TEXT E CONFLICT AND COMPETITION The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the worlds great writers. Before considering the question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. The struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all. Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable, although competition is.
49. According to the author which of the following is inevitable?
A) War.
B) Conflict.
C) Competition.
D) Co-operation.
50. In the animal kingdom the struggle for existence ____.
A) is evidence of the inevitability of conflict among the fittest.
B) arises from a need to live in groups.
C) is evidence of the need to compete for scarce resources
D) arises from a natural desire to fight.
SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING
In this section there are seven passage followed by ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your Answer Sheet.
TEXT F ANGRY RESIDENTS First read the questions. 51. The writer believes the problems of chaos and noise will most probably only be solved by ____. A. the students themselves. B. the students parents. C. the college authorities. D. the newspaper. Now go through TEXT F quickly to answer the question. 12 Gradge Crescent Rudwick Sir, On two occasions since Rudwick College opened you have given front page reports on the chaotic conditions prevailing there …… But whilst chaos and upheaval reigns in the college, what of the chaos and noise that local residents are subjected to? Cars are parked on the pavement, and, still worse, on the pavements at street corners. The noise from motor cycles is such that at times conversation is impossible. To add to this, our streets are littered with paper, Coca Cola tins and empty milk bottles. Huge transistor radios are carried by students at all times of the day, blasting out music so loudly that babies wake and old people are unable to take their afternoon naps. All in all, we have found students behavior to be quite intolerable. We appeal to students [whom we support financially via our local authority rates] to have some consideration for other people. And if the young people themselves wont listen to what we say, and we suspect they wont, then perhaps their parents should knock some sense into their heads. Yours faithfully, John Smith
51. The writer believes the problems of chaos and noise will most probably only be solved by ____.
A) the students themselves.
B) the students' parents.
C) the college authorities.
D) the newspaper.
TEXT G RACE First read the question. 52. In the passage the writers tone is ____. A. critical. B. apathetic. C. sympathetic. D. neutral. Now go through TEXT G quickly to answer the question. About one-fifth of the high school students here are boycotting classes to protest the reinstatement of a principal who threatened to ban interracial couples from the prom. The boycott began on Monday as classes resumed after spring break for the 680 students at Randolph County High School. It was also the first day back for the principal, Hulond Humphries, a white man who was reinstated by a 4-to-2 vote of the school board after being suspended on March 14. Mr. Humphries, 55, who has been principal for 25 years, declined to comment on the boycott. The boycott was organized by the school boards only black member, Charlotte Clark-Freison. Parents who attended a meeting on Monday night decided to keep their children out of school today, said Ms. Clark-Freison. A group of parents traveled today to Montgomery, about 90 miles to the southwest, to meet with state education officials and ask about setting up an alternative school during the boycott, Ms. Clark-Freison said. School Superintendent Dale McKay said he did not know how many students were absent from class either on Monday or today. Tawanna Mize, a white senior, said school attendance sheets showed 157 absent students, 115 of them black. Ms. Clark-Freison said about 200 black students boycotted today. She did not know how many white students stayed away. Many black students gathered on Monday and today at two churches to discuss multicultural issues and non-violent protests. Many of the boycotting students wore black-and-white ribbons. The boycotters included ReVonda Bowen, who filed a civil rights lawsuit against Mr. Humphries for saying at a school assembly on Feb. 24 that she was "a mistake" because her father is white and her mother is black. At the same assembly, Mr. Humphries announced that mixed-race couples would not be allowed at the prom and that the dance would be cancelled if they showed up. The next day, Mr. Humphries withdrew the threat to close the prom if mixed-race couples showed up, and he said his comments had been misunderstood.
52. In the passage the writer's tone is ____.
A) critical.
B) apathetic.
C) sympathetic.
D) neutral.
49. According to the author which of the following is inevitable?
A) War.
B) Conflict.
C) Competition.
D) Co-operation.
50. In the animal kingdom the struggle for existence ____.
A) is evidence of the inevitability of conflict among the fittest.
B) arises from a need to live in groups.
C) is evidence of the need to compete for scarce resources
D) arises from a natural desire to fight.
SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING
In this section there are seven passage followed by ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your Answer Sheet.
TEXT F ANGRY RESIDENTS First read the questions. 51. The writer believes the problems of chaos and noise will most probably only be solved by ____. A. the students themselves. B. the students parents. C. the college authorities. D. the newspaper. Now go through TEXT F quickly to answer the question. 12 Gradge Crescent Rudwick Sir, On two occasions since Rudwick College opened you have given front page reports on the chaotic conditions prevailing there …… But whilst chaos and upheaval reigns in the college, what of the chaos and noise that local residents are subjected to? Cars are parked on the pavement, and, still worse, on the pavements at street corners. The noise from motor cycles is such that at times conversation is impossible. To add to this, our streets are littered with paper, Coca Cola tins and empty milk bottles. Huge transistor radios are carried by students at all times of the day, blasting out music so loudly that babies wake and old people are unable to take their afternoon naps. All in all, we have found students behavior to be quite intolerable. We appeal to students [whom we support financially via our local authority rates] to have some consideration for other people. And if the young people themselves wont listen to what we say, and we suspect they wont, then perhaps their parents should knock some sense into their heads. Yours faithfully, John Smith
51. The writer believes the problems of chaos and noise will most probably only be solved by ____.
A) the students themselves.
B) the students' parents.
C) the college authorities.
D) the newspaper.
TEXT G RACE First read the question. 52. In the passage the writers tone is ____. A. critical. B. apathetic. C. sympathetic. D. neutral. Now go through TEXT G quickly to answer the question. About one-fifth of the high school students here are boycotting classes to protest the reinstatement of a principal who threatened to ban interracial couples from the prom. The boycott began on Monday as classes resumed after spring break for the 680 students at Randolph County High School. It was also the first day back for the principal, Hulond Humphries, a white man who was reinstated by a 4-to-2 vote of the school board after being suspended on March 14. Mr. Humphries, 55, who has been principal for 25 years, declined to comment on the boycott. The boycott was organized by the school boards only black member, Charlotte Clark-Freison. Parents who attended a meeting on Monday night decided to keep their children out of school today, said Ms. Clark-Freison. A group of parents traveled today to Montgomery, about 90 miles to the southwest, to meet with state education officials and ask about setting up an alternative school during the boycott, Ms. Clark-Freison said. School Superintendent Dale McKay said he did not know how many students were absent from class either on Monday or today. Tawanna Mize, a white senior, said school attendance sheets showed 157 absent students, 115 of them black. Ms. Clark-Freison said about 200 black students boycotted today. She did not know how many white students stayed away. Many black students gathered on Monday and today at two churches to discuss multicultural issues and non-violent protests. Many of the boycotting students wore black-and-white ribbons. The boycotters included ReVonda Bowen, who filed a civil rights lawsuit against Mr. Humphries for saying at a school assembly on Feb. 24 that she was "a mistake" because her father is white and her mother is black. At the same assembly, Mr. Humphries announced that mixed-race couples would not be allowed at the prom and that the dance would be cancelled if they showed up. The next day, Mr. Humphries withdrew the threat to close the prom if mixed-race couples showed up, and he said his comments had been misunderstood.
52. In the passage the writer's tone is ____.
A) critical.
B) apathetic.
C) sympathetic.
D) neutral.