on the list. Lacking information about how the survey was prepared, it is impossible to assess its reliability. Consequently, any conclusion based on it is highly questionable.
In conclusion, the director’s conclusion is not well-founded. To strengthen the argument, additional information regarding the way in which the employee survey was prepared and conducted is required.
11. The Easy Credit Company would比對手更有競爭力吧by donate money to the environmental organizations in using the symbol of logo. From a recent poll, people are concerning about the environmental issues. Therefore, the company will attract more customers and increase the interest rates…
題庫原題：34. The following appeared as part of a plan proposed by an executive of the Easy Credit Company to the president.
“The Easy Credit Company would gain an advantage over competing credit card services if we were to donate a portion of the proceeds from the use of our cards to a well-known environmental organization in exchange for the use of its symbol or logo on our card. Since a recent poll shows that a large percentage of the public is concerned about environmental issues, this policy would attract new customers, increase use among existing customers, and enable us to charge interest rates that are higher than the lowest ones available.”
范文：
In this argument the author concludes that the Easy Credit Company would gain several advantages over its competitors by donating a portion of its profits to a well-known environmental organization in exchange for the use of the organization’s logo on their credit card. The author reaches this conclusion on the basis of a recent poll that shows widespread public concern about environmental issues. Among the advantages of this policy, the author foresees an increase in credit card use by existing customers, the ability to charge higher interest rates, and the ability to attract new customers. While the author’s argument has some merit, it suffers from two critical problems.
To begin with, the author assumes that the environmental organization whose logo is sought is concerned with the same environmental issues about which the poll shows widespread concern. However, the author provides no evidence that this is the case. It is possible that very few credit-card users are concerned about the issues that are the organization’s areas of concern; if so, then it is unlikely that the organization’s logo would attract much business for the Easy Credit Company.
Next, the author assumes that the public’s concern about environmental issues will result in its taking steps to do something about the problem—in this case, to use the Easy Credit Company credit card. This assumption is unsupported and runs contrary to experience. Also, it is more reasonable to assume that people who are concerned about a particular cause will choose a more direct means of expressing their concern.
In conclusion, the author’s argument is unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen the argument, the author must show a positive link between the environmental issues about which the public has expressed concern and the issues with which this particular environmental organization is concerned. In addition, the author must provide evidence to support the assumption that concern about a problem will cause people to do something about the problem.
12. 本月機經(jīng)2次
Montoya 在位期間人口降低，失業(yè)率升高， varro在位反之，所以該怎么怎么樣。
題庫原題11：The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.
“In the first four years that Montoya has served as mayor of the city of San Perdito, the population has decreased and the unemployment rate has increased. Two businesses have closed for each new business that has opened. Under Varro, who served as mayor for four years before Montoya, the unemployment rate decreased and the population increased. Clearly, the residents of San Perdito would be best served if they voted Montoya out of office and reelected Varro.”
地方性報紙的編者按：
在Montoya當(dāng)San Perdito市長的頭4年里，人口下降而失業(yè)率上升。每當(dāng)一個新企業(yè)開業(yè)，就有兩個舊的關(guān)門。而在Montoya之前Uarro當(dāng)市長的4年里，失業(yè)率下降人口增長。很明顯，San Perdito的居民重新選舉Varro而非Montoya會得到更好的服務(wù)。
提供觀點：
1. It is fallacious reasoning unless other possible casual explanations have been considered and ruled out. recession depression downturn低迷時期 is part of a picture of ... mayor
2. set the stage for Yet another possibility is that Varro enjoyed a period of economic stability and Varro’s own administration set the stage for the unemployment and the decline in population .
3. availability emotionally intentionally specific specifically anger angry citizen thereby bypass
4. cast one’s vote for sb. eliminate abolish casual emotional appeal
1， 缺乏standard ratio of the closed business to new business in the whole country, 不能說兩個倒閉一個開就是壞事，很可能淘汰eliminate through selection or contest了out of date的企業(yè)，建立了更多具有competitive advantages 的企業(yè)。也是好事。
2， 未排除他因造成了不同。很可能是因為在P在任期間，全國的經(jīng)濟不景氣，造成了事業(yè)更增加。而不是兩個市長的不同。假定過去和現(xiàn)在一樣，也是個錯誤!recession depression downturn低迷時期
北美范文：
The recommendation endorsed in this argument is that residents of San Perdito vote current mayor Montoya out of office, and re-elect former mayor Varro. The reasons cited are that during Montoya’s four years in office the population has decreased while unemployment has increased, whereas during Varro’s term unemployment declined while the population grew. This argument involves the sort of gross oversimplification and emotional appeal typical of political rhetoric; for this reason it is unconvincing.
First of all, the author assumes that the Montoya administration caused the unemployment in San Perdito as well as its population loss. The line of reasoning is that because Montoya was elected before the rise in unemployment and the decline in population, the former event caused the latter. But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps a statewide or nationwide recession is the cause of these events. Or perhaps the current economic downturn is part of a larger picture of economic cycles and trends, and has nothing to do with who happens to be mayor. Yet another possibility is that Varro enjoyed a period of economic stability and Varro’s own administration set the stage for the unemployment and the decline in population the city is now experiencing under Montoya.
Secondly, job availability and the economic health of one’s community are issues that affect people emotionally. The argument at hand might have been intentionally oversimplified for the specific purpose of angering citizens of San Perdito, and thereby turning them against the incumbent mayor. Arguments that bypass relevant, complex reasoning in favor of stirring up emotions do nothing to establish their conclusions; they are also unfair to the parties involved.
In conclusion, I would not cast my vote for Varro on the basis of this weak argument. The author must provide support for the assumption that Mayor Montoya has caused San Perdito’s poor economy. Moreover, such support would have to involve examining and eliminating other possible causal factors. Only with more convincing evidence could this argument become more than just an emotional appeal.
13. 本月機經(jīng)3次
V1某家公司sales增加，但是profit沒有增加，于是想辦法。一個辦法是reduce costs,具體是在不影響顧客滿意度的前提下，lay off 10 employees at each store and eliminate free samples什么的。第二個辦法是與一個cafe合作，在store里開這個cafe，因為有survey顯示喝咖啡的人與傾向于在store shopping的人是similar的
V2一家G grocer主要賣expensive luxuries，銷售增長很快，但利潤下降了。公司打算每個店裁掉lay off一部分人，eliminate displays and samples。同時，公司打算讓一家Cabaret的coffee shop在商場內(nèi)開店，因為公司發(fā)現(xiàn)咖啡店的顧客與商場的顧客相似。
V3.有一個grocer store，顧客都是富人，在不減少顧客購物體驗的條件下，store plans to reduce costs by laying off 10 employees at each stores and eliminating expensive products display and free samples。又提到要和一個coffee cafe合作，因為coffee cafe的顧客群和grocer store的是同一類人，因此合作很有可能會增加去store的顧客，從而增加sales。因此這個plan終會增加sales和profits.