S
     Sacrifice ratio 犧牲率
     The number of percentage points of annual output that is lost in the process of reducing inflation by one percentage point
     Scarcity 希缺性
     The limited nature of society’s resources
     Shoeleather costs 皮鞋成本
     The resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdings
     Stagflation 滯脹
     A period of falling output and rising prices
     Stock 股票
     A claim to partial ownership in a firm
     Store of value 價值儲藏
     An item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future，examda.examda.examda.
     Strike 罷工
     The organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union
     Substitutes 替代品
     Two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other good
     Substitution effect 替代效應
     The change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitution
     Supply curve 供給曲線
     A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
     Supply schedule 供給表
     A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
     screening 篩選
     the process of differentiating among job candidates, when there is incomplete information, to determine who will be the most productive
     shadow price 影子價格
     the true social value of a resource
     signaling 信號
     conveying information, for example by earning a college-degree, to persuade an employer that a prospective worker has desirable characteristics that will enhance his productivity
     slope 斜率
     the amount by which the value along the vertical axis increases as a result of a change in a unit along the horizontal axis; the slope is calculated by dividing the change in the vertical axis (the rise) by the change in the horizontal axis (the run)
     Smith’s invisible hand 斯密“看不見的手”
     the idea that if people act in their own self-interest, they will often also be acting in a broader social interest, as if they had been directed by an invisible hand
     smoothing consumption 均勻消費
     consuming similar amounts in the present and future, rather than letting year-to-year income dictate consumption
     social marginal cost 社會邊際成本
     the marginal cost of production, including the costs of any negative externality, such as air pollution, borne by individuals in the economy other than the producer
     socialism 社會主義
     an economic system in which the means of production are controlled by the state
     soft budget constraints 軟預算約束
     budget constraints facing a firm in which the government subsidizes any losses
     static expectations 靜態(tài)預期
     the belief of individuals that today’s prices and wages are likely to continue into the future
     sticky prices 粘性價格
     prices that do not adjust or only adjust slowly toward a new equilibrium
     sticky wages 粘性工資
     wages that are slow to adjust in response to a change in labor market conditions
     stock statistics 存量統(tǒng)計
     measurements of the quantity of a certain item at a certain point in time, such as capital stock, the total value of buildings and machines
     sunk cost 沉沒成本
     a cost that has been incurred and cannot be recovered
     supply-constrained equilibrium 供給約束的均衡
     the equilibrium that occurs when prices are stuck at a level below that at which aggregate demand equals aggregate supply; in a supply-constrained equilibrium, output is equal to aggregate supply but less than aggregate demand
     surplus labor 剩余勞動
     a great deal of unemployed or under employed labor, readily available to potential employers