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    一、國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語通則的產(chǎn)生
    英文原文：To provide a set of uniform rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade, ICC first published a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms known as “Incoterms 1936” in 1936.
    ( 核心句：to provide a set of rules for the interpretation of trade terms in foreign trade, ICC published international rules...)
    注釋：a set of: 一組，一套 uniform: 一致的，統(tǒng)一的 interpretation : 解釋，說明commonly: 一般的，通常的，普遍的( = generally, usually) trade terms: 貿(mào)易術(shù)語，貿(mào)易條款 (另外：比如 trade practices 貿(mào)易慣例 trade contract 貿(mào)易合同 等)ICC:全稱：International Chamber of Commerce.國際商會(huì)。Incoterms: 全稱：International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則be known as: 統(tǒng)稱為...，以...著稱
    中文意思：為了給對(duì)外貿(mào)易中普遍使用的貿(mào)易條款給予統(tǒng)一的解釋，國際商會(huì)于 1936年發(fā)布了一套最初用于詮釋這些貿(mào)易條款的國際規(guī)則，統(tǒng)稱為“國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則1936”。
    英文原文：Later amendments and additions were made to it to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices.
    注釋：later : 稍候，隨后 (另外latest: 最近的，最新的)amendment: 修改，修正(尤指對(duì)規(guī)則，法律，聲明等條款的修正，修訂，修改)addition: 增加物(在這里是指添加的條款和內(nèi)容)in line with: 與...一致，與...相同 (相反的是：out of line with)current: 現(xiàn)今的，當(dāng)代的，時(shí)下的international trade practices: 國際貿(mào)易慣例，國際貿(mào)易實(shí)踐
    中文意思：以后又對(duì)此通則作了修改和補(bǔ)充，以便使這些規(guī)則適應(yīng)當(dāng)前國際貿(mào)易實(shí)踐的發(fā)展。
    英文原文：The latest edition is “Incoterms 2000”, which includes 13 different international trade terms: EXW, CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP, FOB, FAS, FCA, DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU and DDP.
    注釋：edition: ( 書籍，書刊等的)版本，版次。
    13個(gè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語：
    EXW: 工廠交貨
    CFR：成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)
    CIF：成本，保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi)
    CPT：運(yùn)費(fèi)付至
    CIP：運(yùn)費(fèi)、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)付至
    FOB：裝運(yùn)港船上交貨
    FAS：裝運(yùn)港船邊交貨
    FCA：貨交承運(yùn)人
    DAF：邊境交貨
    DES：目的港船上交貨
    DEQ：目的港碼頭交貨
    DDU：未完稅交貨
    DDP：完稅交貨
    中文意思：通則最新的版本是“國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則2000”，它包含了13個(gè)不同的國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語：EXW, CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP, FOB, FAS, FCA, DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU 和DDP
    英文原文：Each term specifies whether the buyer or the seller is responsible for arranging such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspections, and other obligations. They specify at which point the risk of loss and/or damage passes from seller to buyer as well as which party pays for specific activities. A buyer and a seller who conduct their purchase and sale under one of the Incoterms, therefore, will have a mutual understanding of their rights, costs, and obligations.
    (第一句話，我們可以這么來理解) Each term specifies the traders must bear each relevant responsibility and obligation.即貿(mào)易商必須承擔(dān)(bear)各自相關(guān)的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。(They = 13 trade terms )
    注釋：specify: 具體說明，詳細(xì)說明，規(guī)定(名詞：specification: 說明書)whether...or...: 是...還是... be responsible for: 負(fù)責(zé)...，承擔(dān)...責(zé)任necessity: 必須，需要(在這里是指“必須要做的事”)export license: 出口許可證inspection: 檢驗(yàn) (商品檢驗(yàn)：commodity inspection)obligation: 職責(zé)，義務(wù) point: 在這里是一個(gè)抽象的概念，指“在空間或者時(shí)間真實(shí)的或想象當(dāng)中的某一點(diǎn)”例如：at this point = at this moment / at this place (在此刻，在此地) risk: 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)activity: 活動(dòng)，行為(復(fù)數(shù)形式尤指“所作的事務(wù)，待做的工作”)
    conduct: 管理，經(jīng)營，處理(=manage, control) purchase:購買( = buy) mutual: 相互的，彼此的　(have a mutual understanding: 對(duì)于...達(dá)到共識(shí))therefore: 因此，為此
    中文意思：每一個(gè)術(shù)語都明確規(guī)定由誰來辦理出口許可證、出口清關(guān)、商品檢驗(yàn)及其他義務(wù)。同時(shí)，還明確了丟失及/或損壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在哪一點(diǎn)由賣方轉(zhuǎn)移到買方，以及哪方需承擔(dān)的相應(yīng)的費(fèi)用。這樣，賣方和買方如果采用2000年國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則中的一個(gè)術(shù)語做貿(mào)易的話，就會(huì)清楚雙方各自的權(quán)利、需支付的費(fèi)用以及各自的義務(wù)。
    英文原文：Here six major trade terms are discussed. The traditional three trade terms are FOB, CFR, and CIF, while FCA, CPT, and CIP are new terms developed on the basis of the traditional ones. They are suitable for any mode of transport.
    注釋：discuss: 談到，討論 traditional: 傳統(tǒng)的 on the basis of: 以…為基礎(chǔ)
    中文意思：這里主要談到6個(gè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語。其中三個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的貿(mào)易術(shù)語：FOB, CFR和CIF，以及在這三個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的貿(mào)易術(shù)語基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的新的三個(gè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語FCA, CPT和CIP，新的三個(gè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語適合任何運(yùn)輸方式。
    應(yīng)注意：傳統(tǒng)的三個(gè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語FOB, CFR, CIF不適合多式聯(lián)運(yùn)，只合適于水上運(yùn)輸，而新的三個(gè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語FCA, CPT, CIP適合任何運(yùn)輸方式，包括多式聯(lián)運(yùn)。(考點(diǎn))
    歷年考題：
    1)Which of the following trade terms may be used for any mode of transport, including multimodal transport. (2004年單選題)
    A. FOB B. CIP C. CIF D. CFR
    答案：B
    分析：FOB, CIF 和 CFR 都不能適用于國際多式聯(lián)運(yùn)。