學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)
1． Exercises Explanation and Memo Writing Summary
2． Reading --- Training to be entertaining
3． Letter Writing
4． Homework
I. Exercises Explanation and Memo Writing Answer Key
Exercise: P27
1.
be popular with
pride oneself on (doing) sth.
on a basis
look forward to
at reasonable prices
cater for
call in
good value for money
until
a long way from
3.
satisfaction
be located
comfortable
cleanliness
entertainment
Memo
To: All Staff
From: David Guan, Research and Development Director
Date: 23 November 2000
Subject: Visit of Chairman
The chairman of our corporation is going to visit our company next Monday 27 November to discuss the pricing policy for our new product. He will arrive at 10am and please attend the welcome reception for him at 10.15am. Thanks.
Summary of memo writing (page 78)
1. Candidate C
All three parts of the task are completed and it is the correct length. The language is accurate and appropriate except for one mistake. (hire instead of book/reserve)
2. Candidate B
B completes two parts of the task but does not give location details. The note is too long. The writer includes unnecessary information (e.g. to discuss a contract with us). The language is generally accurate although the first sentence is long and wordy. The language is also inappropriate at times (e.g. cheers!).
3. Candidate A
A completes one part of the task only and does not give dates or location details. The note is short. The style is inappropriate formal for a note (I am writing to inform you…etc.).
II. Reading
Training to be entertaining and making it pay
entertaining adjective amusing and enjoyable 饒有趣味的，搞笑的，
an entertaining story/film 一部有意思的故事/電影
His books aren't particularly well-written, but they're always entertaining.他的著作并不是很出名，但卻總是很有意思。
pay verb
past tense and past participle paid
pay for
Mum paid for my driving lessons. 媽媽出錢支付我學(xué)車的費(fèi)用。
pay (in) cash 用現(xiàn)金付費(fèi)
pay by cheque/credit card 用支票/信用卡付費(fèi)
pay somebody for something
He didn't even offer to pay me for the ticket. 他甚至不愿意支付我機(jī)票錢。
pay somebody to do something
Ray paid some kids to wash the car. … 給幾個(gè)孩子錢，讓他們給他洗車。
pay somebody something
I paid him $5 to cut the grass. 我給他5美元讓他把玻璃給我切開。
pay (somebody) in dollars/euros etc
He wanted to be paid in dollars. 他想以美元形式得到薪酬。
I forgot to pay the gas bill! 我忘記繳煤氣費(fèi)了。
▶WAGE/SALARY◀
[intransitive and transitive]to give someone money for the job they do 支付薪水
How much do they pay you? 他們給你多少錢的薪水？
pay somebody $100 a day/£200 a week etc
They're only paid about £4 an hour. 他們只得到一小時(shí)4英鎊的薪水。
Some lawyers get paid over $400 an hour. 有些律師一小時(shí)可以得到400美元的薪酬。
be paid weekly/monthly also get paid weekly/monthly
We get paid weekly on Fridays. 我們每周五發(fā)薪。
well/badly/poorly paid
Many of the workers are very badly paid. 許多工人的薪水很低。
pay attention (to somebody/something)
▶SAY SOMETHING GOOD◀
[transitive] to say something good or polite about or to someone
The minister paid tribute to the work of the emergency services. 這位部長前來視察救援工作。
I came by to pay my respects (=visit or send a polite greeting to someone) to Mrs Owens. 我順道拜訪歐文太太。
I was just trying to pay her a compliment. 我只是想恭維她。
▶GOOD RESULT◀
[intransitive] if a particular action pays, it brings a good result or advantage for you
Crime doesn't pay. 犯罪沒有好處。
It pays to get some professional advice before you make a decision. 在你做決策之前，聽取專家的建議是有好處的。
It would pay you to ask if there are any jobs going at the London office. 你先去詢問倫敦辦事處有無工作空缺對你會有幫助的。
Getting some qualifications now will pay dividends (=bring a lot of advantages) in the long term. 從長遠(yuǎn)來看，取得一些資歷會有好處的。
pick sth up (LEARN) phrasal verb
1 to learn a new skill or language by practising it rather than being taught it: 學(xué)習(xí)新技能或語言
Don't bother with the computer manual - you'll pick it up as you go along. 不要為這本電腦手冊而感到心煩---隨著你的使用，你就會學(xué)會的。
When you live in a country you soon pick up the language. 當(dāng)你在那個(gè)國家居住時(shí)，你就會很快學(xué)會他們的語言。
2 to learn interesting or useful information from someone or something: 了解到有意思的或有用的信息
The nurse had picked up the information from a conversation she overheard. 這位護(hù)士從她偷聽到的對話中獲得了這個(gè)消息。
tip noun [C] INFORMATION
a useful piece of information, especially about how to do something or about the likely winner of a race or competition: 有用的信息，提示
gardening/cooking/sewing tips 園藝/烹飪/縫紉提示
She gave me a useful/helpful/valuable/practical tip about/for growing tomatoes. 她針對如何種植西紅柿給了一些有用的/有幫助的/有價(jià)值的/使用的提示。
tip (PAYMENT) noun [C]
a small amount of money given to someone who has provided you with a service, in addition to the official payment and for their personal use: 小費(fèi)
a 15% tip 15%的小費(fèi)
He gave the porter a tip. 他給門童小費(fèi)。
We don't need to leave a tip for the waiter, because there's a service charge included in the bill. 我們沒有給服務(wù)生留下小費(fèi)是因?yàn)橘~單中已經(jīng)包括了服務(wù)費(fèi)。
Para.1
contact noun
▶COMMUNICATION◀ [uncountable] communication with a person, organization, country etc 聯(lián)系
contact with/between
be/get/stay/keep in contact (with somebody)
We stay in contact by email. 我們靠互發(fā)電子郵件保持聯(lián)系。
We'd like to make contact with other schools in the area. 我們希望與本地區(qū)的其他學(xué)校保持聯(lián)系。
The children lost contact with their families (=they no longer see them because they do not know where to find them). 孩子們與家里人失去了聯(lián)系。
face-to-face/social/personal contact (=talking to someone who is with you)
▶PERSON◀ [countable usually plural] a person you know who may be able to help or advise you 熟人， 商業(yè)伙伴
He has a lot of contacts in the media. 他在媒體中有很多朋友。
a worldwide network of contacts 廣泛的朋友圈
business/personal contacts 商業(yè)伙伴/私人的朋友
contact verb [transitive]
to write to or telephone someone 寫信或打電話聯(lián)系某人
Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any queries. 如果你有任何疑問，請不要猶豫與我聯(lián)系。
social adjective
▶SOCIETY◀
relating to human society and its organization, or the quality of people's lives 社會的
social issues, such as unemployment and education 社會問題，比如事業(yè)和教育
the country's serious social problems 這個(gè)社會嚴(yán)重的社會問題
▶RANK◀ relating to your position in society, according to your job, family, wealth etc 社會階層的
The students come from a variety of social classes (=groups of people that have the same social position). 這些學(xué)生來自不同的社會階層。
the social status of her family 她家庭的社會階層
▶MEETING PEOPLE◀
relating to meeting people, forming relationships with them, and spending time with them 交際的，社交的
a club with lots of social events 交際活動(dòng)豐富的俱樂部
Exercise classes are a good way to keep fit and improve your social life. 身體訓(xùn)練課是保持身體健康、增進(jìn)社交生活的好方式。
Group play helps children develop social skills (=ability to deal with people easily). 小組活動(dòng)有助于孩子們發(fā)揮交際能力。
4 someone who is social enjoys meeting and talking to other people 喜愛社交的
ￚ同義詞 sociable
ￚsocially adverb
sociable adjective someone who is sociable is friendly and enjoys being with other people 喜愛社交的
a pleasant, sociable couple 一對高興并喜愛社交的夫婦
context noun [uncountable and countable]
1 the situation, events, or information that are related to something and that help you to understand it （事情發(fā)生的）背景，來龍去脈，環(huán)境
political/social/historical etc context 政治/社會/歷史背景
the political context of the election 這次選舉的政治背景
place/put/see etc something in context 把某事放在特定背景下看待
To appreciate what these changes will mean, it is necessary to look at them in context. 為了能夠理解這些變化意味著什么，大家有必要把他們放在特定背景下看待。
in the context of something
These incidents are best understood in the broader context of developments in rural society. 在農(nóng)村發(fā)展的廣闊背景下會更好地理解這些事情。
2 the words that come just before and after a word or sentence and that help you understand its meaning 上下文
The meaning of 'mad' depends on its context. Mad這個(gè)詞的意思依賴上下文而不同。
setting noun [countable]
1 the place where something is or where something happens, and the general environment 背景
beautiful/perfect/magnificent setting 美麗的/完美的/壯麗的地方
an old farmhouse in a beautiful setting 一處美麗地方的老農(nóng)場房子
setting for
Cyprus is the perfect setting for a beach holiday. 塞浦路斯是一處海濱度假的美麗地方。
I’ve worked with children in various settings, mainly in secondary school. 我在很多場合都與孩子們打過交道，主要是在中學(xué)。
2 the place or time where the events in a book, film etc happen 小說、戲劇的背景
setting for
The island was used by Dickens as the setting for Oliver Twist. 這座島被迪更斯用來作為他撰寫的《霧都孤兒》的背景地。
prospect noun
1 [uncountable and countable] the possibility that something will happen 前景
prospect of doing something
I see no prospect of things improving here. 我未看到事情有任何進(jìn)展
There is every prospect (=a strong possibility) of the weather remaining dry this week. 這一周天氣還會繼續(xù)保持干燥。
prospect for
There are good prospects for growth in the retail sector. 零售行業(yè)增長大有希望。
prospect that
There's a real prospect that England will not qualify for the World Cup. 英格蘭隊(duì)無法進(jìn)入世界杯賽將會變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。
2 [singular] a particular event which will probably or definitely happen in the future - used especially when you want to talk about how you feel about it （某一特指在未來會發(fā)生的）事件
prospect of
The prospect of marriage terrified Alice. 婚姻的前景嚇住了愛麗絲。
Greeks face the prospect of new general elections next month. 希臘人下個(gè)月要迎來新一輪的大選。
3 prospects [plural] chances of future success 未來成功的前景
I had no job, no education, and no prospects. 我沒有工作，沒有受過良好的教育，也沒有成功的可能性。
job/career prospects 工作/職業(yè)希望
Job prospects for graduates don't look good. 大學(xué)畢業(yè)生的就業(yè)前景并不樂觀。
enjoy verb [transitive]
1 to get pleasure from something 喜愛
Sandra enjoys her job in the city. … 喜歡她在城里的這份工作。
enjoy doing something
Young children enjoy helping around the house. 小孩子喜歡在家里幫忙。
enjoy yourself
(=be happy in a particular situation)
2 formal to have a particular ability or advantage 有特長或優(yōu)勢
These workers enjoy a high level of job security. 這些工人享有很高的工作安全度。
Explanation:
Para. 2
a rugby match
rugby noun [uncountable]
an outdoor game played by two teams with an oval (=egg-shaped) ball that you kick or carry 橄欖球
sporting adjective [only before noun] relating to sports 體育
The college offers a wide range of sporting activities. 這所學(xué)院舉辦了一系列的體育活動(dòng)。
one of the major sporting events of the year 一年中重大體育賽事之一
a great sporting achievement 一項(xiàng)重要的體育成績
Britain's sporting heroes 英國體育英雄
sporting goods 體育商品
ￚsportingly adverb British English
hook [countable]
▶HANGING THINGS◀
a curved piece of metal or plastic that you use for hanging things on 鉤子
Tom hung his coat on the hook behind the door. 湯姆把衣服掛在門后的衣鉤上。
▶CATCHING FISH◀
a curved piece of thin metal with a sharp point for catching fish 釣魚竿
▶INTEREST◀
something that is attractive and gets people's interest and attention 吸引
ￚ同義詞 draw
You always need a bit of a hook to get people to go to the theatre. 你需要用一些辦法來吸引人們到劇院去。
hook verb [transitive]
▶FISH◀ to catch a fish with a hook 釣魚
I hooked a 20-pound salmon last week. 我上周釣到了一條20磅重的三文魚。
▶INTEREST/ATTRACT◀
informal to succeed in making someone interested in something or attracted to something 吸引
cigarette ads designed to hook young people 煙草廣告旨在吸引年輕人感興趣
intimate adjective
▶RESTAURANT/MEAL/PLACE◀
private and friendly so that you feel comfortable 氣氛融洽的
the intimate atmosphere of a country pub 一間鄉(xiāng)村酒吧良好的氛圍
an intimate meal for two 兩個(gè)人融洽的就餐
▶FRIENDS◀ having an extremely close friendship 親密的（關(guān)系）
She's on intimate terms with important people in the government. 她與政府要員保持了密切的關(guān)系。
3 intimate knowledge of something 對某事了如指掌
very detailed knowledge of something as a result of careful study or a lot of experience
his intimate knowledge of the coal industry 他對礦產(chǎn)行業(yè)了如指掌
▶PRIVATE◀
relating to very private or personal matters 私人的
the publication of intimate details of their affair 他們戀愛的隱私情況被公布
ￚintimately adverb 密切地
The two aspects are intimately connected. 這兩個(gè)方面緊密相連。
I am intimately acquainted with the state of my bank account. 我對我銀行賬戶的狀況了如指掌。
outstanding adjective
1 extremely good 杰出的，優(yōu)秀的
an outstanding example of a 13th century castle 一個(gè)13世紀(jì)城堡的杰出典范
an outstanding success 卓越成績
His performance was outstanding. 他的表現(xiàn)特別優(yōu)秀。
2 not yet done, solved, or paid 還未支付，還清的
We've got quite a few debts still outstanding. 我們還有一些債務(wù)未還清。
an outstanding issue 沒有解決的問題
3 very great or clear 非常的
The question of who is in charge is of outstanding importance. 關(guān)于誰來負(fù)責(zé)的問題非常重要。
Explanation：Choosing the right event
Para.3
chat [intransitive]verb
past tense and past participle chatted present participle chatting
1 also chat away
especially British English to talk in a friendly informal way, especially about things that are not important 閑聊
John and I sat up until the early hours chatting. 約翰和我坐在那里一直聊到清晨。
chat with/to
Mary was there, chatting to her mother. 瑪麗在那里與她的媽媽聊天。
chat about
Susie chatted away about her social life. ….聊著她的社交生活。
2 to communicate with several people in a chat room on the Internet 網(wǎng)上聊天
chat noun [uncountable and countable] especially British English an informal friendly conversation
chat with
I've had a long chat with Vinnie. 我與… 進(jìn)行了一番長談。
chat about
a chat about the weather 聊天氣
On ▶PAY◀
be on somebody
spoken used to say who is going to pay for something由某人付費(fèi)
The drinks are on me! 飲料我買單。
Each table will get a bottle of champagne on the house (=paid for by the restaurant, hotel etc). 每個(gè)桌子上的香檳酒都由餐館買單。
Explanation：Setting clear objectives
Para. 4
chit-chat noun [uncountable] informal
conversation about things that are not very important 聊天，閑談
boring social chit-chat 無聊的社交聊天
add up to something phrasal verb
to produce a particular total or result 產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果
Rising prison population and overcrowding add up to a real crisis. 不斷增長的監(jiān)獄人口和過度的擁擠狀況都會導(dǎo)致真正的危機(jī)產(chǎn)生。
Explanation: Getting down to business
Para. 5
bring somebody/something ↔ up phrasal verb
1 to mention a subject or start to talk about it 提出某個(gè)談?wù)摰脑掝}
ￚ同義詞 raise
Why did you have to bring up the subject of money? 你為什么要提出錢這個(gè)話題？
2 to look after and influence a child until he or she is grown up 培養(yǎng)帶大（孩子）
ￚ同義詞 raise
He was brought up by his grandparents. 他是由他的祖父母帶大的。
bring somebody up to do something
In my day, children were brought up to respect the law. 在我那個(gè)時(shí)代，孩子被教育成藥遵紀(jì)守法的人。
timing noun
1 [uncountable] the skill of doing something at exactly the right time時(shí)機(jī)掌握
perfect/good/bad etc timing
He was just walking into the restaurant when we got there. Perfect timing. 我們剛剛抵達(dá)的時(shí)候他才走進(jìn)這家飯館。時(shí)機(jī)把握得真好。
2 [uncountable and countable] the time when someone does something or when something happens, especially when you are considering how suitable this is 時(shí)間選擇，時(shí)間安排
timing of
The President and I did not discuss the timing of my departure. 總統(tǒng)和我沒有談到我離開的時(shí)間安排。
Ferry schedules and precise timings are subject to weather conditions on the day of departure. 輪渡時(shí)刻表和準(zhǔn)確的時(shí)間安排都受到出發(fā)當(dāng)天的天氣狀況的影響。
whisper verb
1 [intransitive and transitive] to speak or say something very quietly, using your breath rather than your voice 耳語
You don't have to whisper, no one can hear us. 你不必要小聲說話，沒有人能聽到。
whisper about
What are you two whispering about over there? 你們兩個(gè)在那里耳語什么呢？
whisper something to somebody
James leaned over to whisper something to Michael. …將身子斜靠過去向…耳語。
2 [transitive] to say or suggest something privately or secretly 密談
whisper that
Staff were whispering that the company was about to go out of business. 員工們私下里議論著公司將會破產(chǎn)的事情。
whisper noun [countable]
1 a very quiet voice you make using your breath and no sound 耳語
in a whisper
'Where are we going?' he asked in a whisper. “我們在哪呢？”他小聲耳語著。
2 a piece of news or information that has not been officially announced and may or may not be true 小道消息
ￚ同義詞 rumour
whisper of
The first whisper of the redundancies came from the newspapers. 有關(guān)減員的小道消息首先是從報(bào)紙上傳出來的。
whisper that
There are whispers that the actor was seen checking into a hospital last week. 有消息說這位演員上周住進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。
Explanation: Choosing the right moment
Para. 6
according to preposition
1 as shown by something or stated by someone 根據(jù)某人所說或某事所展示的那樣
According to the police, his attackers beat him with a blunt instrument. 根據(jù)警方公布的消息，襲擊他的人是拿著鈍器擊打他的。
There is now widespread support for these proposals, according to a recent public opinion poll. 根據(jù)新的民意調(diào)查，民眾都很支持這些提議。
2 in a way that depends on differences in situations or amounts 根據(jù)情況的差異
You will be paid according to the amount of work you do. 根據(jù)你所完成的工作量我們會付給你薪水。
3 in a way that agrees with a system or plan, or obeys a set of rules 根據(jù)規(guī)章制度
The game will be played according to rules laid down for the 1992 Cup. 這場比賽將會根據(jù)1992年世界杯制定的規(guī)定而決出勝負(fù)。
Everything went according to plan, and we arrived on time. 所有事情都是按計(jì)劃順利進(jìn)行，終我們按時(shí)到達(dá)了。
recipe noun [countable]
1 a set of instructions for cooking a particular type of food 烹飪方法
recipe for
a recipe for tomato soup 西紅柿湯的烹飪方法
a recipe book 烹飪書籍
2 be a recipe for something
to be likely to cause a particular result, often a bad one 訣竅，方法
She said that five small boys on skis was a recipe for disaster, not a holiday. 她說五個(gè)小孩都站在滑雪棍上簡直就是制造災(zāi)難的辦法，而不是去度假。
key adjective [no comparative] very important or necessary 非常重要的
key factor/points/questions etc
The President makes all the key decisions on foreign policy. 該總統(tǒng)總是在對外政策上做出所有重要決策。
key role/player/figure etc (=one with a lot of influence on a result)
The show has been hit by the departure of key personnel. 這出劇目的演出由于主要演員的離開而受到很大影響。
key noun [countable]
1 a small specially shaped piece of metal that you put into a lock and turn in order to lock or unlock a door, start a car etc
key to
I can lend you a spare key to the store until you get one cut (=made). 我可以把這把富余的商店鑰匙借給你，等你配好了再還給我。
▶IMPORTANT PART◀
the key
the part of a plan, action etc, that will make it possible for it to succeed 關(guān)鍵
the key to
Working well as a team is the key to success. 團(tuán)隊(duì)工作順利是成功的關(guān)鍵。
a discovery that may hold the key to our understanding of the universe 一項(xiàng)對于了解宇宙至關(guān)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)
purposeful adjective having a clear aim or purpose 目標(biāo)明確的，有決心的
ￚ同義詞 determined
a purposeful and consistent foreign policy 一個(gè)目標(biāo)明確且連貫的對外政策
a purposeful movement 一個(gè)目標(biāo)明確的舉動(dòng)
ￚpurposefully adverb
He walked purposefully to his desk.
ￚpurposefulness noun [uncountable]
effortless adjective something that is effortless is done in a very skilful way that makes it seem easy 毫不費(fèi)力的
Alexei rose to his feet with a single effortless movement. ….毫不費(fèi)力地站了起來。
ￚeffortlessly adverb
Explanation
④ Using the information in the article, complete each sentence with a phrase from the list.
1. F 2. C 3. E 4. B
III. Letter writing
盡管當(dāng)今的科技發(fā)展已經(jīng)將我們帶進(jìn)了數(shù)字時(shí)代，我們的日常生活也越來越離不開電話和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等先進(jìn)的通訊方式，但是我們?nèi)耘f經(jīng)常需要用書信來傳達(dá)信息、表達(dá)情感。
在現(xiàn)代商務(wù)領(lǐng)域里，書信同樣也是一種不可取代的溝通方式。比如，當(dāng)一家公司向另一家公司訂購某種商品時(shí)，習(xí)慣的做法是在正式成交之前用書面的形式加以確認(rèn)。另外，在許多情況下，如果你只用口頭形式來傳達(dá)信息就會顯得很不正式，也很沒有禮貌。比如，當(dāng)你想要邀請某人在一個(gè)非常重要的場合做演講時(shí)，口頭的通知或邀請都會顯得你沒有誠意。這時(shí)人們往往會想到用書信的形式來邀請對方，這樣做就得體多了。由此可見人類在溝通情感以及進(jìn)行生意往來時(shí)，都是需要書信作橋梁的。
一封信是由信頭、日期、編號、收信人情況、稱呼、正文、主題、結(jié)束語、寫信人簽名、姓名和職位等幾個(gè)主要部分構(gòu)成的。
---請同時(shí)參看Unit 2b Arranging a company visit
1. Writer’s address or company letterhead: at the top or in the top right-hand corner. The writer’s name is not at the top of the letter.
信頭: 在信的頂端或右上角，寫信人的姓名不留在信頭部分。
一封信的信頭包括寫信人所在公司的名稱、地址、郵政編碼以及聯(lián)系方式等。如果一封信是以個(gè)人名義寫的，那么寫信人可以省略公司名稱這一項(xiàng)，只要寫上他的住址和聯(lián)系方式就可以了。
2．Date：on the right. Various forms of the date are possible.
日期: 在信紙的右端。日期的寫法可以采取多種形式。實(shí)際上，在很多正式信件中日期的位置是很靈活的。它既可以出現(xiàn)在寫信人地址的下面（信的右端）；也可以出現(xiàn)在收信人地址的上面（信的左端）；還可以出現(xiàn)在收信人地址的下面（信的左端）。
另外，大家在書寫日期時(shí)應(yīng)該注意這樣三點(diǎn)：第一，年月日都必須寫出來；第二，不許用數(shù)字代替月份，而應(yīng)將月份的英文拼寫出來；第三，月份的英文單詞不許用縮寫形式；比如，你的寫信日期是1999年8月3日，你應(yīng)該寫成3 (rd ) August 1999或August 3 (rd ) 1999；再比如，你的寫信日期是2000年11月15日，你應(yīng)該寫成：15 (th) November 2000或 November 15 (th) 2000。
3．Reference: is useful for filing. It tells you who wrote and signed the letter (the boss) and then who typed it (the secretary). A reference may also include a file number and a date.
編號: 這對信件進(jìn)行分類存檔非常有用。它告訴你這封信是誰由起草并簽署的（經(jīng)理），是由誰打出來的（秘書）。編號中也可包括檔案號和日期。
在日期的下面是編號這一項(xiàng)，即Your ref: … , Our ref: / 。比如Our ref: LD/SA，它表示Lewis Davison寫的，他的秘書Sarah Aspinal打出來的。LD 和SA是他們兩個(gè)人姓名首寫字母的縮寫。
4． Addressee：on the left. If you are writing to another country, write the country in the address.
收信人情況: 在信紙的左邊。如果收信人在國外，那么就應(yīng)該將收信人所在的國家也寫進(jìn)地址中。
收信人情況包括：
1) 收信人姓名 (name of addressee)：如果寫信人知道收信人的名字，就可以將他寫出來；如果寫信人不知道的話，那么這一項(xiàng)就可以省略。
2) 職銜 (title of addressee)：在收信人姓名的下面是收信人的職銜。如果一封信是寫給某家機(jī)構(gòu)或公司收的話，那么職銜這一項(xiàng)也可以省略不寫。
3) 公司名稱（name of company）：在寫完收信人的姓名和職銜后，下面就應(yīng)該是收信人所在公司的名稱了。
4) 收信人地址 (address of addressee)：
在書寫地址這一項(xiàng)時(shí)，無論是寫信人地址還是收信人地址，你都要先寫小地址，再寫大地址。
5. （1）Salutation：Use the name of the reader if you know it, without the initial. If you do not, write Dear Sirs to a company, Dear sir to a man, Dear Madam to a woman or Dear Sir or Madam if you do not know the sex of the reader.
稱呼: 如果你知道收信人姓名的話，就應(yīng)該寫出來，但是不要寫他的首字母縮寫。當(dāng)這封信是寫給公司時(shí)，應(yīng)該用Dear Sirs, 當(dāng)這封信是寫給不知道姓名的人的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該寫成Dear sir, Dear Madam 或者是 Dear Sir or Madam。在美國英語中，通常用Gentlemen。
（2）Complimentary Close：Yours faithfully if you do not know the reader’s name. Yours sincerely if you do (US Yours truly or Sincerely yours )
結(jié)束語：如果不知道收信人是誰的情況下應(yīng)該使用Yours faithfully美國英語是Faithfully yours或Faithfully，如果知道收信人是誰，就用 Yours sincerely。
美國英語是Yours truly 或 Sincerely yours或Sincerely。
在一封信正文開始之前總要先有一個(gè)稱呼，即Dear …。在Dear后面出現(xiàn)的就是收信人的名字。在信件正文結(jié)束后也要有一個(gè)表示客套的結(jié)束語。它們之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)，有著固定的搭配格式。在正式的商務(wù)信件中可能會有很多種情況，但是總結(jié)起來有以下四種是大家平時(shí)要用到的，同時(shí)也是應(yīng)該掌握的：
（1） 當(dāng)你知道收信人姓名時(shí)：
稱呼可以寫成：
Dear Mr Cox (收信人為男性時(shí))Dear Mrs Cox (收信人為已婚女性時(shí))Dear Miss Cox (收信人為未婚女性時(shí))Dear Ms Cox (收信人為女性，但你不清楚她的婚姻狀況時(shí))
結(jié)束語都應(yīng)該是:
Yours sincerely
這里大家一定要注意結(jié)束語“Yours sincerely”的寫法。首先，字母y應(yīng)該大寫，而sincerely中的s應(yīng)該小寫。其次，大家應(yīng)該注意Yours這個(gè)單詞的拼寫，如果你在書寫時(shí)少寫了一個(gè)s，那么整個(gè)結(jié)束語也算是寫錯(cuò)了。第三個(gè)需要大家注意的地方就是單詞sincerely的拼寫。
（2） 當(dāng)你不知道收信人的姓名時(shí)：
稱呼可以寫成：
Dear Sir or Madam （當(dāng)你不知道收信人的姓名以及性別時(shí)）Dear Sir (to a man) （當(dāng)你寫給一位不知名的男性時(shí)）Dear Madam (to a woman) （當(dāng)你寫給一位不知名的女性時(shí)）
結(jié)束語都應(yīng)該是:
Yours faithfully
大家在寫這個(gè)結(jié)束語時(shí)仍要注意它的寫法。在Yours faithfully中，字母y要大寫，your的后面同樣也有一個(gè)s，這樣寫才是完整的。同時(shí)大家還要注意faithfully的拼寫，其中的字母f小寫。
（3） 當(dāng)你寫信給一個(gè)公司或一個(gè)部門時(shí)：
稱呼可以寫成：
Dear Sirs
結(jié)束語應(yīng)該是：
Yours faithfully
( 4 ) 當(dāng)你寫給一個(gè)關(guān)系很近的人或這封信并不正式時(shí):
稱呼可以寫成:
Dear Lucy [直接使用收信人的名（first name）]
結(jié)束語可以寫成:
With best wishes / With kind regards / Best wishes
以上就是我們平時(shí)既常見又常用的稱呼和結(jié)束語。在這四種情況中，大家應(yīng)該熟練掌握前兩種稱呼和結(jié)束語之間的搭配用法。
6. Subject：Sometimes we write a heading at the top of the letter. It tells us exactly what the letter is about.
主題: 主題行出現(xiàn)在一封信稱呼和正文之間。它告訴我們這封信要說明的是什么。有的時(shí)候還可以使用Re：即單詞regarding的縮寫，它也表示信的主題，是“關(guān)于”的意思。
例一：
Dear Mr Hassan
Order No. B-270
We have received the above order ……
例二：
Dear Miss Lee
Re: Your Insurance Policy No. 120.4976
7．Body：start a new paragraph for each new idea or subject. Leave a line space between each paragraph. Do not break words at the end of a line.
正文: 每當(dāng)講到一個(gè)新的主題或意思的時(shí)候，就應(yīng)該另起一段。當(dāng)你使用齊頭式的書寫格式時(shí)你應(yīng)該在段與段之間空一行。不要在一行的末尾將一個(gè)單詞隔開。
講到這里，我們才進(jìn)入到一封信的關(guān)鍵部分。你要想將一件事情通過信件的形式辦好，不在于這封信布局多么得合理，打印得多么漂亮，而在于你能不能用正確和規(guī)范的語言表達(dá)出你想表達(dá)的意思。這里大家需要注意正文的書寫格式。英文書信在書寫時(shí)同樣也有格式上的要求。書上給出的那封信中正文的三個(gè)段落與收信人情況、稱呼、主題、結(jié)束語以及寫信人姓名都位于一條豎線上，我們稱這種格式為齊頭式（Block Style）。我們在寫信時(shí)可以用這種齊頭式的格式來書寫， 因?yàn)檫@種格式清楚易讀，是現(xiàn)代書信中經(jīng)常采用的格式。
8．Signature，Writer’s full name，Position / Title
簽名、寫信人姓名和寫信人的職位 / 稱呼
雖然寫信人地址出現(xiàn)在一張信紙的上端，但是寫信人姓名卻必須留在信的后。這與“收信人情況”部分不同。在收信人情況中，收信人的姓名和地址應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在同一位置上。所以這里希望大家一定要注意到這個(gè)不同點(diǎn)。
在正式信函中，寫信人要留出他的全名，包括名和姓。
在這一行的下面有時(shí)還會有一行信息，就是寫信人的工作(job)、職位(position)或部門(department)。
在正式信件中，結(jié)束語和寫信人姓名中間要有寫信人的簽名。
Punctuation: in modern business letters punctuation not used in the headings and endings of a letter. Normal punctuation is used in the body of the letter.
后請大家注意：如果你很仔細(xì)地看上面那封信的話，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)在寫信人和收信人的地址中、稱呼和結(jié)束語的后面都不使用任何的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號。所以大家在今后的書信寫作中也可以將上述幾處地方的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號省略。但是正文中還應(yīng)使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號。
通過講解，我們掌握了一封信中主要的幾個(gè)組成部分。下面我們來看第二封信。在這封信中，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)除了有我們剛才講過的幾部分之外，還有一處地方是上面那封信中沒有出現(xiàn)過的。請大家找找看，這處地方在哪里？它起到了什么樣的作用？
14D Fernleaf Road Singapore 15 Tel 369912510 October 1999The Personnel ManagerInternational Commercial BankPark BuildingSingapore 10229Dear Sir I enclose my completed application form for the position of secretary.Yours faithfullyJuliana ChuJuliana Chu Enc
從這封信中，我們可以很清楚地找到我們上面講到過的幾個(gè)主要部分。除此以外，我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)在這封信寫信人名字的下面還有一行字，就是Enc。這部分內(nèi)容屬于一封信的附加內(nèi)容。
Enc是英文單詞enclosure的縮寫形式，它的含義是在一封信中再另外寄去一件或幾件物品。在上面那封信中，寫信人Juliana Chu隨信寄去了她已填好的申請表(completed application form)，所以她在信的后寫上Enc字樣，表明她希望收信人能夠注意查收。如果你也有物品希望對方在收信時(shí)查收的話，那么你也應(yīng)該在信件的后寫上Enc的字樣。
下面，我們來做一個(gè)練習(xí)，看看在下面兩封信中寫信人都寄去了哪些物品？
Please find enclosed a cheque for AUS$25,000.Yours faithfullyAhmed YOusifAhmed YousifEnc
1． _____________________________________
a cheque for Aus$25,000
We enclose our latest catalogue.Yours faithfullyJane LittleJane LittleEnc
2. ______________________________________
our latest catalogue
下面我們就從整體布局的角度看一看一封信應(yīng)該是什么樣子。
Sender’s address
Telephone number
Reference
Date
Addressee
Salutation
Body of letter
Complimentary
Close
Signature
Sender’s name
Enclosure
Example: 環(huán)球興學(xué)科技發(fā)展有限公司
北京市中關(guān)村南大街17號韋伯時(shí)代中心C座801室
Global Xingxue Technology Development Ltd. Co.
Room 801
Block C
Weiboshidaizhongxin
17 Zhongguancun Nandajie
Haidian District
Beijing 100081
P. R. China
Tel: 010-88578648
Fax: 01088578649
1 這是一個(gè)有關(guān)書信格式的練習(xí)，練習(xí)的要求是請你根據(jù)下面的一封信回答下列7個(gè)問題。
Answer these questions with short answers.
1. Who wrote the letter?
___________________________________________________________
2. What is his job?
___________________________________________________________
3. When was the letter written?
___________________________________________________________
4. What is the sender’s address?
___________________________________________________________
5. Who is the addressee?
_______________________________________________________
6. What is the salutation?
_______________________________________________________
7. What is the complimentary close?
_______________________________________________________
Ashley & Howard123 Norton Street London W1A 2BZ EnglandYour ref Tel 123 4556Our ref JE/AS Telex 2345 AB12 October 1999The ManagerInternational Commercial BankCalle Venustiano CarranzaMexico 11 DFMexicoDear Sir We are a well-known English furniture manufacturer with large sales in the UK and Europe.We would like to start exporting our high-quality furniture to Mexico and Central America.We would be grateful if you could forward this letter to any companies which might be interested.Yours faithfullyJohn EdwardsSales Manager
練習(xí)答案：
1. 誰是寫信人？
我們知道寫信人姓名應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在一張信紙的后。
所以這道題的答案應(yīng)該是
John Edwards。
2. 寫信人的工作是什么？
寫信人的工作也應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在信的結(jié)尾處，它的位置是在寫信人人名的下一
行。所以這道題的答案應(yīng)該是Sales Manager，即銷售經(jīng)理。
3. 何時(shí)寫的這封信？
寫信日期應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在信紙的上端，我們可以很容易地從上面那封信中找到。
所以答案應(yīng)該是12 October 1999。
4. 寄信人地址是什么？
寄信人地址應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在一封信的右上端，但是在這封信中卻根本找不到。這是為什么呢？我們說許多公司都有自己的公文紙，在這些公文紙上每個(gè)公司都將自己公司的名稱、地址以及聯(lián)系電話印在上面。所以使用這種公文紙寫信時(shí)，我們只要從對方情況開始寫起就可以了。因此這道題的答案應(yīng)該是信紙上端的Ashley & Howard, 123 Norton Street London W1A 2BZ England。
5. 收信人是誰？
收信人應(yīng)該在收信人部分找，而且應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在收信人地址的上面。所以這道
題的答案是the Manager，具體地說就是the Manager of the International
Commercial Bank。
6. 稱呼是什么？
因?yàn)閺氖招湃瞬糠治覀冎恢朗招湃耸倾y行的經(jīng)理，而不知道他的具體姓
名。所以這封信只能用Dear Sir做稱呼。
7. 結(jié)束語是什么？
對應(yīng)這種不知道收信人姓名的情況，結(jié)束語只能是Yours faithfully。
2. Self-study 2b
(2)
(3) 介詞填空
(4)
(5)
(6) 可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞
1． Exercises Explanation and Memo Writing Summary
2． Reading --- Training to be entertaining
3． Letter Writing
4． Homework
I. Exercises Explanation and Memo Writing Answer Key
Exercise: P27
1.
be popular with
pride oneself on (doing) sth.
on a basis
look forward to
at reasonable prices
cater for
call in
good value for money
until
a long way from
3.
satisfaction
be located
comfortable
cleanliness
entertainment
Memo
To: All Staff
From: David Guan, Research and Development Director
Date: 23 November 2000
Subject: Visit of Chairman
The chairman of our corporation is going to visit our company next Monday 27 November to discuss the pricing policy for our new product. He will arrive at 10am and please attend the welcome reception for him at 10.15am. Thanks.
Summary of memo writing (page 78)
1. Candidate C
All three parts of the task are completed and it is the correct length. The language is accurate and appropriate except for one mistake. (hire instead of book/reserve)
2. Candidate B
B completes two parts of the task but does not give location details. The note is too long. The writer includes unnecessary information (e.g. to discuss a contract with us). The language is generally accurate although the first sentence is long and wordy. The language is also inappropriate at times (e.g. cheers!).
3. Candidate A
A completes one part of the task only and does not give dates or location details. The note is short. The style is inappropriate formal for a note (I am writing to inform you…etc.).
II. Reading
Training to be entertaining and making it pay
entertaining adjective amusing and enjoyable 饒有趣味的，搞笑的，
an entertaining story/film 一部有意思的故事/電影
His books aren't particularly well-written, but they're always entertaining.他的著作并不是很出名，但卻總是很有意思。
pay verb
past tense and past participle paid
pay for
Mum paid for my driving lessons. 媽媽出錢支付我學(xué)車的費(fèi)用。
pay (in) cash 用現(xiàn)金付費(fèi)
pay by cheque/credit card 用支票/信用卡付費(fèi)
pay somebody for something
He didn't even offer to pay me for the ticket. 他甚至不愿意支付我機(jī)票錢。
pay somebody to do something
Ray paid some kids to wash the car. … 給幾個(gè)孩子錢，讓他們給他洗車。
pay somebody something
I paid him $5 to cut the grass. 我給他5美元讓他把玻璃給我切開。
pay (somebody) in dollars/euros etc
He wanted to be paid in dollars. 他想以美元形式得到薪酬。
I forgot to pay the gas bill! 我忘記繳煤氣費(fèi)了。
▶WAGE/SALARY◀
[intransitive and transitive]to give someone money for the job they do 支付薪水
How much do they pay you? 他們給你多少錢的薪水？
pay somebody $100 a day/£200 a week etc
They're only paid about £4 an hour. 他們只得到一小時(shí)4英鎊的薪水。
Some lawyers get paid over $400 an hour. 有些律師一小時(shí)可以得到400美元的薪酬。
be paid weekly/monthly also get paid weekly/monthly
We get paid weekly on Fridays. 我們每周五發(fā)薪。
well/badly/poorly paid
Many of the workers are very badly paid. 許多工人的薪水很低。
pay attention (to somebody/something)
▶SAY SOMETHING GOOD◀
[transitive] to say something good or polite about or to someone
The minister paid tribute to the work of the emergency services. 這位部長前來視察救援工作。
I came by to pay my respects (=visit or send a polite greeting to someone) to Mrs Owens. 我順道拜訪歐文太太。
I was just trying to pay her a compliment. 我只是想恭維她。
▶GOOD RESULT◀
[intransitive] if a particular action pays, it brings a good result or advantage for you
Crime doesn't pay. 犯罪沒有好處。
It pays to get some professional advice before you make a decision. 在你做決策之前，聽取專家的建議是有好處的。
It would pay you to ask if there are any jobs going at the London office. 你先去詢問倫敦辦事處有無工作空缺對你會有幫助的。
Getting some qualifications now will pay dividends (=bring a lot of advantages) in the long term. 從長遠(yuǎn)來看，取得一些資歷會有好處的。
pick sth up (LEARN) phrasal verb
1 to learn a new skill or language by practising it rather than being taught it: 學(xué)習(xí)新技能或語言
Don't bother with the computer manual - you'll pick it up as you go along. 不要為這本電腦手冊而感到心煩---隨著你的使用，你就會學(xué)會的。
When you live in a country you soon pick up the language. 當(dāng)你在那個(gè)國家居住時(shí)，你就會很快學(xué)會他們的語言。
2 to learn interesting or useful information from someone or something: 了解到有意思的或有用的信息
The nurse had picked up the information from a conversation she overheard. 這位護(hù)士從她偷聽到的對話中獲得了這個(gè)消息。
tip noun [C] INFORMATION
a useful piece of information, especially about how to do something or about the likely winner of a race or competition: 有用的信息，提示
gardening/cooking/sewing tips 園藝/烹飪/縫紉提示
She gave me a useful/helpful/valuable/practical tip about/for growing tomatoes. 她針對如何種植西紅柿給了一些有用的/有幫助的/有價(jià)值的/使用的提示。
tip (PAYMENT) noun [C]
a small amount of money given to someone who has provided you with a service, in addition to the official payment and for their personal use: 小費(fèi)
a 15% tip 15%的小費(fèi)
He gave the porter a tip. 他給門童小費(fèi)。
We don't need to leave a tip for the waiter, because there's a service charge included in the bill. 我們沒有給服務(wù)生留下小費(fèi)是因?yàn)橘~單中已經(jīng)包括了服務(wù)費(fèi)。
Para.1
contact noun
▶COMMUNICATION◀ [uncountable] communication with a person, organization, country etc 聯(lián)系
contact with/between
be/get/stay/keep in contact (with somebody)
We stay in contact by email. 我們靠互發(fā)電子郵件保持聯(lián)系。
We'd like to make contact with other schools in the area. 我們希望與本地區(qū)的其他學(xué)校保持聯(lián)系。
The children lost contact with their families (=they no longer see them because they do not know where to find them). 孩子們與家里人失去了聯(lián)系。
face-to-face/social/personal contact (=talking to someone who is with you)
▶PERSON◀ [countable usually plural] a person you know who may be able to help or advise you 熟人， 商業(yè)伙伴
He has a lot of contacts in the media. 他在媒體中有很多朋友。
a worldwide network of contacts 廣泛的朋友圈
business/personal contacts 商業(yè)伙伴/私人的朋友
contact verb [transitive]
to write to or telephone someone 寫信或打電話聯(lián)系某人
Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any queries. 如果你有任何疑問，請不要猶豫與我聯(lián)系。
social adjective
▶SOCIETY◀
relating to human society and its organization, or the quality of people's lives 社會的
social issues, such as unemployment and education 社會問題，比如事業(yè)和教育
the country's serious social problems 這個(gè)社會嚴(yán)重的社會問題
▶RANK◀ relating to your position in society, according to your job, family, wealth etc 社會階層的
The students come from a variety of social classes (=groups of people that have the same social position). 這些學(xué)生來自不同的社會階層。
the social status of her family 她家庭的社會階層
▶MEETING PEOPLE◀
relating to meeting people, forming relationships with them, and spending time with them 交際的，社交的
a club with lots of social events 交際活動(dòng)豐富的俱樂部
Exercise classes are a good way to keep fit and improve your social life. 身體訓(xùn)練課是保持身體健康、增進(jìn)社交生活的好方式。
Group play helps children develop social skills (=ability to deal with people easily). 小組活動(dòng)有助于孩子們發(fā)揮交際能力。
4 someone who is social enjoys meeting and talking to other people 喜愛社交的
ￚ同義詞 sociable
ￚsocially adverb
sociable adjective someone who is sociable is friendly and enjoys being with other people 喜愛社交的
a pleasant, sociable couple 一對高興并喜愛社交的夫婦
context noun [uncountable and countable]
1 the situation, events, or information that are related to something and that help you to understand it （事情發(fā)生的）背景，來龍去脈，環(huán)境
political/social/historical etc context 政治/社會/歷史背景
the political context of the election 這次選舉的政治背景
place/put/see etc something in context 把某事放在特定背景下看待
To appreciate what these changes will mean, it is necessary to look at them in context. 為了能夠理解這些變化意味著什么，大家有必要把他們放在特定背景下看待。
in the context of something
These incidents are best understood in the broader context of developments in rural society. 在農(nóng)村發(fā)展的廣闊背景下會更好地理解這些事情。
2 the words that come just before and after a word or sentence and that help you understand its meaning 上下文
The meaning of 'mad' depends on its context. Mad這個(gè)詞的意思依賴上下文而不同。
setting noun [countable]
1 the place where something is or where something happens, and the general environment 背景
beautiful/perfect/magnificent setting 美麗的/完美的/壯麗的地方
an old farmhouse in a beautiful setting 一處美麗地方的老農(nóng)場房子
setting for
Cyprus is the perfect setting for a beach holiday. 塞浦路斯是一處海濱度假的美麗地方。
I’ve worked with children in various settings, mainly in secondary school. 我在很多場合都與孩子們打過交道，主要是在中學(xué)。
2 the place or time where the events in a book, film etc happen 小說、戲劇的背景
setting for
The island was used by Dickens as the setting for Oliver Twist. 這座島被迪更斯用來作為他撰寫的《霧都孤兒》的背景地。
prospect noun
1 [uncountable and countable] the possibility that something will happen 前景
prospect of doing something
I see no prospect of things improving here. 我未看到事情有任何進(jìn)展
There is every prospect (=a strong possibility) of the weather remaining dry this week. 這一周天氣還會繼續(xù)保持干燥。
prospect for
There are good prospects for growth in the retail sector. 零售行業(yè)增長大有希望。
prospect that
There's a real prospect that England will not qualify for the World Cup. 英格蘭隊(duì)無法進(jìn)入世界杯賽將會變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。
2 [singular] a particular event which will probably or definitely happen in the future - used especially when you want to talk about how you feel about it （某一特指在未來會發(fā)生的）事件
prospect of
The prospect of marriage terrified Alice. 婚姻的前景嚇住了愛麗絲。
Greeks face the prospect of new general elections next month. 希臘人下個(gè)月要迎來新一輪的大選。
3 prospects [plural] chances of future success 未來成功的前景
I had no job, no education, and no prospects. 我沒有工作，沒有受過良好的教育，也沒有成功的可能性。
job/career prospects 工作/職業(yè)希望
Job prospects for graduates don't look good. 大學(xué)畢業(yè)生的就業(yè)前景并不樂觀。
enjoy verb [transitive]
1 to get pleasure from something 喜愛
Sandra enjoys her job in the city. … 喜歡她在城里的這份工作。
enjoy doing something
Young children enjoy helping around the house. 小孩子喜歡在家里幫忙。
enjoy yourself
(=be happy in a particular situation)
2 formal to have a particular ability or advantage 有特長或優(yōu)勢
These workers enjoy a high level of job security. 這些工人享有很高的工作安全度。
Explanation:
Para. 2
a rugby match
rugby noun [uncountable]
an outdoor game played by two teams with an oval (=egg-shaped) ball that you kick or carry 橄欖球
sporting adjective [only before noun] relating to sports 體育
The college offers a wide range of sporting activities. 這所學(xué)院舉辦了一系列的體育活動(dòng)。
one of the major sporting events of the year 一年中重大體育賽事之一
a great sporting achievement 一項(xiàng)重要的體育成績
Britain's sporting heroes 英國體育英雄
sporting goods 體育商品
ￚsportingly adverb British English
hook [countable]
▶HANGING THINGS◀
a curved piece of metal or plastic that you use for hanging things on 鉤子
Tom hung his coat on the hook behind the door. 湯姆把衣服掛在門后的衣鉤上。
▶CATCHING FISH◀
a curved piece of thin metal with a sharp point for catching fish 釣魚竿
▶INTEREST◀
something that is attractive and gets people's interest and attention 吸引
ￚ同義詞 draw
You always need a bit of a hook to get people to go to the theatre. 你需要用一些辦法來吸引人們到劇院去。
hook verb [transitive]
▶FISH◀ to catch a fish with a hook 釣魚
I hooked a 20-pound salmon last week. 我上周釣到了一條20磅重的三文魚。
▶INTEREST/ATTRACT◀
informal to succeed in making someone interested in something or attracted to something 吸引
cigarette ads designed to hook young people 煙草廣告旨在吸引年輕人感興趣
intimate adjective
▶RESTAURANT/MEAL/PLACE◀
private and friendly so that you feel comfortable 氣氛融洽的
the intimate atmosphere of a country pub 一間鄉(xiāng)村酒吧良好的氛圍
an intimate meal for two 兩個(gè)人融洽的就餐
▶FRIENDS◀ having an extremely close friendship 親密的（關(guān)系）
She's on intimate terms with important people in the government. 她與政府要員保持了密切的關(guān)系。
3 intimate knowledge of something 對某事了如指掌
very detailed knowledge of something as a result of careful study or a lot of experience
his intimate knowledge of the coal industry 他對礦產(chǎn)行業(yè)了如指掌
▶PRIVATE◀
relating to very private or personal matters 私人的
the publication of intimate details of their affair 他們戀愛的隱私情況被公布
ￚintimately adverb 密切地
The two aspects are intimately connected. 這兩個(gè)方面緊密相連。
I am intimately acquainted with the state of my bank account. 我對我銀行賬戶的狀況了如指掌。
outstanding adjective
1 extremely good 杰出的，優(yōu)秀的
an outstanding example of a 13th century castle 一個(gè)13世紀(jì)城堡的杰出典范
an outstanding success 卓越成績
His performance was outstanding. 他的表現(xiàn)特別優(yōu)秀。
2 not yet done, solved, or paid 還未支付，還清的
We've got quite a few debts still outstanding. 我們還有一些債務(wù)未還清。
an outstanding issue 沒有解決的問題
3 very great or clear 非常的
The question of who is in charge is of outstanding importance. 關(guān)于誰來負(fù)責(zé)的問題非常重要。
Explanation：Choosing the right event
Para.3
chat [intransitive]verb
past tense and past participle chatted present participle chatting
1 also chat away
especially British English to talk in a friendly informal way, especially about things that are not important 閑聊
John and I sat up until the early hours chatting. 約翰和我坐在那里一直聊到清晨。
chat with/to
Mary was there, chatting to her mother. 瑪麗在那里與她的媽媽聊天。
chat about
Susie chatted away about her social life. ….聊著她的社交生活。
2 to communicate with several people in a chat room on the Internet 網(wǎng)上聊天
chat noun [uncountable and countable] especially British English an informal friendly conversation
chat with
I've had a long chat with Vinnie. 我與… 進(jìn)行了一番長談。
chat about
a chat about the weather 聊天氣
On ▶PAY◀
be on somebody
spoken used to say who is going to pay for something由某人付費(fèi)
The drinks are on me! 飲料我買單。
Each table will get a bottle of champagne on the house (=paid for by the restaurant, hotel etc). 每個(gè)桌子上的香檳酒都由餐館買單。
Explanation：Setting clear objectives
Para. 4
chit-chat noun [uncountable] informal
conversation about things that are not very important 聊天，閑談
boring social chit-chat 無聊的社交聊天
add up to something phrasal verb
to produce a particular total or result 產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果
Rising prison population and overcrowding add up to a real crisis. 不斷增長的監(jiān)獄人口和過度的擁擠狀況都會導(dǎo)致真正的危機(jī)產(chǎn)生。
Explanation: Getting down to business
Para. 5
bring somebody/something ↔ up phrasal verb
1 to mention a subject or start to talk about it 提出某個(gè)談?wù)摰脑掝}
ￚ同義詞 raise
Why did you have to bring up the subject of money? 你為什么要提出錢這個(gè)話題？
2 to look after and influence a child until he or she is grown up 培養(yǎng)帶大（孩子）
ￚ同義詞 raise
He was brought up by his grandparents. 他是由他的祖父母帶大的。
bring somebody up to do something
In my day, children were brought up to respect the law. 在我那個(gè)時(shí)代，孩子被教育成藥遵紀(jì)守法的人。
timing noun
1 [uncountable] the skill of doing something at exactly the right time時(shí)機(jī)掌握
perfect/good/bad etc timing
He was just walking into the restaurant when we got there. Perfect timing. 我們剛剛抵達(dá)的時(shí)候他才走進(jìn)這家飯館。時(shí)機(jī)把握得真好。
2 [uncountable and countable] the time when someone does something or when something happens, especially when you are considering how suitable this is 時(shí)間選擇，時(shí)間安排
timing of
The President and I did not discuss the timing of my departure. 總統(tǒng)和我沒有談到我離開的時(shí)間安排。
Ferry schedules and precise timings are subject to weather conditions on the day of departure. 輪渡時(shí)刻表和準(zhǔn)確的時(shí)間安排都受到出發(fā)當(dāng)天的天氣狀況的影響。
whisper verb
1 [intransitive and transitive] to speak or say something very quietly, using your breath rather than your voice 耳語
You don't have to whisper, no one can hear us. 你不必要小聲說話，沒有人能聽到。
whisper about
What are you two whispering about over there? 你們兩個(gè)在那里耳語什么呢？
whisper something to somebody
James leaned over to whisper something to Michael. …將身子斜靠過去向…耳語。
2 [transitive] to say or suggest something privately or secretly 密談
whisper that
Staff were whispering that the company was about to go out of business. 員工們私下里議論著公司將會破產(chǎn)的事情。
whisper noun [countable]
1 a very quiet voice you make using your breath and no sound 耳語
in a whisper
'Where are we going?' he asked in a whisper. “我們在哪呢？”他小聲耳語著。
2 a piece of news or information that has not been officially announced and may or may not be true 小道消息
ￚ同義詞 rumour
whisper of
The first whisper of the redundancies came from the newspapers. 有關(guān)減員的小道消息首先是從報(bào)紙上傳出來的。
whisper that
There are whispers that the actor was seen checking into a hospital last week. 有消息說這位演員上周住進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。
Explanation: Choosing the right moment
Para. 6
according to preposition
1 as shown by something or stated by someone 根據(jù)某人所說或某事所展示的那樣
According to the police, his attackers beat him with a blunt instrument. 根據(jù)警方公布的消息，襲擊他的人是拿著鈍器擊打他的。
There is now widespread support for these proposals, according to a recent public opinion poll. 根據(jù)新的民意調(diào)查，民眾都很支持這些提議。
2 in a way that depends on differences in situations or amounts 根據(jù)情況的差異
You will be paid according to the amount of work you do. 根據(jù)你所完成的工作量我們會付給你薪水。
3 in a way that agrees with a system or plan, or obeys a set of rules 根據(jù)規(guī)章制度
The game will be played according to rules laid down for the 1992 Cup. 這場比賽將會根據(jù)1992年世界杯制定的規(guī)定而決出勝負(fù)。
Everything went according to plan, and we arrived on time. 所有事情都是按計(jì)劃順利進(jìn)行，終我們按時(shí)到達(dá)了。
recipe noun [countable]
1 a set of instructions for cooking a particular type of food 烹飪方法
recipe for
a recipe for tomato soup 西紅柿湯的烹飪方法
a recipe book 烹飪書籍
2 be a recipe for something
to be likely to cause a particular result, often a bad one 訣竅，方法
She said that five small boys on skis was a recipe for disaster, not a holiday. 她說五個(gè)小孩都站在滑雪棍上簡直就是制造災(zāi)難的辦法，而不是去度假。
key adjective [no comparative] very important or necessary 非常重要的
key factor/points/questions etc
The President makes all the key decisions on foreign policy. 該總統(tǒng)總是在對外政策上做出所有重要決策。
key role/player/figure etc (=one with a lot of influence on a result)
The show has been hit by the departure of key personnel. 這出劇目的演出由于主要演員的離開而受到很大影響。
key noun [countable]
1 a small specially shaped piece of metal that you put into a lock and turn in order to lock or unlock a door, start a car etc
key to
I can lend you a spare key to the store until you get one cut (=made). 我可以把這把富余的商店鑰匙借給你，等你配好了再還給我。
▶IMPORTANT PART◀
the key
the part of a plan, action etc, that will make it possible for it to succeed 關(guān)鍵
the key to
Working well as a team is the key to success. 團(tuán)隊(duì)工作順利是成功的關(guān)鍵。
a discovery that may hold the key to our understanding of the universe 一項(xiàng)對于了解宇宙至關(guān)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)
purposeful adjective having a clear aim or purpose 目標(biāo)明確的，有決心的
ￚ同義詞 determined
a purposeful and consistent foreign policy 一個(gè)目標(biāo)明確且連貫的對外政策
a purposeful movement 一個(gè)目標(biāo)明確的舉動(dòng)
ￚpurposefully adverb
He walked purposefully to his desk.
ￚpurposefulness noun [uncountable]
effortless adjective something that is effortless is done in a very skilful way that makes it seem easy 毫不費(fèi)力的
Alexei rose to his feet with a single effortless movement. ….毫不費(fèi)力地站了起來。
ￚeffortlessly adverb
Explanation
④ Using the information in the article, complete each sentence with a phrase from the list.
1. F 2. C 3. E 4. B
III. Letter writing
盡管當(dāng)今的科技發(fā)展已經(jīng)將我們帶進(jìn)了數(shù)字時(shí)代，我們的日常生活也越來越離不開電話和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等先進(jìn)的通訊方式，但是我們?nèi)耘f經(jīng)常需要用書信來傳達(dá)信息、表達(dá)情感。
在現(xiàn)代商務(wù)領(lǐng)域里，書信同樣也是一種不可取代的溝通方式。比如，當(dāng)一家公司向另一家公司訂購某種商品時(shí)，習(xí)慣的做法是在正式成交之前用書面的形式加以確認(rèn)。另外，在許多情況下，如果你只用口頭形式來傳達(dá)信息就會顯得很不正式，也很沒有禮貌。比如，當(dāng)你想要邀請某人在一個(gè)非常重要的場合做演講時(shí)，口頭的通知或邀請都會顯得你沒有誠意。這時(shí)人們往往會想到用書信的形式來邀請對方，這樣做就得體多了。由此可見人類在溝通情感以及進(jìn)行生意往來時(shí)，都是需要書信作橋梁的。
一封信是由信頭、日期、編號、收信人情況、稱呼、正文、主題、結(jié)束語、寫信人簽名、姓名和職位等幾個(gè)主要部分構(gòu)成的。
---請同時(shí)參看Unit 2b Arranging a company visit
1. Writer’s address or company letterhead: at the top or in the top right-hand corner. The writer’s name is not at the top of the letter.
信頭: 在信的頂端或右上角，寫信人的姓名不留在信頭部分。
一封信的信頭包括寫信人所在公司的名稱、地址、郵政編碼以及聯(lián)系方式等。如果一封信是以個(gè)人名義寫的，那么寫信人可以省略公司名稱這一項(xiàng)，只要寫上他的住址和聯(lián)系方式就可以了。
2．Date：on the right. Various forms of the date are possible.
日期: 在信紙的右端。日期的寫法可以采取多種形式。實(shí)際上，在很多正式信件中日期的位置是很靈活的。它既可以出現(xiàn)在寫信人地址的下面（信的右端）；也可以出現(xiàn)在收信人地址的上面（信的左端）；還可以出現(xiàn)在收信人地址的下面（信的左端）。
另外，大家在書寫日期時(shí)應(yīng)該注意這樣三點(diǎn)：第一，年月日都必須寫出來；第二，不許用數(shù)字代替月份，而應(yīng)將月份的英文拼寫出來；第三，月份的英文單詞不許用縮寫形式；比如，你的寫信日期是1999年8月3日，你應(yīng)該寫成3 (rd ) August 1999或August 3 (rd ) 1999；再比如，你的寫信日期是2000年11月15日，你應(yīng)該寫成：15 (th) November 2000或 November 15 (th) 2000。
3．Reference: is useful for filing. It tells you who wrote and signed the letter (the boss) and then who typed it (the secretary). A reference may also include a file number and a date.
編號: 這對信件進(jìn)行分類存檔非常有用。它告訴你這封信是誰由起草并簽署的（經(jīng)理），是由誰打出來的（秘書）。編號中也可包括檔案號和日期。
在日期的下面是編號這一項(xiàng)，即Your ref: … , Our ref: / 。比如Our ref: LD/SA，它表示Lewis Davison寫的，他的秘書Sarah Aspinal打出來的。LD 和SA是他們兩個(gè)人姓名首寫字母的縮寫。
4． Addressee：on the left. If you are writing to another country, write the country in the address.
收信人情況: 在信紙的左邊。如果收信人在國外，那么就應(yīng)該將收信人所在的國家也寫進(jìn)地址中。
收信人情況包括：
1) 收信人姓名 (name of addressee)：如果寫信人知道收信人的名字，就可以將他寫出來；如果寫信人不知道的話，那么這一項(xiàng)就可以省略。
2) 職銜 (title of addressee)：在收信人姓名的下面是收信人的職銜。如果一封信是寫給某家機(jī)構(gòu)或公司收的話，那么職銜這一項(xiàng)也可以省略不寫。
3) 公司名稱（name of company）：在寫完收信人的姓名和職銜后，下面就應(yīng)該是收信人所在公司的名稱了。
4) 收信人地址 (address of addressee)：
在書寫地址這一項(xiàng)時(shí)，無論是寫信人地址還是收信人地址，你都要先寫小地址，再寫大地址。
5. （1）Salutation：Use the name of the reader if you know it, without the initial. If you do not, write Dear Sirs to a company, Dear sir to a man, Dear Madam to a woman or Dear Sir or Madam if you do not know the sex of the reader.
稱呼: 如果你知道收信人姓名的話，就應(yīng)該寫出來，但是不要寫他的首字母縮寫。當(dāng)這封信是寫給公司時(shí)，應(yīng)該用Dear Sirs, 當(dāng)這封信是寫給不知道姓名的人的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該寫成Dear sir, Dear Madam 或者是 Dear Sir or Madam。在美國英語中，通常用Gentlemen。
（2）Complimentary Close：Yours faithfully if you do not know the reader’s name. Yours sincerely if you do (US Yours truly or Sincerely yours )
結(jié)束語：如果不知道收信人是誰的情況下應(yīng)該使用Yours faithfully美國英語是Faithfully yours或Faithfully，如果知道收信人是誰，就用 Yours sincerely。
美國英語是Yours truly 或 Sincerely yours或Sincerely。
在一封信正文開始之前總要先有一個(gè)稱呼，即Dear …。在Dear后面出現(xiàn)的就是收信人的名字。在信件正文結(jié)束后也要有一個(gè)表示客套的結(jié)束語。它們之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)，有著固定的搭配格式。在正式的商務(wù)信件中可能會有很多種情況，但是總結(jié)起來有以下四種是大家平時(shí)要用到的，同時(shí)也是應(yīng)該掌握的：
（1） 當(dāng)你知道收信人姓名時(shí)：
稱呼可以寫成：
Dear Mr Cox (收信人為男性時(shí))Dear Mrs Cox (收信人為已婚女性時(shí))Dear Miss Cox (收信人為未婚女性時(shí))Dear Ms Cox (收信人為女性，但你不清楚她的婚姻狀況時(shí))
結(jié)束語都應(yīng)該是:
Yours sincerely
這里大家一定要注意結(jié)束語“Yours sincerely”的寫法。首先，字母y應(yīng)該大寫，而sincerely中的s應(yīng)該小寫。其次，大家應(yīng)該注意Yours這個(gè)單詞的拼寫，如果你在書寫時(shí)少寫了一個(gè)s，那么整個(gè)結(jié)束語也算是寫錯(cuò)了。第三個(gè)需要大家注意的地方就是單詞sincerely的拼寫。
（2） 當(dāng)你不知道收信人的姓名時(shí)：
稱呼可以寫成：
Dear Sir or Madam （當(dāng)你不知道收信人的姓名以及性別時(shí)）Dear Sir (to a man) （當(dāng)你寫給一位不知名的男性時(shí)）Dear Madam (to a woman) （當(dāng)你寫給一位不知名的女性時(shí)）
結(jié)束語都應(yīng)該是:
Yours faithfully
大家在寫這個(gè)結(jié)束語時(shí)仍要注意它的寫法。在Yours faithfully中，字母y要大寫，your的后面同樣也有一個(gè)s，這樣寫才是完整的。同時(shí)大家還要注意faithfully的拼寫，其中的字母f小寫。
（3） 當(dāng)你寫信給一個(gè)公司或一個(gè)部門時(shí)：
稱呼可以寫成：
Dear Sirs
結(jié)束語應(yīng)該是：
Yours faithfully
( 4 ) 當(dāng)你寫給一個(gè)關(guān)系很近的人或這封信并不正式時(shí):
稱呼可以寫成:
Dear Lucy [直接使用收信人的名（first name）]
結(jié)束語可以寫成:
With best wishes / With kind regards / Best wishes
以上就是我們平時(shí)既常見又常用的稱呼和結(jié)束語。在這四種情況中，大家應(yīng)該熟練掌握前兩種稱呼和結(jié)束語之間的搭配用法。
6. Subject：Sometimes we write a heading at the top of the letter. It tells us exactly what the letter is about.
主題: 主題行出現(xiàn)在一封信稱呼和正文之間。它告訴我們這封信要說明的是什么。有的時(shí)候還可以使用Re：即單詞regarding的縮寫，它也表示信的主題，是“關(guān)于”的意思。
例一：
Dear Mr Hassan
Order No. B-270
We have received the above order ……
例二：
Dear Miss Lee
Re: Your Insurance Policy No. 120.4976
7．Body：start a new paragraph for each new idea or subject. Leave a line space between each paragraph. Do not break words at the end of a line.
正文: 每當(dāng)講到一個(gè)新的主題或意思的時(shí)候，就應(yīng)該另起一段。當(dāng)你使用齊頭式的書寫格式時(shí)你應(yīng)該在段與段之間空一行。不要在一行的末尾將一個(gè)單詞隔開。
講到這里，我們才進(jìn)入到一封信的關(guān)鍵部分。你要想將一件事情通過信件的形式辦好，不在于這封信布局多么得合理，打印得多么漂亮，而在于你能不能用正確和規(guī)范的語言表達(dá)出你想表達(dá)的意思。這里大家需要注意正文的書寫格式。英文書信在書寫時(shí)同樣也有格式上的要求。書上給出的那封信中正文的三個(gè)段落與收信人情況、稱呼、主題、結(jié)束語以及寫信人姓名都位于一條豎線上，我們稱這種格式為齊頭式（Block Style）。我們在寫信時(shí)可以用這種齊頭式的格式來書寫， 因?yàn)檫@種格式清楚易讀，是現(xiàn)代書信中經(jīng)常采用的格式。
8．Signature，Writer’s full name，Position / Title
簽名、寫信人姓名和寫信人的職位 / 稱呼
雖然寫信人地址出現(xiàn)在一張信紙的上端，但是寫信人姓名卻必須留在信的后。這與“收信人情況”部分不同。在收信人情況中，收信人的姓名和地址應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在同一位置上。所以這里希望大家一定要注意到這個(gè)不同點(diǎn)。
在正式信函中，寫信人要留出他的全名，包括名和姓。
在這一行的下面有時(shí)還會有一行信息，就是寫信人的工作(job)、職位(position)或部門(department)。
在正式信件中，結(jié)束語和寫信人姓名中間要有寫信人的簽名。
Punctuation: in modern business letters punctuation not used in the headings and endings of a letter. Normal punctuation is used in the body of the letter.
后請大家注意：如果你很仔細(xì)地看上面那封信的話，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)在寫信人和收信人的地址中、稱呼和結(jié)束語的后面都不使用任何的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號。所以大家在今后的書信寫作中也可以將上述幾處地方的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號省略。但是正文中還應(yīng)使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號。
通過講解，我們掌握了一封信中主要的幾個(gè)組成部分。下面我們來看第二封信。在這封信中，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)除了有我們剛才講過的幾部分之外，還有一處地方是上面那封信中沒有出現(xiàn)過的。請大家找找看，這處地方在哪里？它起到了什么樣的作用？
14D Fernleaf Road Singapore 15 Tel 369912510 October 1999The Personnel ManagerInternational Commercial BankPark BuildingSingapore 10229Dear Sir I enclose my completed application form for the position of secretary.Yours faithfullyJuliana ChuJuliana Chu Enc
從這封信中，我們可以很清楚地找到我們上面講到過的幾個(gè)主要部分。除此以外，我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)在這封信寫信人名字的下面還有一行字，就是Enc。這部分內(nèi)容屬于一封信的附加內(nèi)容。
Enc是英文單詞enclosure的縮寫形式，它的含義是在一封信中再另外寄去一件或幾件物品。在上面那封信中，寫信人Juliana Chu隨信寄去了她已填好的申請表(completed application form)，所以她在信的后寫上Enc字樣，表明她希望收信人能夠注意查收。如果你也有物品希望對方在收信時(shí)查收的話，那么你也應(yīng)該在信件的后寫上Enc的字樣。
下面，我們來做一個(gè)練習(xí)，看看在下面兩封信中寫信人都寄去了哪些物品？
Please find enclosed a cheque for AUS$25,000.Yours faithfullyAhmed YOusifAhmed YousifEnc
1． _____________________________________
a cheque for Aus$25,000
We enclose our latest catalogue.Yours faithfullyJane LittleJane LittleEnc
2. ______________________________________
our latest catalogue
下面我們就從整體布局的角度看一看一封信應(yīng)該是什么樣子。
Sender’s address
Telephone number
Reference
Date
Addressee
Salutation
Body of letter
Complimentary
Close
Signature
Sender’s name
Enclosure
Example: 環(huán)球興學(xué)科技發(fā)展有限公司
北京市中關(guān)村南大街17號韋伯時(shí)代中心C座801室
Global Xingxue Technology Development Ltd. Co.
Room 801
Block C
Weiboshidaizhongxin
17 Zhongguancun Nandajie
Haidian District
Beijing 100081
P. R. China
Tel: 010-88578648
Fax: 01088578649
1 這是一個(gè)有關(guān)書信格式的練習(xí)，練習(xí)的要求是請你根據(jù)下面的一封信回答下列7個(gè)問題。
Answer these questions with short answers.
1. Who wrote the letter?
___________________________________________________________
2. What is his job?
___________________________________________________________
3. When was the letter written?
___________________________________________________________
4. What is the sender’s address?
___________________________________________________________
5. Who is the addressee?
_______________________________________________________
6. What is the salutation?
_______________________________________________________
7. What is the complimentary close?
_______________________________________________________
Ashley & Howard123 Norton Street London W1A 2BZ EnglandYour ref Tel 123 4556Our ref JE/AS Telex 2345 AB12 October 1999The ManagerInternational Commercial BankCalle Venustiano CarranzaMexico 11 DFMexicoDear Sir We are a well-known English furniture manufacturer with large sales in the UK and Europe.We would like to start exporting our high-quality furniture to Mexico and Central America.We would be grateful if you could forward this letter to any companies which might be interested.Yours faithfullyJohn EdwardsSales Manager
練習(xí)答案：
1. 誰是寫信人？
我們知道寫信人姓名應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在一張信紙的后。
所以這道題的答案應(yīng)該是
John Edwards。
2. 寫信人的工作是什么？
寫信人的工作也應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在信的結(jié)尾處，它的位置是在寫信人人名的下一
行。所以這道題的答案應(yīng)該是Sales Manager，即銷售經(jīng)理。
3. 何時(shí)寫的這封信？
寫信日期應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在信紙的上端，我們可以很容易地從上面那封信中找到。
所以答案應(yīng)該是12 October 1999。
4. 寄信人地址是什么？
寄信人地址應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在一封信的右上端，但是在這封信中卻根本找不到。這是為什么呢？我們說許多公司都有自己的公文紙，在這些公文紙上每個(gè)公司都將自己公司的名稱、地址以及聯(lián)系電話印在上面。所以使用這種公文紙寫信時(shí)，我們只要從對方情況開始寫起就可以了。因此這道題的答案應(yīng)該是信紙上端的Ashley & Howard, 123 Norton Street London W1A 2BZ England。
5. 收信人是誰？
收信人應(yīng)該在收信人部分找，而且應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在收信人地址的上面。所以這道
題的答案是the Manager，具體地說就是the Manager of the International
Commercial Bank。
6. 稱呼是什么？
因?yàn)閺氖招湃瞬糠治覀冎恢朗招湃耸倾y行的經(jīng)理，而不知道他的具體姓
名。所以這封信只能用Dear Sir做稱呼。
7. 結(jié)束語是什么？
對應(yīng)這種不知道收信人姓名的情況，結(jié)束語只能是Yours faithfully。
2. Self-study 2b
(2)
(3) 介詞填空
(4)
(5)
(6) 可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞