例9
Sometimes certain eras or events from our past receive little or no attention. This might be because there is little information available on these subjects, or because the subjects are controversial or shameful, and we are reluctant to face them. But when we ignore or deny a part of our past, we neglect people who are part of that history. These people- and their history- can become “invisible”, and in time we can forget that they ought to be part of what we think of as history.
Q: It can be inferred from the passage that the best motivation for studying history is
_________.
A) to learn from its past lessons
B) to appreciate the perspectives of writers of historical texts
C) to become more well-rounded students
D) to compare the life-styles of major historical characters
通過(guò)辨認(rèn)主題句的方法可以確定，該段第一句是主題句，概括了部分歷史未受到重視的事實(shí)。在后續(xù)的主題支撐句中，第二句分析造成這一事實(shí)的原因。第三和第四句分析后果，即“我們不能學(xué)到歷史所能傳授的教益，而且忽略了有關(guān)的歷史人物?！倍涛臎](méi)有直接陳述學(xué)習(xí)歷史的動(dòng)力是什么，根據(jù)后果推論，為了能學(xué)到歷的教益， 正視有關(guān)歷史人物的作用，我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)忽視任何一段歷史，包括我們不愿正視的感到屈辱（shameful）的歷史。這就是本文通過(guò)因果分析所闡明的觀點(diǎn)，以這一觀點(diǎn)為推理前提，得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論：A）項(xiàng)，“從過(guò)去的歷史教訓(xùn)”中學(xué)歷史。
3.1.6 猜測(cè)生詞的詞義(Guessing the Meaning of UnknownWords)
利用上下文猜測(cè)詞義，即從已知推求未知，是提高閱讀速度的重要手段之一。利用上下文的提示猜詞的方法大致有下列幾種：根據(jù)定義或解釋關(guān)系猜詞，根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜詞，根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜詞，根據(jù)同位關(guān)系猜詞。
例10
Sometimes the earth moves between the sun and the moon. Then the earth’s shadow falls on the moon; no light from the sun can then reach the moon. The moon gets dark because it cannot reflect the sun’s light. We call this an eclipse of the moon.
假定eclipse是生詞，根據(jù)上文所作的解釋，即可推知它意指“月食”的“食”。
例11
Although a large number of people think the man to be guilty, I believe him to be innocent of the crime.
假定innocent是生詞，although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句表述的意思與主句的意思起反襯作用，根據(jù)對(duì)比推知，innocent是not guilty之意。
例12
The tree will have to be cut down because it obstructs the view of oncoming traffic.
假定obstruct是生詞，because引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明了原因，根據(jù)因果推理方法，可以確定obstruct的詞義是“阻礙”。
例13
Different occupations differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts（手工業(yè)）, and other vocations, like farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old.
like提示farming 和fishing與vocations構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系，而且vocation詞義的概括性比f(wàn)arming和fishing的概括性大。據(jù)此推測(cè)，農(nóng)業(yè)和漁業(yè)更高一層的歸類應(yīng)是“行業(yè)”、“職業(yè)”、或“生產(chǎn)部門(mén)”。再依據(jù)上下文確定，這里取“行業(yè)”一義比較合適。
利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，如詞的前、后綴、詞根等，也是有效的判斷詞義的辦法。例如，根據(jù)create（創(chuàng)造）這個(gè)熟詞，可猜出creativity（創(chuàng)造力或創(chuàng)造性）的詞義。知道chemical（化學(xué)的）這個(gè)詞，也知道bio-這個(gè)前綴（生物的），就不難猜出biochemical（生物化學(xué)的）之意。
3.1.7 利用上下文猜測(cè)短語(yǔ)的含義(Guessing the Meaning of Unknown Phrases Through Contextual Clues)
利用上下文猜測(cè)短語(yǔ)的含義, 與利用上下文猜測(cè)詞義一樣。短語(yǔ)附近一般都有與之相關(guān)的線索，可供作邏輯上的推理。
例14
Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one of Rome’s main roads. Italy’s political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200,000 women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome.
Q: The expression “to snake through central Rome” probably means __________.
A) to move quietly through central Rome
B) to move violently through central Rome
C) to move in a long winding line through central Rome
D) to move at a leisurely pace through central Rome
文中說(shuō)，由20萬(wàn)名婦女組成的*隊(duì)伍跟在拖拉機(jī)后邊，花了三個(gè)多小時(shí)通過(guò)羅馬市中心。關(guān)鍵是要抓住“more than three hours”，既然花這么長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，那么行進(jìn)方式一定有什么奇特的地方，否則作者不會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短。另外，snake的原意是“蛇”，兩條線索結(jié)合起來(lái)不難判斷出C）項(xiàng)，“蜿蜒穿過(guò)羅馬”，為正確答案。
3.1.8 理解句內(nèi)關(guān)系(Understanding the Relationships Within Sentences)
要理解句內(nèi)的相互關(guān)系，需在閱讀過(guò)程中特別注意關(guān)鍵詞及過(guò)渡詞，從而更明確地知道一句話之中兩個(gè)部分、或前后兩句話或幾句話的相互間的因果、比較與對(duì)照、
定義、分類、舉例等關(guān)系。
例15
Back in 1957, a set of “appearance rules” were adopted by company managers that required employees to be clean-shaven and have short hair. For instance, Walt Disney wore a mustache, but for decades none of the employees at his theme parks could. That is changing, however, as the entertainment giant apparently battles to find workers in a tight labor market.
Disney also wanted his amusement parks to have a wholesome, family image. Other aspects of Disney’s “appearance rules” for workers will not change.
Q: Disney has discarded his prohibition on mustache because ________.
A) the park would be more interesting with people wearing mustaches
B) he wants his park to appear like a family
C) workers do not like to be required to shave
D) Disney himself wears a mustache
找出題目中的關(guān)鍵詞discard，prohibition和mustache，這道題的主干就已簡(jiǎn)單明了地展現(xiàn)出來(lái)了。這題問(wèn)的是原因，所以要注意有關(guān)原因的文字：--- as the
entertainment giant apparently battles to find workers in a tight labor market. Disney also wanted his amusement parks to have a wholesome, family image. 從帶有過(guò)渡詞also這句話可知，答案應(yīng)為B）。
大 學(xué) 英 語(yǔ) 四 級(jí) 閱 讀 理 解 測(cè) 試 概 述
3.1.9 略讀以獲取閱讀材料大意(Skimming to Get the Gist of a Reading Material)
略讀，或?yàn)g覽，是跳過(guò)細(xì)節(jié)，通過(guò)快讀法快速把握全文大意，對(duì)所讀文章的體裁、結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系有一定了解，并弄清問(wèn)題的要求、提問(wèn)方式，從而判斷并確定問(wèn)題的類型。這種方法主要用于找出文章的主旨，將每段的主題句迅速找出，意思加在一起即為文章的中心內(nèi)容。
3.1.10 快速查找特定信息(Scanning to Find a Particular Piece of Information)
查讀，或?qū)ぷx，是通過(guò)眼睛快速掃視來(lái)搜索文章中重要的具體內(nèi)容，以最快的速度找到所需要的信息，不求通篇了解文章的中心內(nèi)容。這種掃描方法主要用于找出文章的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。
二、練 習(xí)
Sometimes certain eras or events from our past receive little or no attention. This might be because there is little information available on these subjects, or because the subjects are controversial or shameful, and we are reluctant to face them. But when we ignore or deny a part of our past, we neglect people who are part of that history. These people- and their history- can become “invisible”, and in time we can forget that they ought to be part of what we think of as history.
Q: It can be inferred from the passage that the best motivation for studying history is
_________.
A) to learn from its past lessons
B) to appreciate the perspectives of writers of historical texts
C) to become more well-rounded students
D) to compare the life-styles of major historical characters
通過(guò)辨認(rèn)主題句的方法可以確定，該段第一句是主題句，概括了部分歷史未受到重視的事實(shí)。在后續(xù)的主題支撐句中，第二句分析造成這一事實(shí)的原因。第三和第四句分析后果，即“我們不能學(xué)到歷史所能傳授的教益，而且忽略了有關(guān)的歷史人物?！倍涛臎](méi)有直接陳述學(xué)習(xí)歷史的動(dòng)力是什么，根據(jù)后果推論，為了能學(xué)到歷的教益， 正視有關(guān)歷史人物的作用，我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)忽視任何一段歷史，包括我們不愿正視的感到屈辱（shameful）的歷史。這就是本文通過(guò)因果分析所闡明的觀點(diǎn)，以這一觀點(diǎn)為推理前提，得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論：A）項(xiàng)，“從過(guò)去的歷史教訓(xùn)”中學(xué)歷史。
3.1.6 猜測(cè)生詞的詞義(Guessing the Meaning of UnknownWords)
利用上下文猜測(cè)詞義，即從已知推求未知，是提高閱讀速度的重要手段之一。利用上下文的提示猜詞的方法大致有下列幾種：根據(jù)定義或解釋關(guān)系猜詞，根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜詞，根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜詞，根據(jù)同位關(guān)系猜詞。
例10
Sometimes the earth moves between the sun and the moon. Then the earth’s shadow falls on the moon; no light from the sun can then reach the moon. The moon gets dark because it cannot reflect the sun’s light. We call this an eclipse of the moon.
假定eclipse是生詞，根據(jù)上文所作的解釋，即可推知它意指“月食”的“食”。
例11
Although a large number of people think the man to be guilty, I believe him to be innocent of the crime.
假定innocent是生詞，although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句表述的意思與主句的意思起反襯作用，根據(jù)對(duì)比推知，innocent是not guilty之意。
例12
The tree will have to be cut down because it obstructs the view of oncoming traffic.
假定obstruct是生詞，because引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明了原因，根據(jù)因果推理方法，可以確定obstruct的詞義是“阻礙”。
例13
Different occupations differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts（手工業(yè)）, and other vocations, like farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old.
like提示farming 和fishing與vocations構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系，而且vocation詞義的概括性比f(wàn)arming和fishing的概括性大。據(jù)此推測(cè)，農(nóng)業(yè)和漁業(yè)更高一層的歸類應(yīng)是“行業(yè)”、“職業(yè)”、或“生產(chǎn)部門(mén)”。再依據(jù)上下文確定，這里取“行業(yè)”一義比較合適。
利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，如詞的前、后綴、詞根等，也是有效的判斷詞義的辦法。例如，根據(jù)create（創(chuàng)造）這個(gè)熟詞，可猜出creativity（創(chuàng)造力或創(chuàng)造性）的詞義。知道chemical（化學(xué)的）這個(gè)詞，也知道bio-這個(gè)前綴（生物的），就不難猜出biochemical（生物化學(xué)的）之意。
3.1.7 利用上下文猜測(cè)短語(yǔ)的含義(Guessing the Meaning of Unknown Phrases Through Contextual Clues)
利用上下文猜測(cè)短語(yǔ)的含義, 與利用上下文猜測(cè)詞義一樣。短語(yǔ)附近一般都有與之相關(guān)的線索，可供作邏輯上的推理。
例14
Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one of Rome’s main roads. Italy’s political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200,000 women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome.
Q: The expression “to snake through central Rome” probably means __________.
A) to move quietly through central Rome
B) to move violently through central Rome
C) to move in a long winding line through central Rome
D) to move at a leisurely pace through central Rome
文中說(shuō)，由20萬(wàn)名婦女組成的*隊(duì)伍跟在拖拉機(jī)后邊，花了三個(gè)多小時(shí)通過(guò)羅馬市中心。關(guān)鍵是要抓住“more than three hours”，既然花這么長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，那么行進(jìn)方式一定有什么奇特的地方，否則作者不會(huì)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短。另外，snake的原意是“蛇”，兩條線索結(jié)合起來(lái)不難判斷出C）項(xiàng)，“蜿蜒穿過(guò)羅馬”，為正確答案。
3.1.8 理解句內(nèi)關(guān)系(Understanding the Relationships Within Sentences)
要理解句內(nèi)的相互關(guān)系，需在閱讀過(guò)程中特別注意關(guān)鍵詞及過(guò)渡詞，從而更明確地知道一句話之中兩個(gè)部分、或前后兩句話或幾句話的相互間的因果、比較與對(duì)照、
定義、分類、舉例等關(guān)系。
例15
Back in 1957, a set of “appearance rules” were adopted by company managers that required employees to be clean-shaven and have short hair. For instance, Walt Disney wore a mustache, but for decades none of the employees at his theme parks could. That is changing, however, as the entertainment giant apparently battles to find workers in a tight labor market.
Disney also wanted his amusement parks to have a wholesome, family image. Other aspects of Disney’s “appearance rules” for workers will not change.
Q: Disney has discarded his prohibition on mustache because ________.
A) the park would be more interesting with people wearing mustaches
B) he wants his park to appear like a family
C) workers do not like to be required to shave
D) Disney himself wears a mustache
找出題目中的關(guān)鍵詞discard，prohibition和mustache，這道題的主干就已簡(jiǎn)單明了地展現(xiàn)出來(lái)了。這題問(wèn)的是原因，所以要注意有關(guān)原因的文字：--- as the
entertainment giant apparently battles to find workers in a tight labor market. Disney also wanted his amusement parks to have a wholesome, family image. 從帶有過(guò)渡詞also這句話可知，答案應(yīng)為B）。
大 學(xué) 英 語(yǔ) 四 級(jí) 閱 讀 理 解 測(cè) 試 概 述
3.1.9 略讀以獲取閱讀材料大意(Skimming to Get the Gist of a Reading Material)
略讀，或?yàn)g覽，是跳過(guò)細(xì)節(jié)，通過(guò)快讀法快速把握全文大意，對(duì)所讀文章的體裁、結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯關(guān)系有一定了解，并弄清問(wèn)題的要求、提問(wèn)方式，從而判斷并確定問(wèn)題的類型。這種方法主要用于找出文章的主旨，將每段的主題句迅速找出，意思加在一起即為文章的中心內(nèi)容。
3.1.10 快速查找特定信息(Scanning to Find a Particular Piece of Information)
查讀，或?qū)ぷx，是通過(guò)眼睛快速掃視來(lái)搜索文章中重要的具體內(nèi)容，以最快的速度找到所需要的信息，不求通篇了解文章的中心內(nèi)容。這種掃描方法主要用于找出文章的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。
二、練 習(xí)