補全短文是職稱英語六大題型中最難的一種題型，在做這種題型時要先預測選項，注意抓選項主干，猜測選項的大致意思，同時要注意連詞，代詞，名詞，形容詞，副詞等的出現(xiàn)。
什么叫補全短文？就是給出一篇文章 ，文章中有5處空白，文章后面有6組文字，請根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容選擇5組文字，將其分別放回文章原有位置，以恢復文章原貌。請將答案涂在答題卡相應的位置上。從A到F選項中找一個字最多的。
第5部分：補全短文（第46－50題，每題2分，共l0分）
閱讀下面的短文，文章中有5處空白，文章后面有6組文字，請根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容選擇5組文字，將其分別放回文章原有位置，以恢復文章原貌。請將答案涂在答題卡相應的位置上。
補全短文的注意事項：
1.補全短文的命題原則
2.補全短文的解題技巧
Home Schooling
All children in the United States have to receive an education, but the law does not say they have to be educated at school. A number of parents prefer not to send their children to school.………… （46）. There are about 300,000 home-schoolers in the United States today. Soma parents prefer teaching their children at home because they do not believe that public schools teach the correct religious values; others believe they can provide a better educational experience for their children by teaching them at home. ………… （47）.
David Guterson and his wife teach their three children at home. Guterson says that his children learn very differently from children in school.………… （48）. For example, when there is heavy snowfall on a winter day, it may start a discussion or reading about climate, snow removal equipment, Alaska, polar bears, and winter tourism. Or a spring evening when the family is out watching the stars is a good time to ask questions about satellites and the space program.……… （49）.
Home schooling is often more interesting than regular schools, but critics say that home-schoolers aye outsiders who might be uncomfortable mixing with other people in adult life. ……… （50）. However, most parents don't have the time or the desire to teach their children at home, so schools will continue to be where most children get their formal education.
A Interestingly, results show that home-schooled children quite often do better than average on national tests in reading and math.
B Critics also say that most parents are not well qualified to teach their children.
C Learning starts with the children's interests and questions
D Children who are educated at home are known as "home-schoolers"
E In some countries, there are children who are educated by their parents at home instead of by teachers at school.
F lf the Brazilian rain forests are on the TV news, it could be a perfect time to talk about how rain forests influence the climate, how deserts are formed，and how the polar ice caps affect ocean levels.
補全短文解題技巧：
一、看標題定文體。從中文的角度思考有記敘文、說明文、議論文。記敘文中離不開六大要素。時間、地點、人物、事件。如果標題中的詞在字典中沒有，那就是專有名詞。國家名詞一般都有。機構或人名一般沒有。如果沒有，首段就會給下一個定義。
Ludwig Van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness.
Born in Bonn, Germany, in 1770, he first studied music with the court organist, Gilles van der Eeden. His father was excessively strict and given to heavy drinking. _____ （1） _____. Appointed deputy court organist to Christian Gottlob Neefe at a surprisingly early age in 1782, Beethoven also played the harpsichord and the viola. In 1792 he was sent to Vienna by his patron, Count Ferdinand Waldstein, to study music under Haydn.
Beethoven remained unmarried. _____ （2） _____. Continually plagued by ill health, he developed an ear infection which led to his tragic deafness in 1819.
_____ （3） _____. He completed mature masterpieces of great musical depth: three piano sonatas, four string quartets, the Missa Solemnis, and the 9th Symphony. He died in 1827. _____ （4） _____.
Noting that Beethoven often flew into fits of rage, Goethe once said of him, “I am astonished by his talent, but he is unfortunately an altogether untamed personality.”_____ （5） _____.
A. In spite of this handicap, however, he continued to write music.
B. Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support from his patrons, he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult life.
C. His life was marked by a passionate dedication to independence.
D. When his mother died, Beethoven, then a young man, was named guardian of his two younger brothers.
E. Although Beethoven's personality may have been untamed, his music shows great discipline and control, and this is how we remember him best.
F. Today his music is still being played all over the world.
一般而言第一長或第二長的往往都是答案。
說明文怎么辦?說明文必須有說明的中心或說明的主題。所敘述的東西都必須圍繞主題闡述。
二、看選項A到F
2.抓主干，猜大意。弄清它是啥東西。
如：for example,就要看它是不是例證。是不是舉例。舉例句的前一句肯定是中心主題句 .舉例后面的東西肯定會跟前面的有關系，有著聯(lián)系。
如果出現(xiàn)because……那就是所原因，是因果關系。
如果出現(xiàn)but或however就是轉(zhuǎn)折。前后正好相反。
如果出現(xiàn)……is……就是判斷句。判斷句就是給這個詞下定義。
2、不要放過特征詞。 比如:數(shù)字。選項中如果有數(shù)字了，那么可能空格周圍就會有數(shù)字出現(xiàn)。年代只有在記敘文當中才有用。
專有名詞就是找復現(xiàn)。整篇文章和選項中多次出現(xiàn)的專有名詞沒用。如果是別的專有名詞中沒有的專有名詞，那就要在文章空格的左右找復現(xiàn)。如果有就填進去。
只要是代詞就必須有指代。重點將兩個詞：I,We.如果文章不是以第一人稱的進行寫作的，選項中如果初現(xiàn)I和We時，它只能放在，只能出現(xiàn)在引號句中。
如果整篇文章都是I和We就沒有作用了。
名詞和名詞短語，時態(tài)語態(tài) 如果文章全是用過去時寫作的，突然選項中出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在時了，那有一種情況就是文章該結(jié)尾了。還有一種情況可能是放在引號句中。
Ludwig Van Beethoven
A. In spite of this handicap, however, he continued to write music.
B. Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support
from his patrons, he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult life.
C. His life was marked by a passionate dedication to independence.
D. When his mother died, Beethoven, then a young man, was named guardian of his two younger brothers.
E. Although Beethoven's personality may have been untamed, his music shows great discipline and control, and this is how we remember him best.
F. Today his music is still being played all over the world.
補全短文要求大家只用五分鐘做完。那就首先挑一最長的。 剩下的就去找數(shù)字、I,We 、專有名詞復現(xiàn) 等等。
3、小詞幫你出大力，時態(tài)幫你理順序。 標點解決大問題。
小詞：also 如果出現(xiàn)同結(jié)構的復現(xiàn)就好做了。比如：He said……,he also said…… . He thinks about……,he also thinks about……
some……others …… 是句型的一種復現(xiàn)。
……，either…… 表示也不 .
如：He is not a teacher, I'm not a teacher ,either.
still
標點 引號句:選項中如果有引號句出現(xiàn)，空格周圍可能會有引號句出現(xiàn)。
Reinventing the Table
An earth scientist has rejigged the periodic table to make chemistry simpler to teach to students.
_____（46）_____ But Bruce Railsback from the University of Georgia says he is the first to create a table that breaks with tradition and shows the ions of each element rather than just the elements themselves.
“I got tired of breaking my arms trying to explain the periodic table to earth students,” he says, criss-crossing his hands in the air and pointing to different bits of a traditional table. _____（47）_____ But he has added contour lines to charge density, helping to explain which ions react with which.
“Geochemists just want an intuitive sense of what's going on with the elements,” says Albert Galy from the University of Cambridge _____（48）_____
_____（49）_____ He explains that sulphur, for example, shows up in three different spots one—for sulphide, which is found in minerals, one for sulphite, and one for sulphate, which is found in sea slat, for instance.
He has also included symbols to show which ions are nutrients, and which are common in soil or water. _____（50）_____
A There have been many attempts to redesign the periodic table since Dmitri Mendeleev drew it up in 1871.
B Railsback has still ordered the elements according to the number of protons they have.
C “I imagine this would be good for undergraduates.”
D Raisback has listed some elements more than once.
E And the size of element's symbol reflects how much of it is found in the Earth's crust.
F The traditional periodic table was well drawn.
出現(xiàn)引號句要一段落為主。哪一段出現(xiàn)引號句，就都出來。
問號句：如果是一般疑問句1）.可以去找排比句。2）.找回答語。
特殊疑問句如果使用What來問，它的回答語一般是名詞或名詞短語。一般很少是代詞。如果是Why，回答語一般是原因。表原因的詞有：because,because of或者是due to,owing to
特殊疑問句抓問句的主語和答語的主語?；卮鹫Z的主語一般都是指代。
三、回頭再去看原文明確1到5的空格位置
1.開頭常是主題句（首段首句）。直接掉頭看標題。
Exercise Three The Changes of Women's Lives
____1____. During the twentieth century there has been fl remarkable shortening of the proportion of a woman's life spent in caring for children. A woman married at the end of the nine teenth century would probably have been in her middle twenties, and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother would have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get paid work. ____2____. Usually a woman's younger child will be fifteen when she is forty-five and can be expected to live another thirty-five years and is likely to take paid work until retire ment at sixty. ____3____.
____4____. Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married, they usually left work at once and never returned to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls stay at school after that age, and though women tend to marry younger, more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born. ____5____ .Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage, with the husband accepting a greater share of the duties and satisfactions of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running the home, according to the abilities and interests of each of them.
A Today, women marry younger and have fewer children.
B Even while she has the care of children, her work is lightened by household appliances and convenience foods.
C Very many afterwards return to full or part-time work.
D The greatest recent social changes have been in the lives of women.
E For women at the beginning of the twentieth century, the amount of time spent taking care of children accounted for a great part of their lives.
F This important change in women's life-pattern has only recently begun to have its full effect on women's economic position.
其他段落首句先看空格下一句。沒有復現(xiàn)再看上段段尾句。找復現(xiàn)就是選項中的詞跟空格左右的句子、單詞誰復現(xiàn)得多就選誰.就是看空格左右的詞跟選項中的詞有沒有一樣的。有一樣的就選一樣的。
2.中間不忘主題句。前瞻后望找啟事。這種方法適合說明文。
3.末尾常是下結(jié)論，也可排比和舉例（例子）。末尾句一般都是結(jié)論句。比如：therefore,as a result 等等。
四、注意事項
1.絕對常是干擾項，意思太泛、太窄要小心。
2.選項與空格周圍重復的字越多，可能越是答案。就是看選項中的單詞與空格中單詞的復現(xiàn)率。如果在段中，一般先看空格的左邊。然后再看空格右邊，找復現(xiàn)。如果是段尾句，則先看空格左邊。如果空格沒有再去本段的中心主題。如果在段首，先看右，再看上一段段尾。五個空格實際上就看十句話左右。
3.選項中的主語可能會是空格前句話的賓語的再現(xiàn)?；蛘哒f選項中的賓語或表語可能會是空格下句話的主語的再現(xiàn)（復現(xiàn)）。
4.與標題內(nèi)容相違背的選項不能入選。意思不正確的選項不能入選。
Reinventing the Table
An earth scientist has rejigged the periodic table to make chemistry simpler to teach to students.
46 But Bruce Railsback from the University of Georgia says he is the first to create a table that breaks with tradition and shows the ions of each element rather than just the ele-ments themselves.
"I got tired of breaking my arms trying to explain the periodic table to earth students." he says, crisscrossing his hands in the air and pointing to different bits of a traditional table. 47 But he has added contour lines to charge density, helping to explain which ions react with which.
"Geochemists just want an intuitive sense of what's going on with the elements," says Albert Galy from the University of Cambridge 48
49 He explains that sulphur, for example, shows up in three different spots one-for sulphide, which is found in minerals, one for sulphite, and one for sulphate, which is found in sea slat, for instance.
He has also included symbols to show which ions are nutrients, and which are common in soil or water. 50
A There have been many attempts to redesign the periodic table since Dmitri Mendeleev drew it up in l871.
B Railsback has still ordered the elements according to the number of protons they have.
C "I imagine this would be good for undergraduates."
D Railsbaek has listed some elements more than once.
E And the size of element's symbol reflects how much of it is found in the Earth's crust.
F The traditional periodic table was well drawn.
5.不要為了得滿分而做題就能得高分。
做題的步驟：1.先把文章的標題借助字典先查一查，看一看。2.看選項，從選項中找出特殊標志的詞。比如數(shù)字、專有名詞、引號句、問號句、I和We，還有一些特殊標志的詞能幫助我們確定答案的位置。比如：and 不能放在段首句。再如for example,for instanse,告訴我們前面的句子是主題，后面的句子必須和它對上。3.開始做題。如果在段首，先看右，再看上一段段尾。如果在段中，一般先看空格的左邊。然后再看空格右邊，找復現(xiàn)。如果是段尾句，則先看空格左邊。如果空格沒有再去本段的中心主題。
Conservation or Wasted Effort?
The black robin（旅鶇） is one of the world's rarest birds. It is a small wild bird, and it lives only on the island of Little Mangere, off the coast of New Zealand. In 1967 there were about fifty black robins there; in 1977 there were fewer than ten. 46
Energetic steps are being taken to preserve the black robin. 47 The idea is to buy an- other island nearby as a special home, a "reserve", for threatened wild life, including black robins. The organizers say that Little Mangere should then be restocked （重新準備） with the robin's food. Thousands of the required plants are at present being cultivated in New Zealand.
Is all this concern a waste of human effort? 48 Are we losing our sense of what is reasonable and what is unreasonable?
In the earth's long, long past hundreds of kinds of creatures have evolved, risen to a degree of success and died out. In the long, long future there will be many new and different forms of life. Those creatures that adapt themselves successfully to what the earth offers will survive for a long time. 49 This is nature's proven method of operation.
The rule of selection-"the survival of the fittest"-is the one by which human beings have themselves arrived on the scene. We, being one of the most adaptable creatures the earth has yet produced, may last longer than most, 50 You may take it as another rule that when, at last, human beings show signs of dying out, no other creature will extend a paw（爪）to postpone our departure. On the contrary, we will be hurried out.
Life seems to have grown too tough for black robins. I leave you to judge whether we should try to do anything about it.
A Some creatures, certain small animals, insects and birds, will almost certainly outlast （比……長久） man, for they seem even more adaptable.
B Those that fail to meet the challenges will disappear early.
C Detailed studies are going on, and a public appeal for money has been made.
D Both represent orders in the classification of life.
E Is it any business of ours whether the black robin survives or dies out?
F These are the only black robins left in the world.
含有絕對意義字眼的單詞可能是干擾項。不一定是絕對錯誤的。不能拿閱讀的方法來套補全短文。
補全短文的重點就抓兩項：第一找特殊符號。第二找復現(xiàn)。第三是找最長的。
there be 句型be動詞單復數(shù)應該采取就近原則。
than前面應該找比較級。
take steps 采取措施
thousand 具體數(shù)字與它連用時不加s .只要是與of連用時就必須加s.
hundreds of 用法與上面一樣
died out 死絕了，滅光了。同義改寫：extinct
dying out
at last 最后、終于。相當于finaly
postpone 推遲 相當于put off,delay
On the contrary 相反
tough 艱難的、困苦的相當于difficult,hard
even more 比較級前面可用程度副詞來修飾。共有五個：much,far,a little,a bit,even（甚至）
whether 一般與or 連用。一般會說whether ……or;whether ……or not
標題帶問號，證明這道題沒有答案。答案肯定是不定的。
第二步看選項A到F.
This是考指代題，他必須指代上句話的內(nèi)容
Home Schooling
All children in the United States have to receive an education, but the law does not say they have to be educated at school. A number of parents prefer not to send their children to school.………… （46）. There are about 300,000 home-schoolers in the United States today. Soma parents prefer teaching their children at home because they do not believe that public schools teach the correct religious values; others believe they can provide a better educational experience for their children by teaching them at home. ………… （47）.
David Guterson and his wife teach their three children at home. Guterson says that his children learn very differently from children in school.………… （48）. For example, when there is heavy snowfall on a winter day, it may start a discussion or reading about climate, snow removal equipment, Alaska, polar bears, and winter tourism. Or a spring evening when the family is out watching the stars is a good time to ask questions about satellites and the space program.……… （49）.
Home schooling is often more interesting than regular schools, but critics say that home-schoolers aye outsiders who might be uncomfortable mixing with other people in adult life. ……… （50）. However, most parents don't have the time or the desire to teach their children at home, so schools will continue to be where most children get their formal education.
A Interestingly, results show that home-schooled children quite often do better than average on national tests in reading and math.
B Critics also say that most parents are not well qualified to teach their children.
C Learning starts with the children's interests and questions
D Children who are educated at home are known as "home-schoolers"
E In some countries, there are children who are educated by their parents at home instead of by teachers at school.
F lf the Brazilian rain forests are on the TV news, it could be a perfect time to talk about how rain forests influence the climate, how deserts are formed，and how the polar ice caps affect ocean levels.
A number of =a lot of 后邊的名詞必須用復數(shù)
prefer to do寧愿…… prefer doing sth.to donging…… 寧愿做什么，
不愿做什么 prefer sth.to sth.
send sb. to some place 送某人去某地
Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change
At picnics, ants are pests. But they have their uses. In industriesl such as mining, farthing and forestry, they can help gauge the health of the environment by just crawling around and being antsy.
It has been recognized for decades that ants-which are highly sensitive to ecological change—can provide a near-percent barometer of the state of an ecosystem. Only certain species, for instance, will continue to thrive at a forest site that has been cleared of trees. 46 . And still others will move in and take up residence.
By looking at which species populate a deforested area, scientists can determine how "stressed" the land is. 47 Ants are used simply because they are so common and comprise so many species.
Where mine sites are being restored, for example, some ant species will recolonize the stripped land more quickly than others. 48 Australian mining company Capricorn Coal Management has been successfully using ant surveys for years to determine the rate of recovery of land that it is replanting near its German Creek mine in Queensland.
Ant surveys also have been used with mine-site recovery projects in Africa and Brazil, where warm climates encourage dense and diverse ant populations. "We found it worked extremely well there," says Jonathan Majer r a professor of environmental biology. Yet the surveys are perfectly suited to climates throughout Asia, he says, because ants are so common throughout the region. As Majer puts it: "That's the great thing about ants."
Ant surveys are so highly-regarded as ecological indicators that governments worldwide accept their results when assessing the environmental impact of mining and tree harvesting. 49
Why not? Because many companies can't afford the expense or the laboratory time needed to sift results for a comprehensive survey. The cost stems, also, from the scarcity of ant specialists. 50
A This allowed scientists to gauge the pace and progress of the ecological recovery.
B Yet in other businesses, such as farming and property development, ant surveys aren't used widely.
C Employing those people are expensive.
D They do this by sorting the ants, counting their numbers and comparing the results with those of earlier surveys.
E The evolution of ant species may have a strong impact on our ecosystem.
F Others will die out for lack of food.
is out 出去 is in 在家
與 questions 連用的一般都是 ask或answer.
與 problem連用的一般都是solve或 work out
Pain
All of us have felt pain. We have cut ourselves. We have been burned. Or we have had headaches. Some of us suffer pain rarely. 46
Pain can take complete control of our body and mind, making it impossible to move and even to think. Yet we need pain. Without it, we would not know if we have hurt ourselves. It is our body's warning system. 47
Pain is the most common reason we go to a doctor. It is the most common reason we take medicines. Until recently, however, most doctors knew of only a few drugs that stopped some pains. 48 But new knowledge about the process of pain is helping them to control pain better.
Scientists have learned that the sense of pain is made up of both chemical and electrical signals. 49 Scientists also have learned that the nervous system sends two different kinds of pain messages to the brain: one very fast, the other stow. The first message is the warning signal. It moves at a speed of 30 meters a second. In less than a second, the brain understands that part of the body is hurt and how badly it is injured. 50 It tells us not to use the injured part until it heals.
A And others have painful attacks all the time.
B These signals travel from nerve cells in the injured area, up the spinal cord （脊髓） to the brain, and back down again.
C It tells us that we are injured and should do something about it.
D They knew little about the process of pain itself.
E The other message moves at a speed of only one meter a second.
F And they send the second, slower message of pain to the brain.
it 只是形式賓語，動詞不定式to do 才是實際賓語 是的做什么怎么樣。
_____it easier to make friends.
A.have B.find C.get D.go
原因詞一般跟why 連在一起。如果選項中出現(xiàn)why 一般用because 回答?；蛴胋ecause of來回答。第二種就可能用due to 來回答?；蜻@用owing to.還用一種就是用reason回答。
注意同義改寫
doctor 醫(yī)生 drugs 毒品
physician 內(nèi)科醫(yī)生 take medicines 吃藥
dentist 牙醫(yī)
surgeon 外科醫(yī)生
recently 最近地，相當于lately
recently 也是完成時的標志
a few 和few 共同修飾可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)。a little和little修飾不可數(shù)名詞。帶a的是肯定。不帶a的是否定。
however放句中兩邊都要有逗號。
be made up of 由什么組成=consists of （不用被動）
both ……and……兩者都 neither ……nor……兩者都不……（既不……也不……） either……or…… 要么這個要么那個
……,also……同結(jié)構的復現(xiàn)才有用。slso 在原文中出現(xiàn)時一定要看完后面的句子后在做選擇。
one …… the other……是兩者之中的另外一個。
冒號表示解釋。冒號前后可以劃等號。
and 兩邊是平行結(jié)構。平行結(jié)構詞兩邊要求詞性、詞義
同義替換中經(jīng)?？迹?BR> injure 指事故中受傷
wound 指槍（刀、劍）傷
hurt 指傷及情感感情，指肌肉的疼痛
Mergers
The most common kind of consolidation today is the merger. 46
With the deregulation of natural gas, the nation's 20 interstate pipeline companies became fearful of cutthroat competition. 47 In 1985 Internorth of Omaha paid, $ 2.3 billion for Houston Natural Gas Corporation, thereby gaining control of the world's longest pipeline. The system connected markets from coast to coast and raised sales to $ 10 billion.
On occasion, mergers have occurred between smaller companies in an industry dominated by a few giant firms. These smaller companies claim that they need to merge to become more efficient and effective in competing against the biggest corporations. 48 The Antitrust Division of the Justice Department has not always agreed with them.
Four major waves of mergers have taken place in this country. The first started in l887, just prior to the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act, and ended in l904. It involved such giants as United States Steel and Standard Oil trying to create monopolies in their industries. From the end of World War I until the l930s, large firms swallowed smaller firms to create oligopolies. The monopoly has no chance and the oligopoly little chance of succeeding today under present antitrust policy.
The third major merger movement began in the l960s, reached a peak in l969, and then gradually declined. Many of the acquisitions involved giant firms in one industry buying up large companies in totally unrelated industries. Such mergers are called conglomerate mergers 49
Mergers in the last ten years were in the thousands. More important is the value of the transactions, which has risen sharply. The number of mergers and acquisitions apply only to those valued at $ 100 million or more. The petroleum industry had mergers and acquisitions valued at close to $ 80 billion between l981 and l984. 50
A Some felt that they could increase their efficiency and improve their market flexibility by merging.
B They maintain that such action increases competition instead of reducing it.
C Other industries experiencing large takeovers were banking and finance, insurance, mining and mineral, and processed foods.
D Fierce competition on the international market results in combinations of small firms.
E A classic example is Mobil Oil Corporation's purchase of the huge retail chain Montgomery Ward &Company.
F A merger occurs when two or more companies get together to form one company.
如果空格前邊出現(xiàn)一個主謂賓的現(xiàn)象時，選項中的主語有可能是空格前一句的賓語的再現(xiàn)。選項的賓語或表語就有可能是空格下一句的主語的再現(xiàn)。
from……to…… 從……到…… industry 工業(yè) ，工廠;行業(yè)
from……till…… works 重型工業(yè)工廠/factory
occur 發(fā)生=happen,take place
兩者之間用between,三者以上用among
表示行業(yè)的詞：industry ,business ,trade,line
dominate 控制=control
名詞+ -ed+by 這時候的-ed+by 是作定語的。
the room cleaned by us
claim 聲稱
agreed with 同意某人
prior to 容易考同義改寫相當于before 在……之前
such……as…… 象……一樣
1930s 二十世紀三十年代
1400 十五世紀
看到such,this.these這樣的詞都是考指代出題原則。前面肯定會提到，否則就不能選。看到這樣的題一定要往前指。
last 容易考同義改寫。相當于past 表示剛剛過去的。
ten years =decade（十年）
which前面一般有逗號。如果這兒給你的選項是that,which,what,where這兒只能選which.which在引導非限定性定語時它做has risen的主語，what永遠不能引導定語從句。where引導定語從句必須是作狀語。
The number of 表示……的總數(shù)（總量）謂語動詞必須用單數(shù)和第三人稱。
at close to 接近
between 一般和and搭配表示在兩者之間。（也是在完型中比較愛考的一個現(xiàn)象。）
instead of 而不是，肯定前者否定后者。等于rather than.
A instead of （ratner than） B 就是肯A否B
反義詞： increase 增加
reduce 減少
finance當動詞是提供資金，提供基金和fund,grant是特別重要的同義改寫。
results in 導致 和lead to 是同義改寫。（強調(diào)的是果）
results from由……引起（強調(diào)的是因）
purchase=buy 但purchase一般是購買大件，購買小件用buy.
單選練習
18.John ________ him that he should say a few words about this at the meeting.
A talked B told C spoke
19.When the teacher came into the classroom, the students stopped ________ at once.
A 1aughing B 1aughed C 1augh
20.A girl saw it ________ when she Was walking past.
A happened B was happening C happen
21.You must keep your room ________.
A clean B cleaning C to clean
22.My parents ________ to Kunming. They left this morning and will return in a month.
A have been B went C have gone
23.Two months ________ quite long for me. I can't wait.
A is B are C wore
24.One day, I ________ some boys playing in that river.
A asked B saw C made
25.The policeman let the traffic ________ again.
A go B to go C going
26.I'm sorry she's out and she ________ back until 9:00.
A will come B come C won't be
27.Has Lucy forgotten ________?Yes, she has forgotten ________.
A somthing…something B anything…nothing C anything…something
28.There is ________ with Kate.
A anything wrong B wrong something C something wrong
29.The Great Green Wall stops the sand ________ towards the rich farmland in the south.
A not to move B without moving C from moving
30.—Let's go out for a walk, ________?
—All right.
A don't we B shall we C will you
talk表示討論、談論 clean 當形容詞用指清潔的。
tell sb.告訴 去了還沒回就用have gone
speak 說某種語言 去了已經(jīng)回來了就用 have been
stop+to do 停下來去做另一件事 Two months 是整體概念，動詞用單數(shù)。
stop+doing 別做了 直到……才……not……until……
感官動詞+sb.（代詞）+do something用于肯定;anything 用于否定或疑問
感官動詞+sb.（代詞）+ doing
形容詞修飾不定代詞時形容詞要后置。
阻止……stop ……from……=keep……from……;prevent……from……
祈使句的反義問句一般情況下就用will you?
let's 咱們，包括聽話人也包括說話人，要用shall we?
let us 讓我們，是征求對方的意見。要用will you?……你同意嗎?
祈使句的反義問句都要求用will you?
祈使句就是第一人稱對第二人稱的命令。
一、題型要求
補全短文的設計思路是，給出一篇300-450詞的短文，其中有5處空白，文章后面有6段文字，要求應試者根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容選擇5段文字，將其放回文章原有位置，以恢復文章原貌。這種題型重在考查應試者把握文章結(jié)構、掌握作者思路的能力。這是一種較高層次的閱讀理解能力，要求考生能夠從宏觀的角度把握文章的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構，要想做好這類題，必須從語篇的角度，搞清楚文章的脈絡，吃透文章的意思。
二、解題技巧
補全短文是職稱英語六大題型中最難的一種題型，在做這種題型時要先預測選項，注意抓選項主干，猜測選項的大致意思，同時要注意連詞，代詞，名詞，形容詞，副詞等的出現(xiàn)。之后回到原文中看看空白處所在的位置，如果是在段首句，也許意味著是中心主題句，如果是在段尾句，也許意味著是中心主題句或是細節(jié)論述，如果是在段中，也許意味著是細節(jié)論述。最后根據(jù)空白處的前后句的意思，按先易后難的順序?qū)⒃幕謴驮?。做完之后在把文章看一遍，檢查一下所填的順序是否符合文章二下文的要求。
三、補全短文?？歼B詞
1.并列遞進
and和;又;及such…a…象…一樣
he same…as和…一樣either……or……或者…或者…
in other words換句話說similar相似的
neither…nor…既不…也不…
like象…
likewise也，而且
in addition另外
even甚至，更
not only…but also不但…而且
also也moreover而且;此外
2.轉(zhuǎn)折
but但是
instead（0f）代替
despite不管
though盡管
conversely相反地
unlike不象
whereas然而
as well也，此外
besides在…旁邊;除了
such如此
this means這意味著
still then就在那時
furthermore更
not…but不是…而是
however但是
rather（than）不是…而是
in spite of不管
although盡管
unless除非
unfortunately不幸地
no matter how/what/where/who無論怎樣/什么/在哪里/誰
while/nevertheless然而
3.比較
while然而
inferior仍比…低級（次）
as…as和…一樣
in contrast相反
prefer A to B寧愿選A而不選B
4.原因
because（0f）因為，由于
due to由于
as a result of因為，由于
thanks to由于
5.結(jié)果
as a result結(jié)果…
Thus.therefore因此
so（such）…that如此…以至于
6.列舉。
first（1y）首先
third（1y）再次
another……另一個…
0n the other hand另一方面
the more…the more越…越…
on the contrary t0相反地
superior to比…高級（好）
not so/as…as不和…一樣
more/less than多/少于
since因為
as因為,由于
for the reason因為，由于
consequently結(jié)果
so因此
second（ly）其次
finally最后
the most…最…的
one factor（problem，means，feature）一個因素（問題，方法，特色）
什么叫補全短文？就是給出一篇文章 ，文章中有5處空白，文章后面有6組文字，請根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容選擇5組文字，將其分別放回文章原有位置，以恢復文章原貌。請將答案涂在答題卡相應的位置上。從A到F選項中找一個字最多的。
第5部分：補全短文（第46－50題，每題2分，共l0分）
閱讀下面的短文，文章中有5處空白，文章后面有6組文字，請根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容選擇5組文字，將其分別放回文章原有位置，以恢復文章原貌。請將答案涂在答題卡相應的位置上。
補全短文的注意事項：
1.補全短文的命題原則
2.補全短文的解題技巧
Home Schooling
All children in the United States have to receive an education, but the law does not say they have to be educated at school. A number of parents prefer not to send their children to school.………… （46）. There are about 300,000 home-schoolers in the United States today. Soma parents prefer teaching their children at home because they do not believe that public schools teach the correct religious values; others believe they can provide a better educational experience for their children by teaching them at home. ………… （47）.
David Guterson and his wife teach their three children at home. Guterson says that his children learn very differently from children in school.………… （48）. For example, when there is heavy snowfall on a winter day, it may start a discussion or reading about climate, snow removal equipment, Alaska, polar bears, and winter tourism. Or a spring evening when the family is out watching the stars is a good time to ask questions about satellites and the space program.……… （49）.
Home schooling is often more interesting than regular schools, but critics say that home-schoolers aye outsiders who might be uncomfortable mixing with other people in adult life. ……… （50）. However, most parents don't have the time or the desire to teach their children at home, so schools will continue to be where most children get their formal education.
A Interestingly, results show that home-schooled children quite often do better than average on national tests in reading and math.
B Critics also say that most parents are not well qualified to teach their children.
C Learning starts with the children's interests and questions
D Children who are educated at home are known as "home-schoolers"
E In some countries, there are children who are educated by their parents at home instead of by teachers at school.
F lf the Brazilian rain forests are on the TV news, it could be a perfect time to talk about how rain forests influence the climate, how deserts are formed，and how the polar ice caps affect ocean levels.
補全短文解題技巧：
一、看標題定文體。從中文的角度思考有記敘文、說明文、議論文。記敘文中離不開六大要素。時間、地點、人物、事件。如果標題中的詞在字典中沒有，那就是專有名詞。國家名詞一般都有。機構或人名一般沒有。如果沒有，首段就會給下一個定義。
Ludwig Van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness.
Born in Bonn, Germany, in 1770, he first studied music with the court organist, Gilles van der Eeden. His father was excessively strict and given to heavy drinking. _____ （1） _____. Appointed deputy court organist to Christian Gottlob Neefe at a surprisingly early age in 1782, Beethoven also played the harpsichord and the viola. In 1792 he was sent to Vienna by his patron, Count Ferdinand Waldstein, to study music under Haydn.
Beethoven remained unmarried. _____ （2） _____. Continually plagued by ill health, he developed an ear infection which led to his tragic deafness in 1819.
_____ （3） _____. He completed mature masterpieces of great musical depth: three piano sonatas, four string quartets, the Missa Solemnis, and the 9th Symphony. He died in 1827. _____ （4） _____.
Noting that Beethoven often flew into fits of rage, Goethe once said of him, “I am astonished by his talent, but he is unfortunately an altogether untamed personality.”_____ （5） _____.
A. In spite of this handicap, however, he continued to write music.
B. Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support from his patrons, he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult life.
C. His life was marked by a passionate dedication to independence.
D. When his mother died, Beethoven, then a young man, was named guardian of his two younger brothers.
E. Although Beethoven's personality may have been untamed, his music shows great discipline and control, and this is how we remember him best.
F. Today his music is still being played all over the world.
一般而言第一長或第二長的往往都是答案。
說明文怎么辦?說明文必須有說明的中心或說明的主題。所敘述的東西都必須圍繞主題闡述。
二、看選項A到F
2.抓主干，猜大意。弄清它是啥東西。
如：for example,就要看它是不是例證。是不是舉例。舉例句的前一句肯定是中心主題句 .舉例后面的東西肯定會跟前面的有關系，有著聯(lián)系。
如果出現(xiàn)because……那就是所原因，是因果關系。
如果出現(xiàn)but或however就是轉(zhuǎn)折。前后正好相反。
如果出現(xiàn)……is……就是判斷句。判斷句就是給這個詞下定義。
2、不要放過特征詞。 比如:數(shù)字。選項中如果有數(shù)字了，那么可能空格周圍就會有數(shù)字出現(xiàn)。年代只有在記敘文當中才有用。
專有名詞就是找復現(xiàn)。整篇文章和選項中多次出現(xiàn)的專有名詞沒用。如果是別的專有名詞中沒有的專有名詞，那就要在文章空格的左右找復現(xiàn)。如果有就填進去。
只要是代詞就必須有指代。重點將兩個詞：I,We.如果文章不是以第一人稱的進行寫作的，選項中如果初現(xiàn)I和We時，它只能放在，只能出現(xiàn)在引號句中。
如果整篇文章都是I和We就沒有作用了。
名詞和名詞短語，時態(tài)語態(tài) 如果文章全是用過去時寫作的，突然選項中出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在時了，那有一種情況就是文章該結(jié)尾了。還有一種情況可能是放在引號句中。
Ludwig Van Beethoven
A. In spite of this handicap, however, he continued to write music.
B. Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support
from his patrons, he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult life.
C. His life was marked by a passionate dedication to independence.
D. When his mother died, Beethoven, then a young man, was named guardian of his two younger brothers.
E. Although Beethoven's personality may have been untamed, his music shows great discipline and control, and this is how we remember him best.
F. Today his music is still being played all over the world.
補全短文要求大家只用五分鐘做完。那就首先挑一最長的。 剩下的就去找數(shù)字、I,We 、專有名詞復現(xiàn) 等等。
3、小詞幫你出大力，時態(tài)幫你理順序。 標點解決大問題。
小詞：also 如果出現(xiàn)同結(jié)構的復現(xiàn)就好做了。比如：He said……,he also said…… . He thinks about……,he also thinks about……
some……others …… 是句型的一種復現(xiàn)。
……，either…… 表示也不 .
如：He is not a teacher, I'm not a teacher ,either.
still
標點 引號句:選項中如果有引號句出現(xiàn)，空格周圍可能會有引號句出現(xiàn)。
Reinventing the Table
An earth scientist has rejigged the periodic table to make chemistry simpler to teach to students.
_____（46）_____ But Bruce Railsback from the University of Georgia says he is the first to create a table that breaks with tradition and shows the ions of each element rather than just the elements themselves.
“I got tired of breaking my arms trying to explain the periodic table to earth students,” he says, criss-crossing his hands in the air and pointing to different bits of a traditional table. _____（47）_____ But he has added contour lines to charge density, helping to explain which ions react with which.
“Geochemists just want an intuitive sense of what's going on with the elements,” says Albert Galy from the University of Cambridge _____（48）_____
_____（49）_____ He explains that sulphur, for example, shows up in three different spots one—for sulphide, which is found in minerals, one for sulphite, and one for sulphate, which is found in sea slat, for instance.
He has also included symbols to show which ions are nutrients, and which are common in soil or water. _____（50）_____
A There have been many attempts to redesign the periodic table since Dmitri Mendeleev drew it up in 1871.
B Railsback has still ordered the elements according to the number of protons they have.
C “I imagine this would be good for undergraduates.”
D Raisback has listed some elements more than once.
E And the size of element's symbol reflects how much of it is found in the Earth's crust.
F The traditional periodic table was well drawn.
出現(xiàn)引號句要一段落為主。哪一段出現(xiàn)引號句，就都出來。
問號句：如果是一般疑問句1）.可以去找排比句。2）.找回答語。
特殊疑問句如果使用What來問，它的回答語一般是名詞或名詞短語。一般很少是代詞。如果是Why，回答語一般是原因。表原因的詞有：because,because of或者是due to,owing to
特殊疑問句抓問句的主語和答語的主語?；卮鹫Z的主語一般都是指代。
三、回頭再去看原文明確1到5的空格位置
1.開頭常是主題句（首段首句）。直接掉頭看標題。
Exercise Three The Changes of Women's Lives
____1____. During the twentieth century there has been fl remarkable shortening of the proportion of a woman's life spent in caring for children. A woman married at the end of the nine teenth century would probably have been in her middle twenties, and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or five lived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother would have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get paid work. ____2____. Usually a woman's younger child will be fifteen when she is forty-five and can be expected to live another thirty-five years and is likely to take paid work until retire ment at sixty. ____3____.
____4____. Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married, they usually left work at once and never returned to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls stay at school after that age, and though women tend to marry younger, more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born. ____5____ .Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage, with the husband accepting a greater share of the duties and satisfactions of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running the home, according to the abilities and interests of each of them.
A Today, women marry younger and have fewer children.
B Even while she has the care of children, her work is lightened by household appliances and convenience foods.
C Very many afterwards return to full or part-time work.
D The greatest recent social changes have been in the lives of women.
E For women at the beginning of the twentieth century, the amount of time spent taking care of children accounted for a great part of their lives.
F This important change in women's life-pattern has only recently begun to have its full effect on women's economic position.
其他段落首句先看空格下一句。沒有復現(xiàn)再看上段段尾句。找復現(xiàn)就是選項中的詞跟空格左右的句子、單詞誰復現(xiàn)得多就選誰.就是看空格左右的詞跟選項中的詞有沒有一樣的。有一樣的就選一樣的。
2.中間不忘主題句。前瞻后望找啟事。這種方法適合說明文。
3.末尾常是下結(jié)論，也可排比和舉例（例子）。末尾句一般都是結(jié)論句。比如：therefore,as a result 等等。
四、注意事項
1.絕對常是干擾項，意思太泛、太窄要小心。
2.選項與空格周圍重復的字越多，可能越是答案。就是看選項中的單詞與空格中單詞的復現(xiàn)率。如果在段中，一般先看空格的左邊。然后再看空格右邊，找復現(xiàn)。如果是段尾句，則先看空格左邊。如果空格沒有再去本段的中心主題。如果在段首，先看右，再看上一段段尾。五個空格實際上就看十句話左右。
3.選項中的主語可能會是空格前句話的賓語的再現(xiàn)?；蛘哒f選項中的賓語或表語可能會是空格下句話的主語的再現(xiàn)（復現(xiàn)）。
4.與標題內(nèi)容相違背的選項不能入選。意思不正確的選項不能入選。
Reinventing the Table
An earth scientist has rejigged the periodic table to make chemistry simpler to teach to students.
46 But Bruce Railsback from the University of Georgia says he is the first to create a table that breaks with tradition and shows the ions of each element rather than just the ele-ments themselves.
"I got tired of breaking my arms trying to explain the periodic table to earth students." he says, crisscrossing his hands in the air and pointing to different bits of a traditional table. 47 But he has added contour lines to charge density, helping to explain which ions react with which.
"Geochemists just want an intuitive sense of what's going on with the elements," says Albert Galy from the University of Cambridge 48
49 He explains that sulphur, for example, shows up in three different spots one-for sulphide, which is found in minerals, one for sulphite, and one for sulphate, which is found in sea slat, for instance.
He has also included symbols to show which ions are nutrients, and which are common in soil or water. 50
A There have been many attempts to redesign the periodic table since Dmitri Mendeleev drew it up in l871.
B Railsback has still ordered the elements according to the number of protons they have.
C "I imagine this would be good for undergraduates."
D Railsbaek has listed some elements more than once.
E And the size of element's symbol reflects how much of it is found in the Earth's crust.
F The traditional periodic table was well drawn.
5.不要為了得滿分而做題就能得高分。
做題的步驟：1.先把文章的標題借助字典先查一查，看一看。2.看選項，從選項中找出特殊標志的詞。比如數(shù)字、專有名詞、引號句、問號句、I和We，還有一些特殊標志的詞能幫助我們確定答案的位置。比如：and 不能放在段首句。再如for example,for instanse,告訴我們前面的句子是主題，后面的句子必須和它對上。3.開始做題。如果在段首，先看右，再看上一段段尾。如果在段中，一般先看空格的左邊。然后再看空格右邊，找復現(xiàn)。如果是段尾句，則先看空格左邊。如果空格沒有再去本段的中心主題。
Conservation or Wasted Effort?
The black robin（旅鶇） is one of the world's rarest birds. It is a small wild bird, and it lives only on the island of Little Mangere, off the coast of New Zealand. In 1967 there were about fifty black robins there; in 1977 there were fewer than ten. 46
Energetic steps are being taken to preserve the black robin. 47 The idea is to buy an- other island nearby as a special home, a "reserve", for threatened wild life, including black robins. The organizers say that Little Mangere should then be restocked （重新準備） with the robin's food. Thousands of the required plants are at present being cultivated in New Zealand.
Is all this concern a waste of human effort? 48 Are we losing our sense of what is reasonable and what is unreasonable?
In the earth's long, long past hundreds of kinds of creatures have evolved, risen to a degree of success and died out. In the long, long future there will be many new and different forms of life. Those creatures that adapt themselves successfully to what the earth offers will survive for a long time. 49 This is nature's proven method of operation.
The rule of selection-"the survival of the fittest"-is the one by which human beings have themselves arrived on the scene. We, being one of the most adaptable creatures the earth has yet produced, may last longer than most, 50 You may take it as another rule that when, at last, human beings show signs of dying out, no other creature will extend a paw（爪）to postpone our departure. On the contrary, we will be hurried out.
Life seems to have grown too tough for black robins. I leave you to judge whether we should try to do anything about it.
A Some creatures, certain small animals, insects and birds, will almost certainly outlast （比……長久） man, for they seem even more adaptable.
B Those that fail to meet the challenges will disappear early.
C Detailed studies are going on, and a public appeal for money has been made.
D Both represent orders in the classification of life.
E Is it any business of ours whether the black robin survives or dies out?
F These are the only black robins left in the world.
含有絕對意義字眼的單詞可能是干擾項。不一定是絕對錯誤的。不能拿閱讀的方法來套補全短文。
補全短文的重點就抓兩項：第一找特殊符號。第二找復現(xiàn)。第三是找最長的。
there be 句型be動詞單復數(shù)應該采取就近原則。
than前面應該找比較級。
take steps 采取措施
thousand 具體數(shù)字與它連用時不加s .只要是與of連用時就必須加s.
hundreds of 用法與上面一樣
died out 死絕了，滅光了。同義改寫：extinct
dying out
at last 最后、終于。相當于finaly
postpone 推遲 相當于put off,delay
On the contrary 相反
tough 艱難的、困苦的相當于difficult,hard
even more 比較級前面可用程度副詞來修飾。共有五個：much,far,a little,a bit,even（甚至）
whether 一般與or 連用。一般會說whether ……or;whether ……or not
標題帶問號，證明這道題沒有答案。答案肯定是不定的。
第二步看選項A到F.
This是考指代題，他必須指代上句話的內(nèi)容
Home Schooling
All children in the United States have to receive an education, but the law does not say they have to be educated at school. A number of parents prefer not to send their children to school.………… （46）. There are about 300,000 home-schoolers in the United States today. Soma parents prefer teaching their children at home because they do not believe that public schools teach the correct religious values; others believe they can provide a better educational experience for their children by teaching them at home. ………… （47）.
David Guterson and his wife teach their three children at home. Guterson says that his children learn very differently from children in school.………… （48）. For example, when there is heavy snowfall on a winter day, it may start a discussion or reading about climate, snow removal equipment, Alaska, polar bears, and winter tourism. Or a spring evening when the family is out watching the stars is a good time to ask questions about satellites and the space program.……… （49）.
Home schooling is often more interesting than regular schools, but critics say that home-schoolers aye outsiders who might be uncomfortable mixing with other people in adult life. ……… （50）. However, most parents don't have the time or the desire to teach their children at home, so schools will continue to be where most children get their formal education.
A Interestingly, results show that home-schooled children quite often do better than average on national tests in reading and math.
B Critics also say that most parents are not well qualified to teach their children.
C Learning starts with the children's interests and questions
D Children who are educated at home are known as "home-schoolers"
E In some countries, there are children who are educated by their parents at home instead of by teachers at school.
F lf the Brazilian rain forests are on the TV news, it could be a perfect time to talk about how rain forests influence the climate, how deserts are formed，and how the polar ice caps affect ocean levels.
A number of =a lot of 后邊的名詞必須用復數(shù)
prefer to do寧愿…… prefer doing sth.to donging…… 寧愿做什么，
不愿做什么 prefer sth.to sth.
send sb. to some place 送某人去某地
Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change
At picnics, ants are pests. But they have their uses. In industriesl such as mining, farthing and forestry, they can help gauge the health of the environment by just crawling around and being antsy.
It has been recognized for decades that ants-which are highly sensitive to ecological change—can provide a near-percent barometer of the state of an ecosystem. Only certain species, for instance, will continue to thrive at a forest site that has been cleared of trees. 46 . And still others will move in and take up residence.
By looking at which species populate a deforested area, scientists can determine how "stressed" the land is. 47 Ants are used simply because they are so common and comprise so many species.
Where mine sites are being restored, for example, some ant species will recolonize the stripped land more quickly than others. 48 Australian mining company Capricorn Coal Management has been successfully using ant surveys for years to determine the rate of recovery of land that it is replanting near its German Creek mine in Queensland.
Ant surveys also have been used with mine-site recovery projects in Africa and Brazil, where warm climates encourage dense and diverse ant populations. "We found it worked extremely well there," says Jonathan Majer r a professor of environmental biology. Yet the surveys are perfectly suited to climates throughout Asia, he says, because ants are so common throughout the region. As Majer puts it: "That's the great thing about ants."
Ant surveys are so highly-regarded as ecological indicators that governments worldwide accept their results when assessing the environmental impact of mining and tree harvesting. 49
Why not? Because many companies can't afford the expense or the laboratory time needed to sift results for a comprehensive survey. The cost stems, also, from the scarcity of ant specialists. 50
A This allowed scientists to gauge the pace and progress of the ecological recovery.
B Yet in other businesses, such as farming and property development, ant surveys aren't used widely.
C Employing those people are expensive.
D They do this by sorting the ants, counting their numbers and comparing the results with those of earlier surveys.
E The evolution of ant species may have a strong impact on our ecosystem.
F Others will die out for lack of food.
is out 出去 is in 在家
與 questions 連用的一般都是 ask或answer.
與 problem連用的一般都是solve或 work out
Pain
All of us have felt pain. We have cut ourselves. We have been burned. Or we have had headaches. Some of us suffer pain rarely. 46
Pain can take complete control of our body and mind, making it impossible to move and even to think. Yet we need pain. Without it, we would not know if we have hurt ourselves. It is our body's warning system. 47
Pain is the most common reason we go to a doctor. It is the most common reason we take medicines. Until recently, however, most doctors knew of only a few drugs that stopped some pains. 48 But new knowledge about the process of pain is helping them to control pain better.
Scientists have learned that the sense of pain is made up of both chemical and electrical signals. 49 Scientists also have learned that the nervous system sends two different kinds of pain messages to the brain: one very fast, the other stow. The first message is the warning signal. It moves at a speed of 30 meters a second. In less than a second, the brain understands that part of the body is hurt and how badly it is injured. 50 It tells us not to use the injured part until it heals.
A And others have painful attacks all the time.
B These signals travel from nerve cells in the injured area, up the spinal cord （脊髓） to the brain, and back down again.
C It tells us that we are injured and should do something about it.
D They knew little about the process of pain itself.
E The other message moves at a speed of only one meter a second.
F And they send the second, slower message of pain to the brain.
it 只是形式賓語，動詞不定式to do 才是實際賓語 是的做什么怎么樣。
_____it easier to make friends.
A.have B.find C.get D.go
原因詞一般跟why 連在一起。如果選項中出現(xiàn)why 一般用because 回答?；蛴胋ecause of來回答。第二種就可能用due to 來回答?；蜻@用owing to.還用一種就是用reason回答。
注意同義改寫
doctor 醫(yī)生 drugs 毒品
physician 內(nèi)科醫(yī)生 take medicines 吃藥
dentist 牙醫(yī)
surgeon 外科醫(yī)生
recently 最近地，相當于lately
recently 也是完成時的標志
a few 和few 共同修飾可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)。a little和little修飾不可數(shù)名詞。帶a的是肯定。不帶a的是否定。
however放句中兩邊都要有逗號。
be made up of 由什么組成=consists of （不用被動）
both ……and……兩者都 neither ……nor……兩者都不……（既不……也不……） either……or…… 要么這個要么那個
……,also……同結(jié)構的復現(xiàn)才有用。slso 在原文中出現(xiàn)時一定要看完后面的句子后在做選擇。
one …… the other……是兩者之中的另外一個。
冒號表示解釋。冒號前后可以劃等號。
and 兩邊是平行結(jié)構。平行結(jié)構詞兩邊要求詞性、詞義
同義替換中經(jīng)?？迹?BR> injure 指事故中受傷
wound 指槍（刀、劍）傷
hurt 指傷及情感感情，指肌肉的疼痛
Mergers
The most common kind of consolidation today is the merger. 46
With the deregulation of natural gas, the nation's 20 interstate pipeline companies became fearful of cutthroat competition. 47 In 1985 Internorth of Omaha paid, $ 2.3 billion for Houston Natural Gas Corporation, thereby gaining control of the world's longest pipeline. The system connected markets from coast to coast and raised sales to $ 10 billion.
On occasion, mergers have occurred between smaller companies in an industry dominated by a few giant firms. These smaller companies claim that they need to merge to become more efficient and effective in competing against the biggest corporations. 48 The Antitrust Division of the Justice Department has not always agreed with them.
Four major waves of mergers have taken place in this country. The first started in l887, just prior to the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act, and ended in l904. It involved such giants as United States Steel and Standard Oil trying to create monopolies in their industries. From the end of World War I until the l930s, large firms swallowed smaller firms to create oligopolies. The monopoly has no chance and the oligopoly little chance of succeeding today under present antitrust policy.
The third major merger movement began in the l960s, reached a peak in l969, and then gradually declined. Many of the acquisitions involved giant firms in one industry buying up large companies in totally unrelated industries. Such mergers are called conglomerate mergers 49
Mergers in the last ten years were in the thousands. More important is the value of the transactions, which has risen sharply. The number of mergers and acquisitions apply only to those valued at $ 100 million or more. The petroleum industry had mergers and acquisitions valued at close to $ 80 billion between l981 and l984. 50
A Some felt that they could increase their efficiency and improve their market flexibility by merging.
B They maintain that such action increases competition instead of reducing it.
C Other industries experiencing large takeovers were banking and finance, insurance, mining and mineral, and processed foods.
D Fierce competition on the international market results in combinations of small firms.
E A classic example is Mobil Oil Corporation's purchase of the huge retail chain Montgomery Ward &Company.
F A merger occurs when two or more companies get together to form one company.
如果空格前邊出現(xiàn)一個主謂賓的現(xiàn)象時，選項中的主語有可能是空格前一句的賓語的再現(xiàn)。選項的賓語或表語就有可能是空格下一句的主語的再現(xiàn)。
from……to…… 從……到…… industry 工業(yè) ，工廠;行業(yè)
from……till…… works 重型工業(yè)工廠/factory
occur 發(fā)生=happen,take place
兩者之間用between,三者以上用among
表示行業(yè)的詞：industry ,business ,trade,line
dominate 控制=control
名詞+ -ed+by 這時候的-ed+by 是作定語的。
the room cleaned by us
claim 聲稱
agreed with 同意某人
prior to 容易考同義改寫相當于before 在……之前
such……as…… 象……一樣
1930s 二十世紀三十年代
1400 十五世紀
看到such,this.these這樣的詞都是考指代出題原則。前面肯定會提到，否則就不能選。看到這樣的題一定要往前指。
last 容易考同義改寫。相當于past 表示剛剛過去的。
ten years =decade（十年）
which前面一般有逗號。如果這兒給你的選項是that,which,what,where這兒只能選which.which在引導非限定性定語時它做has risen的主語，what永遠不能引導定語從句。where引導定語從句必須是作狀語。
The number of 表示……的總數(shù)（總量）謂語動詞必須用單數(shù)和第三人稱。
at close to 接近
between 一般和and搭配表示在兩者之間。（也是在完型中比較愛考的一個現(xiàn)象。）
instead of 而不是，肯定前者否定后者。等于rather than.
A instead of （ratner than） B 就是肯A否B
反義詞： increase 增加
reduce 減少
finance當動詞是提供資金，提供基金和fund,grant是特別重要的同義改寫。
results in 導致 和lead to 是同義改寫。（強調(diào)的是果）
results from由……引起（強調(diào)的是因）
purchase=buy 但purchase一般是購買大件，購買小件用buy.
單選練習
18.John ________ him that he should say a few words about this at the meeting.
A talked B told C spoke
19.When the teacher came into the classroom, the students stopped ________ at once.
A 1aughing B 1aughed C 1augh
20.A girl saw it ________ when she Was walking past.
A happened B was happening C happen
21.You must keep your room ________.
A clean B cleaning C to clean
22.My parents ________ to Kunming. They left this morning and will return in a month.
A have been B went C have gone
23.Two months ________ quite long for me. I can't wait.
A is B are C wore
24.One day, I ________ some boys playing in that river.
A asked B saw C made
25.The policeman let the traffic ________ again.
A go B to go C going
26.I'm sorry she's out and she ________ back until 9:00.
A will come B come C won't be
27.Has Lucy forgotten ________?Yes, she has forgotten ________.
A somthing…something B anything…nothing C anything…something
28.There is ________ with Kate.
A anything wrong B wrong something C something wrong
29.The Great Green Wall stops the sand ________ towards the rich farmland in the south.
A not to move B without moving C from moving
30.—Let's go out for a walk, ________?
—All right.
A don't we B shall we C will you
talk表示討論、談論 clean 當形容詞用指清潔的。
tell sb.告訴 去了還沒回就用have gone
speak 說某種語言 去了已經(jīng)回來了就用 have been
stop+to do 停下來去做另一件事 Two months 是整體概念，動詞用單數(shù)。
stop+doing 別做了 直到……才……not……until……
感官動詞+sb.（代詞）+do something用于肯定;anything 用于否定或疑問
感官動詞+sb.（代詞）+ doing
形容詞修飾不定代詞時形容詞要后置。
阻止……stop ……from……=keep……from……;prevent……from……
祈使句的反義問句一般情況下就用will you?
let's 咱們，包括聽話人也包括說話人，要用shall we?
let us 讓我們，是征求對方的意見。要用will you?……你同意嗎?
祈使句的反義問句都要求用will you?
祈使句就是第一人稱對第二人稱的命令。
一、題型要求
補全短文的設計思路是，給出一篇300-450詞的短文，其中有5處空白，文章后面有6段文字，要求應試者根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容選擇5段文字，將其放回文章原有位置，以恢復文章原貌。這種題型重在考查應試者把握文章結(jié)構、掌握作者思路的能力。這是一種較高層次的閱讀理解能力，要求考生能夠從宏觀的角度把握文章的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構，要想做好這類題，必須從語篇的角度，搞清楚文章的脈絡，吃透文章的意思。
二、解題技巧
補全短文是職稱英語六大題型中最難的一種題型，在做這種題型時要先預測選項，注意抓選項主干，猜測選項的大致意思，同時要注意連詞，代詞，名詞，形容詞，副詞等的出現(xiàn)。之后回到原文中看看空白處所在的位置，如果是在段首句，也許意味著是中心主題句，如果是在段尾句，也許意味著是中心主題句或是細節(jié)論述，如果是在段中，也許意味著是細節(jié)論述。最后根據(jù)空白處的前后句的意思，按先易后難的順序?qū)⒃幕謴驮?。做完之后在把文章看一遍，檢查一下所填的順序是否符合文章二下文的要求。
三、補全短文?？歼B詞
1.并列遞進
and和;又;及such…a…象…一樣
he same…as和…一樣either……or……或者…或者…
in other words換句話說similar相似的
neither…nor…既不…也不…
like象…
likewise也，而且
in addition另外
even甚至，更
not only…but also不但…而且
also也moreover而且;此外
2.轉(zhuǎn)折
but但是
instead（0f）代替
despite不管
though盡管
conversely相反地
unlike不象
whereas然而
as well也，此外
besides在…旁邊;除了
such如此
this means這意味著
still then就在那時
furthermore更
not…but不是…而是
however但是
rather（than）不是…而是
in spite of不管
although盡管
unless除非
unfortunately不幸地
no matter how/what/where/who無論怎樣/什么/在哪里/誰
while/nevertheless然而
3.比較
while然而
inferior仍比…低級（次）
as…as和…一樣
in contrast相反
prefer A to B寧愿選A而不選B
4.原因
because（0f）因為，由于
due to由于
as a result of因為，由于
thanks to由于
5.結(jié)果
as a result結(jié)果…
Thus.therefore因此
so（such）…that如此…以至于
6.列舉。
first（1y）首先
third（1y）再次
another……另一個…
0n the other hand另一方面
the more…the more越…越…
on the contrary t0相反地
superior to比…高級（好）
not so/as…as不和…一樣
more/less than多/少于
since因為
as因為,由于
for the reason因為，由于
consequently結(jié)果
so因此
second（ly）其次
finally最后
the most…最…的
one factor（problem，means，feature）一個因素（問題，方法，特色）