1999年P(guān)assage 5
Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those lager fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.
How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.
In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.
What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team. "
70. The author implies that the results of scientific research__
[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected
[B] can be measured in dollars and cents
[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern
[D] are mostly underestimated by management
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)于文章最后一段。該段第三句指出"If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents"（假如實驗完全按照科學(xué)雜志登載的科學(xué)報告所陳述的那樣按事先的計劃去規(guī)劃和實施，那么，管理層期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是符合邏輯的），但是第二段第五句指出"Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research"（ 不可預(yù)測性是科學(xué)研究不可或缺的一個重要特征），因此試驗產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果可能沒有預(yù)期的好，因此A選項符合文章的意思。其余三個選項都與原文內(nèi)容相反，因為最后一段作者是用假設(shè)的口氣寫的，作者看法與假設(shè)結(jié)果相反。
[題目譯文]
作者暗示科學(xué)研究的成果 。
[A] 可能不像預(yù)期的那樣能夠獲得豐厚的利潤
[B] 可以用美元和美分來衡量
[C] 取決于其是否符合一個標準模式
[D] 通常被管理部門低估了 2000年P(guān)assage 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight ties larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride." American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government," It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity, says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as" a golden age of business management in the United States."
53. What can be inferred from the passage?
[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pried.
[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題需要將各選項與原文進行一一比較。A選項對應(yīng)于原文第四段的第四句話"Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride"（到如今，對自我懷疑已被盲目樂觀所取代），但卻與選項的表述風(fēng)馬牛不相及。C選項的說法看似有道理，卻與原文并沒有關(guān)系。D選項對應(yīng)于文章的第一句話"A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force"（長期輕而易舉地獲得成功的歷史可能成為一種可怕的不利因素，但若處理得當(dāng)，這種不利因素也有可能轉(zhuǎn)化為一種積極的推動力），這句話提出兩個可能性的結(jié)果，但選項表述則過于絕對。B選項則是正確答案，因為文中指出美國經(jīng)濟在80年代經(jīng)歷滑坡，第三段最后一句指出"Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas"（在美國人那些有時聳人聽聞的發(fā)現(xiàn)中，充滿了對來自海外的經(jīng)濟競爭的警告之詞），而下一段美國在海外競爭的壓力下又迎頭趕上，因此B選項與原文的意思相符。
[題目譯文]
我們可以從文中推斷中以下哪一項？
[A] 在自我懷疑和自高自大之間變化是人類的天性
[B] 激烈的競爭可能有利于經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展
[C] 經(jīng)濟的復(fù)蘇取決于國際間的合作
[D] 長期的成功可能為將來的發(fā)展鋪平道路
54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the____.
[A] turning of the business cycle
[B] restructuring of industry
[C] improved business management
[D] success in education
[答案] A
[解題思路]
文章最后一段的第三句指出"Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle"（沒幾個美國人將這一巨變單純地歸因于美元貶值或商業(yè)周期循環(huán)這些顯而易見的原因），閱讀下一句中作者的評論便可以發(fā)現(xiàn)作者的觀點與上述說法正好相反，因而A為正確選項。B與C選項都是作者后面舉的反面例子的論據(jù)，而D選項的"教育"問題在文中沒有論及。
[題目譯文]
作者看起來相信美國經(jīng)濟在20世紀90年代的復(fù)蘇是由于 。
[A] 商業(yè)周期的變化
[B] 工業(yè)重組
[C] 企業(yè)管理的改進
[D] 成功的教育 2000年P(guān)assage 5
If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition health, distinction, control over one’s destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, However, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition-if not always their own the that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them.
Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs. The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is," Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."
The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.
68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is____.
[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words
[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out
[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal
[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition
[答案] C
[解題思路]
第一段的最后一句為"There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them"（這其中有著濃厚的虛偽色彩，恰如馬跑后再關(guān)上馬廄的門那樣，而受過良好教育的人自己正騎在那些馬背上）。仔細分析這句話可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，文中的horse代表了文章討論的ambition，而是否騎在馬上還是關(guān)在馬廄分別代表了是否擁有雄心壯志。但享受了ambition帶來的好處卻說自己沒有ambition的人是虛偽的即hypocrisy，這也正是選項C的意思。Dishonest是對hypocrisy的解釋。
[題目譯文]
第一段的最后一句話最有可能暗示了 。
[A] 受過教育的人習(xí)慣把他們的抱負放在心里不說出來
[B] 抱負一旦說出來就很難控制
[C] 達到目的后否認自己有抱負是不誠實的表現(xiàn)
[D] 受過教育的人享受抱負帶來的好處是不現(xiàn)實的
70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained____.
[A] secretly and vigorously
[B] openly and enthusiastically
[C] easily and momentarily
[D] verbally and spiritually
[答案] B
[解題思路]
文章最后一段第三句話指出"This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly underground, or made sly"（但這并不意味著雄心已經(jīng)窮途末路，人們不再感覺到受到雄心的激勵了，只是人們不再公開地以它為榮，更不愿公開地坦白了。當(dāng)然這樣就帶來了很多不良后果，其中的一些后果就是雄心被趕入地下，或暗藏于胸），而且作者認為從始至終都批評了有抱負卻不愿公開承認自己有抱負的那些人，這說明作者是主張人們應(yīng)該去追求自己的抱負。A選項中的secretly顯然與原文意思相反，C和D選項則與文章無關(guān)。而B選項則正確地表達了作者的態(tài)度，是正確答案。本題需要充分抓住作者的態(tài)度和文章的基調(diào)。
[題目譯文]
從最后一段的結(jié)論中可以推斷，在堅持自己的抱負時應(yīng)該 。
[A] 秘密行事且精力充沛
[B] 公開且充滿熱情
[C] 輕松且時時想到
[D] 表現(xiàn)在語言上和精神上2001年P(guān)assage 1
Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word ’amateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
52. We can infer from the passage that ________.
[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalization
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題可采用排除法來解決。對于A選項來說，通過閱讀第一、二段可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，specialization主要指的是學(xué)科細化，而professionalization指的是從事科學(xué)研究人員的職業(yè)化，兩個名次針對的對象是不同的，因而是有區(qū)別的，所以A是錯誤選項。關(guān)于C選項，文章第三段在舉geology的例子的時候，在第三句的后半句中指出"but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture"（而到了20世紀，區(qū)域地質(zhì)學(xué)研究越來越傾向于必須體現(xiàn)或思考更廣闊的地質(zhì)面貌，只有這樣它才能夠被專業(yè)人員接受），因而可見professional接受amateurs是有條件的，即后者融入前者的文化價值和規(guī)范，但C選項沒有體現(xiàn)這個條件，是錯誤的。至于D選項，第三段一句提到"A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way"（類似的分化過程也導(dǎo)致專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集在一起，形成一兩個全國性的團體，而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團體中，要么以不同方式組成全國性的團體），可見業(yè)余者也有全國性組織，因此D選項與原文不符。因而B為正確選項，有原文為證，文章第二段第一句話就表明"No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule"（在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)，專業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒有絕對的明確區(qū)分），盡管后面提到了"The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training"（這種趨勢特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實驗室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)內(nèi)自然表現(xiàn)得尤為明顯），這仍說明業(yè)余者至少在一些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域是可以與專業(yè)者并駕齊驅(qū)的。
[題目譯文]
我們可以從文中推斷出 。
[A] 專業(yè)分工和職業(yè)化之間幾乎沒有區(qū)別
[B] 在科學(xué)的一些領(lǐng)域，業(yè)余人員可以與專業(yè)人員競爭
[C] 專業(yè)人員往往歡迎業(yè)余人員加入科學(xué)界
[D] 業(yè)余人員有全國性的學(xué)術(shù)組織，卻沒有地方性的組織
Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those lager fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.
How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.
In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.
What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team. "
70. The author implies that the results of scientific research__
[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected
[B] can be measured in dollars and cents
[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern
[D] are mostly underestimated by management
[答案] A
[解題思路]
本題對應(yīng)于文章最后一段。該段第三句指出"If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents"（假如實驗完全按照科學(xué)雜志登載的科學(xué)報告所陳述的那樣按事先的計劃去規(guī)劃和實施，那么，管理層期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是符合邏輯的），但是第二段第五句指出"Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research"（ 不可預(yù)測性是科學(xué)研究不可或缺的一個重要特征），因此試驗產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果可能沒有預(yù)期的好，因此A選項符合文章的意思。其余三個選項都與原文內(nèi)容相反，因為最后一段作者是用假設(shè)的口氣寫的，作者看法與假設(shè)結(jié)果相反。
[題目譯文]
作者暗示科學(xué)研究的成果 。
[A] 可能不像預(yù)期的那樣能夠獲得豐厚的利潤
[B] 可以用美元和美分來衡量
[C] 取決于其是否符合一個標準模式
[D] 通常被管理部門低估了 2000年P(guān)assage 1
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight ties larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.
How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride." American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government," It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity, says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as" a golden age of business management in the United States."
53. What can be inferred from the passage?
[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pried.
[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題需要將各選項與原文進行一一比較。A選項對應(yīng)于原文第四段的第四句話"Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride"（到如今，對自我懷疑已被盲目樂觀所取代），但卻與選項的表述風(fēng)馬牛不相及。C選項的說法看似有道理，卻與原文并沒有關(guān)系。D選項對應(yīng)于文章的第一句話"A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force"（長期輕而易舉地獲得成功的歷史可能成為一種可怕的不利因素，但若處理得當(dāng)，這種不利因素也有可能轉(zhuǎn)化為一種積極的推動力），這句話提出兩個可能性的結(jié)果，但選項表述則過于絕對。B選項則是正確答案，因為文中指出美國經(jīng)濟在80年代經(jīng)歷滑坡，第三段最后一句指出"Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas"（在美國人那些有時聳人聽聞的發(fā)現(xiàn)中，充滿了對來自海外的經(jīng)濟競爭的警告之詞），而下一段美國在海外競爭的壓力下又迎頭趕上，因此B選項與原文的意思相符。
[題目譯文]
我們可以從文中推斷中以下哪一項？
[A] 在自我懷疑和自高自大之間變化是人類的天性
[B] 激烈的競爭可能有利于經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展
[C] 經(jīng)濟的復(fù)蘇取決于國際間的合作
[D] 長期的成功可能為將來的發(fā)展鋪平道路
54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the____.
[A] turning of the business cycle
[B] restructuring of industry
[C] improved business management
[D] success in education
[答案] A
[解題思路]
文章最后一段的第三句指出"Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle"（沒幾個美國人將這一巨變單純地歸因于美元貶值或商業(yè)周期循環(huán)這些顯而易見的原因），閱讀下一句中作者的評論便可以發(fā)現(xiàn)作者的觀點與上述說法正好相反，因而A為正確選項。B與C選項都是作者后面舉的反面例子的論據(jù)，而D選項的"教育"問題在文中沒有論及。
[題目譯文]
作者看起來相信美國經(jīng)濟在20世紀90年代的復(fù)蘇是由于 。
[A] 商業(yè)周期的變化
[B] 工業(yè)重組
[C] 企業(yè)管理的改進
[D] 成功的教育 2000年P(guān)assage 5
If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition health, distinction, control over one’s destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, However, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition-if not always their own the that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them.
Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs. The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is," Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."
The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.
68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is____.
[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words
[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out
[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal
[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition
[答案] C
[解題思路]
第一段的最后一句為"There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them"（這其中有著濃厚的虛偽色彩，恰如馬跑后再關(guān)上馬廄的門那樣，而受過良好教育的人自己正騎在那些馬背上）。仔細分析這句話可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，文中的horse代表了文章討論的ambition，而是否騎在馬上還是關(guān)在馬廄分別代表了是否擁有雄心壯志。但享受了ambition帶來的好處卻說自己沒有ambition的人是虛偽的即hypocrisy，這也正是選項C的意思。Dishonest是對hypocrisy的解釋。
[題目譯文]
第一段的最后一句話最有可能暗示了 。
[A] 受過教育的人習(xí)慣把他們的抱負放在心里不說出來
[B] 抱負一旦說出來就很難控制
[C] 達到目的后否認自己有抱負是不誠實的表現(xiàn)
[D] 受過教育的人享受抱負帶來的好處是不現(xiàn)實的
70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained____.
[A] secretly and vigorously
[B] openly and enthusiastically
[C] easily and momentarily
[D] verbally and spiritually
[答案] B
[解題思路]
文章最后一段第三句話指出"This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly underground, or made sly"（但這并不意味著雄心已經(jīng)窮途末路，人們不再感覺到受到雄心的激勵了，只是人們不再公開地以它為榮，更不愿公開地坦白了。當(dāng)然這樣就帶來了很多不良后果，其中的一些后果就是雄心被趕入地下，或暗藏于胸），而且作者認為從始至終都批評了有抱負卻不愿公開承認自己有抱負的那些人，這說明作者是主張人們應(yīng)該去追求自己的抱負。A選項中的secretly顯然與原文意思相反，C和D選項則與文章無關(guān)。而B選項則正確地表達了作者的態(tài)度，是正確答案。本題需要充分抓住作者的態(tài)度和文章的基調(diào)。
[題目譯文]
從最后一段的結(jié)論中可以推斷，在堅持自己的抱負時應(yīng)該 。
[A] 秘密行事且精力充沛
[B] 公開且充滿熱情
[C] 輕松且時時想到
[D] 表現(xiàn)在語言上和精神上2001年P(guān)assage 1
Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word ’amateur’ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
52. We can infer from the passage that ________.
[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalization
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
[答案] B
[解題思路]
本題可采用排除法來解決。對于A選項來說，通過閱讀第一、二段可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，specialization主要指的是學(xué)科細化，而professionalization指的是從事科學(xué)研究人員的職業(yè)化，兩個名次針對的對象是不同的，因而是有區(qū)別的，所以A是錯誤選項。關(guān)于C選項，文章第三段在舉geology的例子的時候，在第三句的后半句中指出"but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture"（而到了20世紀，區(qū)域地質(zhì)學(xué)研究越來越傾向于必須體現(xiàn)或思考更廣闊的地質(zhì)面貌，只有這樣它才能夠被專業(yè)人員接受），因而可見professional接受amateurs是有條件的，即后者融入前者的文化價值和規(guī)范，但C選項沒有體現(xiàn)這個條件，是錯誤的。至于D選項，第三段一句提到"A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way"（類似的分化過程也導(dǎo)致專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)家聚集在一起，形成一兩個全國性的團體，而業(yè)余地質(zhì)學(xué)家則要么留在地方性團體中，要么以不同方式組成全國性的團體），可見業(yè)余者也有全國性組織，因此D選項與原文不符。因而B為正確選項，有原文為證，文章第二段第一句話就表明"No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule"（在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)，專業(yè)與業(yè)余之間沒有絕對的明確區(qū)分），盡管后面提到了"The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training"（這種趨勢特別是在以數(shù)學(xué)和實驗室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的科學(xué)領(lǐng)內(nèi)自然表現(xiàn)得尤為明顯），這仍說明業(yè)余者至少在一些科學(xué)領(lǐng)域是可以與專業(yè)者并駕齊驅(qū)的。
[題目譯文]
我們可以從文中推斷出 。
[A] 專業(yè)分工和職業(yè)化之間幾乎沒有區(qū)別
[B] 在科學(xué)的一些領(lǐng)域，業(yè)余人員可以與專業(yè)人員競爭
[C] 專業(yè)人員往往歡迎業(yè)余人員加入科學(xué)界
[D] 業(yè)余人員有全國性的學(xué)術(shù)組織，卻沒有地方性的組織