世貿有"成員"。關貿總協(xié)定有"締約方",強調了關貿總協(xié)定正式而言是一個法律文本。
The WTO has "members". GATT had "contracting parties", underscoring the fact that officially GATT was a legal text.
關貿總協(xié)定管的是貨物貿易,世貿還管服務貿易和知識產(chǎn)權。
GATT dealt with trade in goods. The WTO covers services and intellectual property as well.
世貿爭端解決體系較關貿總協(xié)定更迅速,更主動,其裁決不受阻撓。
The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the old GATT system. Its rulings cannot be blocked.
二、WTO小知識點:
國民待遇——給予外國人和本國人一樣的待遇。
National treatment——giving others the same treatment as one's own nationals
諸邊協(xié)議——指幾個世貿成員之間,而非全體成員之間簽署的協(xié)議,如《民用航空器協(xié)議》( Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft)和《政府采購協(xié)議》 (Agreement on Government Procurement)。
Plurilaterals——signed by only a few WTO members rather than all
WTO歷任總干事:
The directors-general of WTO
Peter Sutherland (Ireland) GATT 1993-1994; WTO 1995
彼得·薩瑟蘭 (愛爾蘭),1993-1994年(GATT),1995年(WTO)
Renato Ruggiero (Italy) 1995-1999
雷納托·魯杰羅 (意大利) 1995-1999年
Director General in office: Mike Moore (Australia) 1999-2001
現(xiàn)任: 邁克·穆爾 (澳大利亞) 1999-2001年
綜合支持總量——是計算成員對于農(nóng)業(yè)支持量(這種支持是要削減的)的一種計算方法,算出他們在1986-1988年基期,每年給農(nóng)業(yè)部門的支持量。發(fā)達國家同意從1995年起,用6年時間將這些數(shù)字減少20%。發(fā)展中國家用10年時間削減13%。最不發(fā)達國家不用削減。
"Total aggregate measurement of support" or "Total AMS"—— a measurement calculating how much support is provided to the agricultural sector per year in the base years of 1986-1988. Developed countries have agreed to reduce these figures by 20% over six years starting in 1995. Developing countries are making 13% cuts over 10 years. Least developed countries do not need to make any cuts.
微量支持(de minimis support)——
WTO成員對于農(nóng)業(yè)的一種支持,屬黃箱(yellow box)政策,不用被削減。因為它對農(nóng)業(yè)的影響很小。據(jù)世貿的《農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)定》(Agreement on Agriculture)對于發(fā)達國家而言,微量支持水平(de minimis level)為不超過一種產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)總值的5%,對于非特定產(chǎn)品支持,為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)總值的5%;對于發(fā)展中國家,微量支持水平的值是10%。
The WTO has "members". GATT had "contracting parties", underscoring the fact that officially GATT was a legal text.
關貿總協(xié)定管的是貨物貿易,世貿還管服務貿易和知識產(chǎn)權。
GATT dealt with trade in goods. The WTO covers services and intellectual property as well.
世貿爭端解決體系較關貿總協(xié)定更迅速,更主動,其裁決不受阻撓。
The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the old GATT system. Its rulings cannot be blocked.
二、WTO小知識點:
國民待遇——給予外國人和本國人一樣的待遇。
National treatment——giving others the same treatment as one's own nationals
諸邊協(xié)議——指幾個世貿成員之間,而非全體成員之間簽署的協(xié)議,如《民用航空器協(xié)議》( Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft)和《政府采購協(xié)議》 (Agreement on Government Procurement)。
Plurilaterals——signed by only a few WTO members rather than all
WTO歷任總干事:
The directors-general of WTO
Peter Sutherland (Ireland) GATT 1993-1994; WTO 1995
彼得·薩瑟蘭 (愛爾蘭),1993-1994年(GATT),1995年(WTO)
Renato Ruggiero (Italy) 1995-1999
雷納托·魯杰羅 (意大利) 1995-1999年
Director General in office: Mike Moore (Australia) 1999-2001
現(xiàn)任: 邁克·穆爾 (澳大利亞) 1999-2001年
綜合支持總量——是計算成員對于農(nóng)業(yè)支持量(這種支持是要削減的)的一種計算方法,算出他們在1986-1988年基期,每年給農(nóng)業(yè)部門的支持量。發(fā)達國家同意從1995年起,用6年時間將這些數(shù)字減少20%。發(fā)展中國家用10年時間削減13%。最不發(fā)達國家不用削減。
"Total aggregate measurement of support" or "Total AMS"—— a measurement calculating how much support is provided to the agricultural sector per year in the base years of 1986-1988. Developed countries have agreed to reduce these figures by 20% over six years starting in 1995. Developing countries are making 13% cuts over 10 years. Least developed countries do not need to make any cuts.
微量支持(de minimis support)——
WTO成員對于農(nóng)業(yè)的一種支持,屬黃箱(yellow box)政策,不用被削減。因為它對農(nóng)業(yè)的影響很小。據(jù)世貿的《農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)定》(Agreement on Agriculture)對于發(fā)達國家而言,微量支持水平(de minimis level)為不超過一種產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)總值的5%,對于非特定產(chǎn)品支持,為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)總值的5%;對于發(fā)展中國家,微量支持水平的值是10%。