Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete statements in the fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.
One of the major producers of athletic footwear, with 2002 sales of over $10 billion, is a company called Nike, with corporate headquarters in Beaverton, Oregon. Forbes magazine identified Nike’s president, Philip Knight, as the 53rd-richest man in the world in 2004. But Nike has not always been a large multimillion-dollar organization. In fact, Knight started the company by selling shoes from the back of his car at track meets.
In the late 1950s Philip Knight was a middle-distance runner on the University of Oregon track team, coached by Bill Bowerman. One of the top track coaches in the U.S., Bowerman was also known for experimenting with the design of running shoes in an attempt to make them lighter and more shock-absorbent. After attending Oregon, Knight moved on to do graduate work at Stanford University; his MBA thesis was on marketing athletic shoes. Once he received his degree, Knight traveled to Japan to contact the Onitsuka Tiger Company, a manufacturer of athletic shoes. Knight convinced the company’s officials of the potential for its product in the U.S. In 1963 he received his first shipment of Tiger shoes, 200 pairs in total.
In 1964, Knight and Bowerman contributed $500 each to from Blue Ribbon Sports, the predecessor of Nike. In the first few years, Knight distributed shoes out of his car at local track meets. The first employees hired by Knight were former college athletes. The company did not have the money to hire “experts”, and there was no established athletic footwear industry in North America from which to recruit those knowledgeable in the fielD) In its early years the organization operated in an unconventional manner that characterized its innovative and entrepreneurial approach to the industry. Communication was informal; people discussed ideas and issues in the hallways, on a run, or over a beer. There was little task differentiation. There were no job descriptions, rigid reporting systems, or detailed rules and regulations. The team spirit and shared values of the athletes on Bowerman’s teams carried over and provided the basis for the collegial
1. While serving as a track coach, Bowerman tried to design running shoes that were __________.
2. During his visit to Japan, Knight convinced the officials of the Onitsuka Tiger Company that its product would have ____________.
3. Blue Ribbon Sports as unable to hire experts due to the absence of ____________ in North America.
4. In the early years of Nike, communication within the company was usually carried out ___________.
5. What qualities of Bowerman’s teams formed the basis of Nike’s early management style?
試題詳解
1. lighter and more shock-absorbent
根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞a track coach, Bowerman和design running shoes定位在第二段首句。本題考查設(shè)計(jì)的跑鞋有什么特征，而句中提及an attempt to make them lighter and more shock-absorbent，因此lighter and more shock-absorbent為正確答案。
2. the potential in the U.S.
根據(jù)題干中的Japan和the officials of the Onitsuka Tiger Company定位到原文第二段段末：Knight convinced the company’s officials of the potential for its product in the U.S.，意思是Knight使公司官員確信產(chǎn)品在美國(guó)具有潛力。題干中its product為主語(yǔ)，have為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所填部分充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，因此the potential in the U.S.。
3. established athletic footwear industry
根據(jù)題干中的Blue Ribbon Sports和North America定位到原文第三段第三句。 題干中提及公司沒(méi)有雇用專(zhuān)家是因?yàn)樵诒泵廊鄙偈裁?，短語(yǔ)the absence of 是對(duì)原文中的there was no的同義轉(zhuǎn)換。所以答案是established athletic footwear industry。
4. informally
此題的關(guān)鍵詞非常明確，就是communication，定位在文章倒數(shù)第四行：Communication was informal。題干中需要填寫(xiě)動(dòng)詞詞組carry out的修飾詞，應(yīng)該是副詞，所以答案為informally.
5. The team spirit and shared valves of the athletes.
根據(jù)題干結(jié)構(gòu)分析，可以得知答案應(yīng)該在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)quality的修飾，即為定語(yǔ)，是名詞性或形容詞性結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Bowerman’s teams 和 the basis of Nike’s early management style，以及依次而下的順序出題原則，可以定位在文章結(jié)尾。
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.
To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so .medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients(營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分)captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.
Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat(棲息地)loss and to diminishing biodiversity.
What’s more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050.yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.
All this means that agriculture in the 21stcentury will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th.thiswill require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact”. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage.
Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons(正反兩方面)of all the various way land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.來(lái)
One of the major producers of athletic footwear, with 2002 sales of over $10 billion, is a company called Nike, with corporate headquarters in Beaverton, Oregon. Forbes magazine identified Nike’s president, Philip Knight, as the 53rd-richest man in the world in 2004. But Nike has not always been a large multimillion-dollar organization. In fact, Knight started the company by selling shoes from the back of his car at track meets.
In the late 1950s Philip Knight was a middle-distance runner on the University of Oregon track team, coached by Bill Bowerman. One of the top track coaches in the U.S., Bowerman was also known for experimenting with the design of running shoes in an attempt to make them lighter and more shock-absorbent. After attending Oregon, Knight moved on to do graduate work at Stanford University; his MBA thesis was on marketing athletic shoes. Once he received his degree, Knight traveled to Japan to contact the Onitsuka Tiger Company, a manufacturer of athletic shoes. Knight convinced the company’s officials of the potential for its product in the U.S. In 1963 he received his first shipment of Tiger shoes, 200 pairs in total.
In 1964, Knight and Bowerman contributed $500 each to from Blue Ribbon Sports, the predecessor of Nike. In the first few years, Knight distributed shoes out of his car at local track meets. The first employees hired by Knight were former college athletes. The company did not have the money to hire “experts”, and there was no established athletic footwear industry in North America from which to recruit those knowledgeable in the fielD) In its early years the organization operated in an unconventional manner that characterized its innovative and entrepreneurial approach to the industry. Communication was informal; people discussed ideas and issues in the hallways, on a run, or over a beer. There was little task differentiation. There were no job descriptions, rigid reporting systems, or detailed rules and regulations. The team spirit and shared values of the athletes on Bowerman’s teams carried over and provided the basis for the collegial
1. While serving as a track coach, Bowerman tried to design running shoes that were __________.
2. During his visit to Japan, Knight convinced the officials of the Onitsuka Tiger Company that its product would have ____________.
3. Blue Ribbon Sports as unable to hire experts due to the absence of ____________ in North America.
4. In the early years of Nike, communication within the company was usually carried out ___________.
5. What qualities of Bowerman’s teams formed the basis of Nike’s early management style?
試題詳解
1. lighter and more shock-absorbent
根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞a track coach, Bowerman和design running shoes定位在第二段首句。本題考查設(shè)計(jì)的跑鞋有什么特征，而句中提及an attempt to make them lighter and more shock-absorbent，因此lighter and more shock-absorbent為正確答案。
2. the potential in the U.S.
根據(jù)題干中的Japan和the officials of the Onitsuka Tiger Company定位到原文第二段段末：Knight convinced the company’s officials of the potential for its product in the U.S.，意思是Knight使公司官員確信產(chǎn)品在美國(guó)具有潛力。題干中its product為主語(yǔ)，have為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所填部分充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，因此the potential in the U.S.。
3. established athletic footwear industry
根據(jù)題干中的Blue Ribbon Sports和North America定位到原文第三段第三句。 題干中提及公司沒(méi)有雇用專(zhuān)家是因?yàn)樵诒泵廊鄙偈裁?，短語(yǔ)the absence of 是對(duì)原文中的there was no的同義轉(zhuǎn)換。所以答案是established athletic footwear industry。
4. informally
此題的關(guān)鍵詞非常明確，就是communication，定位在文章倒數(shù)第四行：Communication was informal。題干中需要填寫(xiě)動(dòng)詞詞組carry out的修飾詞，應(yīng)該是副詞，所以答案為informally.
5. The team spirit and shared valves of the athletes.
根據(jù)題干結(jié)構(gòu)分析，可以得知答案應(yīng)該在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)quality的修飾，即為定語(yǔ)，是名詞性或形容詞性結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Bowerman’s teams 和 the basis of Nike’s early management style，以及依次而下的順序出題原則，可以定位在文章結(jié)尾。
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.
To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so .medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients(營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分)captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.
Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat(棲息地)loss and to diminishing biodiversity.
What’s more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050.yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.
All this means that agriculture in the 21stcentury will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th.thiswill require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact”. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage.
Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons(正反兩方面)of all the various way land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.來(lái)