內(nèi) 容 提 要
代詞分人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、不定代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞和連接代詞，它們?cè)诰渥又谐袚?dān)不同的功用。
I人 稱 代 詞
一、主格人稱代詞有I, we, you, he, she, they, it，主格人稱代詞就是在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的代詞
1) Archibald Motley’s artistic talent ［A］ was apparent ［B］ by the time him ［C］ enrolled ［D］ in high school.
2) Legends often contain an element ［A］ of fact， but ［B］ sometimes it is ［C］ totally ［D］ untrue.
3) Unlike ［A］ road vehicles， Hovercrafts have no physical ［B］ contact with the surface over which ［C］ them ［D］ travel.
二、賓格人稱代詞有me, us, you, him, her, them, it，賓格人稱代詞即在句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)(含介詞賓語(yǔ))的代詞
4) Let you and I ［A］ promise that we shall always ［B］ dare to do ［C］ what is ［D］ right.
5) Most of we ［A］ know that conductors direct their orchestras with a baton， but how many ［B］ are aware that ［C］ they also direct with their faces， hands ［D］ ， and shoulders?
三、例題解析
1) C錯(cuò)。him是賓格，而此處卻需要作主語(yǔ)的人稱代詞，故應(yīng)將him改為主格he。
2) C錯(cuò)。 改為they are。C處代替的是“Legends”而不是“an element”。
3) D錯(cuò)。them也是賓格，應(yīng)改用主格they，作定語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)為travel。
4) A錯(cuò)。 改為me。
5) A錯(cuò)。改為賓格us，因?yàn)榍懊媸墙樵~of，us作其賓語(yǔ)，故用賓格。
II物 主 代 詞
一、表示人的物主代詞用my, our, your, his, her和their，指無(wú)生命的東西用its(但指國(guó)家時(shí)一般用she或her)，它們?cè)诰渲凶鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)
1) A scientist bases its ［A］ work on hypotheses that ［B］ have been checked ［C］ through careful ［D］ experimentation.
2) Crude rubber is an ［A］ elastic(有彈性的) solid with a specific gravity of 0.911 and a refractive index(折射率) of 1.591， though it ［B］ composition varies with different latexes(橡漿) as well as ［C］ with the way it is prepared ［D］ at the plantation.
3) Manufacturers ［A］ of consumer goods ［B］ often change ［C］ the styles of them ［D］ products.
二、名詞型物主代詞能作表語(yǔ)(It's theirs)、主語(yǔ)(Mine is there)、賓語(yǔ)(I don't like hers)，與of連用可以作定語(yǔ)(the food of theirs)。
三、例題解析
1) A錯(cuò)。 改為his。
2) B錯(cuò)。 改為its。
3) D錯(cuò)。 改為their。
III反 身 代 詞
一、反身代詞有myself, ourselves, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself。主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)為同一人或物時(shí)，要用反身代詞(否則就不能用反身代詞)，反身代詞也可放在名詞或代詞(主格)后面(也可放在句尾)起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用
1) All ［A］ the scouts(童子軍) got theirselves ［B］ ready for the ［C］ long camping trip by spending their weekends living ［D］ in the open.
2) Various ［A］ animals have shells that keep themselves ［B］ from growing beyond ［C］ a certain ［D］ size.
3) Benjamin Banneker’s aptitude ［A］ in mathematics ［B］ and knowledge of astronomy enabled himself ［C］ to predict the solar ［D］ eclipse of 1789.
4) The president announced that he himself ［A］ would act upon ［B］ the evidence as presented ［C］ to himself ［D］ by the congressional committee.
5) Garrett ［A］ Morgan died in Cleveland， Ohio， the city that ［A］ had awarded himself ［B］ a gold medal for his devotion ［C］ to public ［D］ safety.
6) Plants rid them ［A］ of excess water through ［B］ transpiration， the evaporation of extra ［C］ moisture from their ［D］ leaves.
7) When Jonathan went ［A］ to Spain with his ［B］ sister， he bought a ［C］ leather coat for her and another for him ［D］ .
二、例題解析
1) B錯(cuò)。 改為themselves。
2) B錯(cuò)。B處明顯指代animals，而它前面的主語(yǔ)that卻指代shells，也就是說(shuō)“that”和“themselves”指的不是同一事物。由于主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)不是同一物，故不能用反身代詞，應(yīng)改為賓格them。
3) C錯(cuò)。本句的主語(yǔ)為aptitude，而非Benjamin Banneker(在這里它作aptitude的定語(yǔ))，而C處的代詞卻指上文提到的人名“Benjamin Banneker”，由于主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)并非指同一人，故不能用反身代詞，應(yīng)改用賓格him。
4) D錯(cuò)。 改為to him。動(dòng)詞“presented”的(邏輯)主語(yǔ)是“evidence”，而不是A處的“he，”所以D“himself”處與C處“presented”的主語(yǔ)“evidence”不一致，所以不能用反身代詞。
5) B錯(cuò)。 改為him。同上。
6) A錯(cuò)。此處的them指主語(yǔ)plants，rid是及物動(dòng)詞，由于主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)指同一物，故應(yīng)使用反身代詞themselves。
7) D錯(cuò)。 改為for himself。
IV 不 定 代 詞
一、“every”(每一個(gè))只作為定語(yǔ)使用，即必須在其后加上單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語(yǔ)，它不可與everyone(每一個(gè))混淆。 everyone相當(dāng)于名詞，它不可修飾其他名詞，只作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)
1) Every ［A］ knows that hospitals are institutions where the sick are treated， but how many ［B］ realize that they were once ［C］ homes for the indigent and the friendless ［D］ ?
2) Everyone ［A］ child in the United States must ［B］ receive ［C］ some form of educational instruction ［D］ .
二、“much”和“many”分別修飾不可數(shù)名詞和可數(shù)名詞，可作為代詞(如much of)和形容詞使用
3) Food seasoning plays an important ［A］ role in the cooking ［B］ customs of much ［C］ cultures in ［D］ the world.
4) The general sales tax has been ［A］ a major source of income for state governments， much ［B］ of which derive more than half ［C］ of their budgets from ［D］ it.
5) Data received from ［A］ two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence ［B］ that huge thunderstorms are now occurring ［C］ around the equator ［D］ of the planet Saturn.
三、 “some”和“any”是表示不定數(shù)量的代詞，相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的“一些”，作定語(yǔ)可修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，其中some(包括它的合成詞something,someone, somebody)多用于肯定句，而any(包括它的合成詞anything, anyone, anybody)則用于疑問句和否定句中，其中any在否定句中相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的“任何”；形容詞修飾something, someone, somebody, anything, anyone, anybody, nothing, nobody時(shí)，形容詞要放在這些詞的后邊
6) Historians ［A］ have never reached some general ［B］ agreement about ［C］ the precise causes of the ［D］ Civil War in the United States.
四、“another”和“other”分別表示“另外的一個(gè)”(an＋other)和“另外的”“其余的”意思，可以用作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)，其中前者只用來(lái)修飾或指代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，后者修飾單復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，二者不能相互混淆
7) Lizards lack ［A］ the built?in body temperature control ［B］ many another ［C］ creatures possess ［D］ .
8) Some bacterium are extremely ［A］ harmful， but anothers ［B］ are regularly ［C］ used in producing cheeses， crackers， and many other foods ［D］ .
9) Like ［A］ most another ［B］ art forms， the Greek tragedy had ［C］ its origins in religious ［D］ observances.
五、one與other “one”作為代詞代替前面提到的人或物，它前邊加the； “other”作代詞修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞。 “one…another”表示“一個(gè)…另一個(gè)”的意思，或表示多個(gè)(三者以上)之中的“另一個(gè)”，“又一個(gè)”； “one…the other”表示兩者之中剩下的“另一個(gè)，又一個(gè)”
10) I’d like to ［A］ buy a coat similar ［B］ to one ［C］ you are wearing ［D］ .
11) Though ［A］ Art Tatum was totally blind in one eye and had only slight ［B］ vision in another ［C］ ， he became ［D］ an internationally renowned jazz musician.
六、 “few”和“l(fā)ittle”兩者分別為“many”和“much”的反義詞，表示“少，很少”的意思，有否定含義，即等于“幾乎沒有”，如若表示肯定的含義，則應(yīng)在little和few前加不定冠詞“a”，即變?yōu)椤癮 few”和“a little”
12) Because they are generally ［A］ taken simply to obtain a recognizable ［B］ and relatively clear ［C］ image， most non?prefessional photographs demand few ［D］ equipment.
七、 “a great deal (of)” (大量)只作為限定語(yǔ)修飾不可數(shù)名詞或在句中指代不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)
代詞分人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、不定代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞和連接代詞，它們?cè)诰渥又谐袚?dān)不同的功用。
I人 稱 代 詞
一、主格人稱代詞有I, we, you, he, she, they, it，主格人稱代詞就是在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的代詞
1) Archibald Motley’s artistic talent ［A］ was apparent ［B］ by the time him ［C］ enrolled ［D］ in high school.
2) Legends often contain an element ［A］ of fact， but ［B］ sometimes it is ［C］ totally ［D］ untrue.
3) Unlike ［A］ road vehicles， Hovercrafts have no physical ［B］ contact with the surface over which ［C］ them ［D］ travel.
二、賓格人稱代詞有me, us, you, him, her, them, it，賓格人稱代詞即在句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)(含介詞賓語(yǔ))的代詞
4) Let you and I ［A］ promise that we shall always ［B］ dare to do ［C］ what is ［D］ right.
5) Most of we ［A］ know that conductors direct their orchestras with a baton， but how many ［B］ are aware that ［C］ they also direct with their faces， hands ［D］ ， and shoulders?
三、例題解析
1) C錯(cuò)。him是賓格，而此處卻需要作主語(yǔ)的人稱代詞，故應(yīng)將him改為主格he。
2) C錯(cuò)。 改為they are。C處代替的是“Legends”而不是“an element”。
3) D錯(cuò)。them也是賓格，應(yīng)改用主格they，作定語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)為travel。
4) A錯(cuò)。 改為me。
5) A錯(cuò)。改為賓格us，因?yàn)榍懊媸墙樵~of，us作其賓語(yǔ)，故用賓格。
II物 主 代 詞
一、表示人的物主代詞用my, our, your, his, her和their，指無(wú)生命的東西用its(但指國(guó)家時(shí)一般用she或her)，它們?cè)诰渲凶鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)
1) A scientist bases its ［A］ work on hypotheses that ［B］ have been checked ［C］ through careful ［D］ experimentation.
2) Crude rubber is an ［A］ elastic(有彈性的) solid with a specific gravity of 0.911 and a refractive index(折射率) of 1.591， though it ［B］ composition varies with different latexes(橡漿) as well as ［C］ with the way it is prepared ［D］ at the plantation.
3) Manufacturers ［A］ of consumer goods ［B］ often change ［C］ the styles of them ［D］ products.
二、名詞型物主代詞能作表語(yǔ)(It's theirs)、主語(yǔ)(Mine is there)、賓語(yǔ)(I don't like hers)，與of連用可以作定語(yǔ)(the food of theirs)。
三、例題解析
1) A錯(cuò)。 改為his。
2) B錯(cuò)。 改為its。
3) D錯(cuò)。 改為their。
III反 身 代 詞
一、反身代詞有myself, ourselves, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself。主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)為同一人或物時(shí)，要用反身代詞(否則就不能用反身代詞)，反身代詞也可放在名詞或代詞(主格)后面(也可放在句尾)起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用
1) All ［A］ the scouts(童子軍) got theirselves ［B］ ready for the ［C］ long camping trip by spending their weekends living ［D］ in the open.
2) Various ［A］ animals have shells that keep themselves ［B］ from growing beyond ［C］ a certain ［D］ size.
3) Benjamin Banneker’s aptitude ［A］ in mathematics ［B］ and knowledge of astronomy enabled himself ［C］ to predict the solar ［D］ eclipse of 1789.
4) The president announced that he himself ［A］ would act upon ［B］ the evidence as presented ［C］ to himself ［D］ by the congressional committee.
5) Garrett ［A］ Morgan died in Cleveland， Ohio， the city that ［A］ had awarded himself ［B］ a gold medal for his devotion ［C］ to public ［D］ safety.
6) Plants rid them ［A］ of excess water through ［B］ transpiration， the evaporation of extra ［C］ moisture from their ［D］ leaves.
7) When Jonathan went ［A］ to Spain with his ［B］ sister， he bought a ［C］ leather coat for her and another for him ［D］ .
二、例題解析
1) B錯(cuò)。 改為themselves。
2) B錯(cuò)。B處明顯指代animals，而它前面的主語(yǔ)that卻指代shells，也就是說(shuō)“that”和“themselves”指的不是同一事物。由于主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)不是同一物，故不能用反身代詞，應(yīng)改為賓格them。
3) C錯(cuò)。本句的主語(yǔ)為aptitude，而非Benjamin Banneker(在這里它作aptitude的定語(yǔ))，而C處的代詞卻指上文提到的人名“Benjamin Banneker”，由于主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)并非指同一人，故不能用反身代詞，應(yīng)改用賓格him。
4) D錯(cuò)。 改為to him。動(dòng)詞“presented”的(邏輯)主語(yǔ)是“evidence”，而不是A處的“he，”所以D“himself”處與C處“presented”的主語(yǔ)“evidence”不一致，所以不能用反身代詞。
5) B錯(cuò)。 改為him。同上。
6) A錯(cuò)。此處的them指主語(yǔ)plants，rid是及物動(dòng)詞，由于主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)指同一物，故應(yīng)使用反身代詞themselves。
7) D錯(cuò)。 改為for himself。
IV 不 定 代 詞
一、“every”(每一個(gè))只作為定語(yǔ)使用，即必須在其后加上單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語(yǔ)，它不可與everyone(每一個(gè))混淆。 everyone相當(dāng)于名詞，它不可修飾其他名詞，只作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)
1) Every ［A］ knows that hospitals are institutions where the sick are treated， but how many ［B］ realize that they were once ［C］ homes for the indigent and the friendless ［D］ ?
2) Everyone ［A］ child in the United States must ［B］ receive ［C］ some form of educational instruction ［D］ .
二、“much”和“many”分別修飾不可數(shù)名詞和可數(shù)名詞，可作為代詞(如much of)和形容詞使用
3) Food seasoning plays an important ［A］ role in the cooking ［B］ customs of much ［C］ cultures in ［D］ the world.
4) The general sales tax has been ［A］ a major source of income for state governments， much ［B］ of which derive more than half ［C］ of their budgets from ［D］ it.
5) Data received from ［A］ two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence ［B］ that huge thunderstorms are now occurring ［C］ around the equator ［D］ of the planet Saturn.
三、 “some”和“any”是表示不定數(shù)量的代詞，相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的“一些”，作定語(yǔ)可修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，其中some(包括它的合成詞something,someone, somebody)多用于肯定句，而any(包括它的合成詞anything, anyone, anybody)則用于疑問句和否定句中，其中any在否定句中相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的“任何”；形容詞修飾something, someone, somebody, anything, anyone, anybody, nothing, nobody時(shí)，形容詞要放在這些詞的后邊
6) Historians ［A］ have never reached some general ［B］ agreement about ［C］ the precise causes of the ［D］ Civil War in the United States.
四、“another”和“other”分別表示“另外的一個(gè)”(an＋other)和“另外的”“其余的”意思，可以用作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)，其中前者只用來(lái)修飾或指代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，后者修飾單復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，二者不能相互混淆
7) Lizards lack ［A］ the built?in body temperature control ［B］ many another ［C］ creatures possess ［D］ .
8) Some bacterium are extremely ［A］ harmful， but anothers ［B］ are regularly ［C］ used in producing cheeses， crackers， and many other foods ［D］ .
9) Like ［A］ most another ［B］ art forms， the Greek tragedy had ［C］ its origins in religious ［D］ observances.
五、one與other “one”作為代詞代替前面提到的人或物，它前邊加the； “other”作代詞修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞。 “one…another”表示“一個(gè)…另一個(gè)”的意思，或表示多個(gè)(三者以上)之中的“另一個(gè)”，“又一個(gè)”； “one…the other”表示兩者之中剩下的“另一個(gè)，又一個(gè)”
10) I’d like to ［A］ buy a coat similar ［B］ to one ［C］ you are wearing ［D］ .
11) Though ［A］ Art Tatum was totally blind in one eye and had only slight ［B］ vision in another ［C］ ， he became ［D］ an internationally renowned jazz musician.
六、 “few”和“l(fā)ittle”兩者分別為“many”和“much”的反義詞，表示“少，很少”的意思，有否定含義，即等于“幾乎沒有”，如若表示肯定的含義，則應(yīng)在little和few前加不定冠詞“a”，即變?yōu)椤癮 few”和“a little”
12) Because they are generally ［A］ taken simply to obtain a recognizable ［B］ and relatively clear ［C］ image， most non?prefessional photographs demand few ［D］ equipment.
七、 “a great deal (of)” (大量)只作為限定語(yǔ)修飾不可數(shù)名詞或在句中指代不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)