第五個(gè)題型：翻譯
從2003年10月份開始，北京市成人三級英語統(tǒng)考，增加了英漢互譯這個(gè)題型。新修訂的三級英語考試大綱對翻譯技巧的要求是：
英譯漢：能翻譯難度低于課文的文章，理解正確，語速為每小時(shí)三百個(gè)英文單詞。
漢譯英：能將內(nèi)容熟悉的漢語譯成英語，沒有重大語言錯(cuò)誤，語速為每小時(shí)二百五十個(gè)單詞。
英譯漢翻譯
1．英譯漢翻譯技巧
英譯漢是前面閱讀理解中劃線的五個(gè)句子，相對容易，根據(jù)上下文翻譯。
從宏觀來講，英譯漢的過程包括理解、表達(dá)、校對三個(gè)階段。理解就是要通讀全文，分析劃線部分的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，并理解其含義；表達(dá)就是在理解的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行直譯或意譯。
1．直譯
句子安排跟漢語基本一致。
例1：In the first place, television is not only a convenience source of entertainment, but also a comparatively cheap one.
直譯：首先，電視不僅是便捷的，而且是廉價(jià)的娛樂來源。
例2：He didn’t buy that coat yesterday because he hadn’t enough money.
直譯：他沒有買那件上衣昨天，因?yàn)樗麤]有帶足夠的錢。
２．意譯:
意譯的句子就需要我們把句子做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整，必須在正確理解的基礎(chǔ)上重新遣辭造句，甚至要改變原來的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，然后把原文的意思通順地譯下來。
例1：A solid fuel, like coal or wood, can only burn at the surface, where it comes into contact with the air.
像煤或者木頭這樣的固體燃料只能在表面燃燒，因?yàn)橹挥斜砻娼佑|空氣。
例 2：Computers, which have many advantages, can not carry out creative work and replace man.
盡管電腦有很多優(yōu)勢，也不能代替人進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性工作。
例3：They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which many Chinese have laid down their lives.
他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)理想而努力，這個(gè)理想是每個(gè)中國人所珍愛的，許多中國人曾為這個(gè)理想而犧牲了自己的生命。
３．直譯和意譯組合。
句子結(jié)構(gòu)基本保持不變，要改變的往往是個(gè)別的句子成分。
例1：The new designs should offer even greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place.
新的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)使地震頻發(fā)的城市更為安全（even greater security）。
例2：We can surely overcome these difficulties so long as we are closely united.
只要我們緊密地團(tuán)結(jié)一致，一定能克服這些困難的。
英譯漢微觀的翻譯技巧：
1、選詞用字：指的是對原文正確理解的基礎(chǔ)上，選擇正確的用詞。
例1：His eyes sparked with fury.
spark （動(dòng)詞）發(fā)火花，發(fā)電花； （名詞）火花，火星。
fury （名詞）狂怒。
他兩眼冒著怒火。
例2：Every life has its roses and thorns.
rose 玫瑰； thorn 刺，荊棘。
生活有苦也有甜。
2、增益法：主要是指增加原文中無其形而有其意的字。
例1：The war made a man of him.
make a……of sb 把某人變成一個(gè)……
戰(zhàn)爭把他鍛煉成一個(gè)堂堂的男人。
例2：Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
讀書使人充實(shí)，辯論使人機(jī)智，寫作使人精確。
例3：We won’t attack unless attacked.
這里面unless后面省略了we are.翻譯的時(shí)候同樣要補(bǔ)充上。
人不犯我，我不犯人。
3、省略法：根據(jù)需要省略形式主語、形式賓語、系動(dòng)詞、代詞、連詞、冠詞、以及重復(fù)的名詞、動(dòng)詞等。
例1：Off with your shoes before entering this holy building!
在進(jìn)入這所神圣的殿堂之前，請把鞋脫掉。
例2： We agreed in this article but not in that one.
我們在這一條款上是一致的，但在另一條款上有分歧。
例3：It will be all right, if he’s awake. And if not?
如果他睡醒了，那很好。但是如果沒有呢？
4、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法，指把原文當(dāng)中詞的詞性譯成中文時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換成其它詞性。
例1：In fact, he is a great admirer of the Americans.
翻譯時(shí)句子中的：great形容詞變成副詞；admirer 名詞變成動(dòng)詞。
他對美國人佩服得五體投地。
例2：I didn’t see what he meant.
翻譯時(shí)句子中的： mean動(dòng)詞變成名詞。
不明白他的意思。
例3：There is no escaping from history.
翻譯時(shí)句子中的： escaping 詞性是動(dòng)名詞變成動(dòng)詞。
任何事物都逃脫不了歷史的裁決。
5、正反互譯：是指為了符合中文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，要把英文的肯定變成中文的否定式；或者把英文的否定式變成中文的肯定式。
例1：She is too clever to let herself be cheated by the boy’s words.
她很聰明，她決不會被那個(gè)男孩兒的話所騙。
例2：I wish the speaker would confine himself to the subject.
我希望那個(gè)演講者不要跑神兒。
例3：I didn’t go to bed until my mother came back.
我一直到母親回來才去睡覺。
例4：You will not get any current until you connect up the cells of the battery.
你把電池組連接起來才能有電。
例5：You are a student, aren’t you?
你是一個(gè)學(xué)生，對嗎？
6、詞序顛倒法：為了便于表達(dá)，要將原文中的詞序或句子成分順序顛倒。
例1：Five times what number makes twenty?
什么數(shù)的五倍是二十？
例2：The teacher allocated a part to each boy in the play.
老師給每個(gè)男孩兒都分配了一個(gè)戲中的角色。
2．英譯漢示例
A.
Once outside the atmosphere, however, man is no longer protected, and radiation can be harmful in a number of ways. A distinction must be drawn between the short- and long-term effects of radiation. The former are merely unpleasant, but just because an astronaut returning from a journey in space does not seem to have been greatly harmed, we cannot assume that he is safe. The long-term effects can be extremely serious, even leading to death.
一旦進(jìn)入大氣層外，人們就得不到保護(hù)，輻射可能給人帶來各種形式的危害。
One solution to the dangers of radiation is to protect the spaceship by putting some kind of shield around it. This was in fact done on the Apollo spaceships which landed on the moon. But this solution is not possible for longer journeys-to Mars for example-because the shield would need to be very large, and could not be carried. Another solution, not in fact possible at present, would be to surround the spaceship with a magnetic field to deflect the radiation. In all, we have to conclude that there is at present no complete solution to the problem of radiation.
解決輻射危害的一個(gè)方法，就是通過覆蓋某種防護(hù)物來保護(hù)飛船。
B．
The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. Modern travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in the old days couldn’t have dreamed of. But what’s the sense of this mass exchange of populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of each other?
但是如果世界上的民族相互之間仍然不了解，這樣的大規(guī)模的人口交流又有什么意義？
Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous. Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact that all people are human. We are all similar to each other and at the same time all unique.
隨意地下結(jié)論能引起民族仇恨，使我們認(rèn)識不到這個(gè)基本的事實(shí)——所有的民族都是平等的。
C．
Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway byelaws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities.
許多人假稱他們從沒有看過廣告，這種說法非常值得懷疑。在當(dāng)今，不看廣告幾乎是不可能的。他們也真搞笑！
We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!
我們也一定不能忘記，廣告對我們的錢袋子確實(shí)做出了貢獻(xiàn)。
Another thing we mustn’t forget is the “small ads.” which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the “hatch, match and dispatch” column .
另一件我們不該忘記的是“小廣告”，實(shí)際上在每份報(bào)紙和雜志中都可看到。這些小廣告為整個(gè)社會提供了多少有益的服務(wù)啊
從2003年10月份開始，北京市成人三級英語統(tǒng)考，增加了英漢互譯這個(gè)題型。新修訂的三級英語考試大綱對翻譯技巧的要求是：
英譯漢：能翻譯難度低于課文的文章，理解正確，語速為每小時(shí)三百個(gè)英文單詞。
漢譯英：能將內(nèi)容熟悉的漢語譯成英語，沒有重大語言錯(cuò)誤，語速為每小時(shí)二百五十個(gè)單詞。
英譯漢翻譯
1．英譯漢翻譯技巧
英譯漢是前面閱讀理解中劃線的五個(gè)句子，相對容易，根據(jù)上下文翻譯。
從宏觀來講，英譯漢的過程包括理解、表達(dá)、校對三個(gè)階段。理解就是要通讀全文，分析劃線部分的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，并理解其含義；表達(dá)就是在理解的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行直譯或意譯。
1．直譯
句子安排跟漢語基本一致。
例1：In the first place, television is not only a convenience source of entertainment, but also a comparatively cheap one.
直譯：首先，電視不僅是便捷的，而且是廉價(jià)的娛樂來源。
例2：He didn’t buy that coat yesterday because he hadn’t enough money.
直譯：他沒有買那件上衣昨天，因?yàn)樗麤]有帶足夠的錢。
２．意譯:
意譯的句子就需要我們把句子做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整，必須在正確理解的基礎(chǔ)上重新遣辭造句，甚至要改變原來的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，然后把原文的意思通順地譯下來。
例1：A solid fuel, like coal or wood, can only burn at the surface, where it comes into contact with the air.
像煤或者木頭這樣的固體燃料只能在表面燃燒，因?yàn)橹挥斜砻娼佑|空氣。
例 2：Computers, which have many advantages, can not carry out creative work and replace man.
盡管電腦有很多優(yōu)勢，也不能代替人進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性工作。
例3：They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which many Chinese have laid down their lives.
他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)理想而努力，這個(gè)理想是每個(gè)中國人所珍愛的，許多中國人曾為這個(gè)理想而犧牲了自己的生命。
３．直譯和意譯組合。
句子結(jié)構(gòu)基本保持不變，要改變的往往是個(gè)別的句子成分。
例1：The new designs should offer even greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place.
新的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)使地震頻發(fā)的城市更為安全（even greater security）。
例2：We can surely overcome these difficulties so long as we are closely united.
只要我們緊密地團(tuán)結(jié)一致，一定能克服這些困難的。
英譯漢微觀的翻譯技巧：
1、選詞用字：指的是對原文正確理解的基礎(chǔ)上，選擇正確的用詞。
例1：His eyes sparked with fury.
spark （動(dòng)詞）發(fā)火花，發(fā)電花； （名詞）火花，火星。
fury （名詞）狂怒。
他兩眼冒著怒火。
例2：Every life has its roses and thorns.
rose 玫瑰； thorn 刺，荊棘。
生活有苦也有甜。
2、增益法：主要是指增加原文中無其形而有其意的字。
例1：The war made a man of him.
make a……of sb 把某人變成一個(gè)……
戰(zhàn)爭把他鍛煉成一個(gè)堂堂的男人。
例2：Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
讀書使人充實(shí)，辯論使人機(jī)智，寫作使人精確。
例3：We won’t attack unless attacked.
這里面unless后面省略了we are.翻譯的時(shí)候同樣要補(bǔ)充上。
人不犯我，我不犯人。
3、省略法：根據(jù)需要省略形式主語、形式賓語、系動(dòng)詞、代詞、連詞、冠詞、以及重復(fù)的名詞、動(dòng)詞等。
例1：Off with your shoes before entering this holy building!
在進(jìn)入這所神圣的殿堂之前，請把鞋脫掉。
例2： We agreed in this article but not in that one.
我們在這一條款上是一致的，但在另一條款上有分歧。
例3：It will be all right, if he’s awake. And if not?
如果他睡醒了，那很好。但是如果沒有呢？
4、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法，指把原文當(dāng)中詞的詞性譯成中文時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)換成其它詞性。
例1：In fact, he is a great admirer of the Americans.
翻譯時(shí)句子中的：great形容詞變成副詞；admirer 名詞變成動(dòng)詞。
他對美國人佩服得五體投地。
例2：I didn’t see what he meant.
翻譯時(shí)句子中的： mean動(dòng)詞變成名詞。
不明白他的意思。
例3：There is no escaping from history.
翻譯時(shí)句子中的： escaping 詞性是動(dòng)名詞變成動(dòng)詞。
任何事物都逃脫不了歷史的裁決。
5、正反互譯：是指為了符合中文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，要把英文的肯定變成中文的否定式；或者把英文的否定式變成中文的肯定式。
例1：She is too clever to let herself be cheated by the boy’s words.
她很聰明，她決不會被那個(gè)男孩兒的話所騙。
例2：I wish the speaker would confine himself to the subject.
我希望那個(gè)演講者不要跑神兒。
例3：I didn’t go to bed until my mother came back.
我一直到母親回來才去睡覺。
例4：You will not get any current until you connect up the cells of the battery.
你把電池組連接起來才能有電。
例5：You are a student, aren’t you?
你是一個(gè)學(xué)生，對嗎？
6、詞序顛倒法：為了便于表達(dá)，要將原文中的詞序或句子成分順序顛倒。
例1：Five times what number makes twenty?
什么數(shù)的五倍是二十？
例2：The teacher allocated a part to each boy in the play.
老師給每個(gè)男孩兒都分配了一個(gè)戲中的角色。
2．英譯漢示例
A.
Once outside the atmosphere, however, man is no longer protected, and radiation can be harmful in a number of ways. A distinction must be drawn between the short- and long-term effects of radiation. The former are merely unpleasant, but just because an astronaut returning from a journey in space does not seem to have been greatly harmed, we cannot assume that he is safe. The long-term effects can be extremely serious, even leading to death.
一旦進(jìn)入大氣層外，人們就得不到保護(hù)，輻射可能給人帶來各種形式的危害。
One solution to the dangers of radiation is to protect the spaceship by putting some kind of shield around it. This was in fact done on the Apollo spaceships which landed on the moon. But this solution is not possible for longer journeys-to Mars for example-because the shield would need to be very large, and could not be carried. Another solution, not in fact possible at present, would be to surround the spaceship with a magnetic field to deflect the radiation. In all, we have to conclude that there is at present no complete solution to the problem of radiation.
解決輻射危害的一個(gè)方法，就是通過覆蓋某種防護(hù)物來保護(hù)飛船。
B．
The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. Modern travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in the old days couldn’t have dreamed of. But what’s the sense of this mass exchange of populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of each other?
但是如果世界上的民族相互之間仍然不了解，這樣的大規(guī)模的人口交流又有什么意義？
Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous. Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact that all people are human. We are all similar to each other and at the same time all unique.
隨意地下結(jié)論能引起民族仇恨，使我們認(rèn)識不到這個(gè)基本的事實(shí)——所有的民族都是平等的。
C．
Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway byelaws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities.
許多人假稱他們從沒有看過廣告，這種說法非常值得懷疑。在當(dāng)今，不看廣告幾乎是不可能的。他們也真搞笑！
We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!
我們也一定不能忘記，廣告對我們的錢袋子確實(shí)做出了貢獻(xiàn)。
Another thing we mustn’t forget is the “small ads.” which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the “hatch, match and dispatch” column .
另一件我們不該忘記的是“小廣告”，實(shí)際上在每份報(bào)紙和雜志中都可看到。這些小廣告為整個(gè)社會提供了多少有益的服務(wù)啊