二、知識(shí)因素在語(yǔ)言中的運(yùn)用
這里所說(shuō)的知識(shí)包括與聽(tīng)力材料有關(guān)的背景知識(shí)、對(duì)話和文章的話題知識(shí)、聽(tīng)力的策略知識(shí)以及聽(tīng)力測(cè)試的命題規(guī)律等知識(shí)。
1、背景知識(shí)
對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料的背景知識(shí)的了解有助于聽(tīng)力材料的理解，而缺乏應(yīng)有的背景知識(shí)常常是造成理解失敗的原因。聽(tīng)力對(duì)話和聽(tīng)力短文所涉及的領(lǐng)域廣泛，要求同學(xué)們注意積累有關(guān)文化、歷史、地理、宗教、政治、風(fēng)俗、生活等各方面的知識(shí)，正是 Rich experiences are the facilitator of listening comprehension.
2、話題知識(shí)
無(wú)論是對(duì)話還是短文，都有其所涉及的話題，所要說(shuō)明的主題，而材料中的一切又都是為了這一主題服務(wù)，表現(xiàn)同一主題，或同一話題又有與其同現(xiàn)的詞匯。同學(xué)們可以通過(guò)這些詞匯推測(cè)文章的話題，然后通過(guò)文章的主題，預(yù)測(cè)文章的大體內(nèi)容，從而對(duì)短文進(jìn)行整體的理解。同學(xué)們同樣可以通過(guò)同現(xiàn)的詞匯推測(cè)對(duì)話發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)，會(huì)話人之間的關(guān)系，各自的身份等。
（1）利用詞匯的同現(xiàn)判斷對(duì)話發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)以及會(huì)話人之間的關(guān)系和身份、職業(yè)等。如：
①M(fèi): The Golden Lion sounds like a nice place to eat.
W: Ok, lets go there. I hear that they have a complete menu
and a warm atmosphere.
Q: Where are the man and the woman going? (1989.1)
A. To the beach. B. To a play.
C. To a movie theater D. To a restaurant.
從menu一詞結(jié)合a nice place to eat，同學(xué)們便可輕松判斷答案D。
?、贛: How about the food I ordered? Ive been waiting for 20
minutes.
W: Im very sorry, sir. Ill be back with your order in a
minute.
Q: Who is the man most probably speaking to?
A. A shop assistant. B. A telephone operator.
C. A waitress D. A clerk.
從order的使用可以判斷答案為C。
③M: Why didnt you stop when we first signaled?
W: Im sorry. Will I have to pay a fine?
Q: What is the probable relationship between the man and the
woman?
A. Policeman and driver. B. Policeman and thief.
C. Teacher and pupil. D. Director and actress.
從signal, stop, pay a fine可以看出，說(shuō)話者之間的關(guān)系為警察和司機(jī)的關(guān)系。答案為A。
(2)利用話題和主題知識(shí)把握全文：
文章的主題一般出現(xiàn)在文章的首句，在聽(tīng)時(shí)一定要注意首句的理解，然后根據(jù)首句推測(cè)文章可能會(huì)包括的內(nèi)容，在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程注意用來(lái)說(shuō)明主題的信息，進(jìn)行前后的連貫思索，就可以輕松地理解全文。事實(shí)上聽(tīng)力中也有對(duì)文章主題的考查。如：
There are many reasons why family life in Britain has changed so much in the last 50 years. The liberation of women in the early part of 20th century and social and economic effects of the World War Two had a great impact on the traditional family life. Women became essential to industry and professions. During the war, they had worked in factories and proved their worth. Now with the loss of millions of man their service was indispensable to the nation. More recently great advances in scientific knowledge, and particularly in medicine have had enormous social
這里所說(shuō)的知識(shí)包括與聽(tīng)力材料有關(guān)的背景知識(shí)、對(duì)話和文章的話題知識(shí)、聽(tīng)力的策略知識(shí)以及聽(tīng)力測(cè)試的命題規(guī)律等知識(shí)。
1、背景知識(shí)
對(duì)聽(tīng)力材料的背景知識(shí)的了解有助于聽(tīng)力材料的理解，而缺乏應(yīng)有的背景知識(shí)常常是造成理解失敗的原因。聽(tīng)力對(duì)話和聽(tīng)力短文所涉及的領(lǐng)域廣泛，要求同學(xué)們注意積累有關(guān)文化、歷史、地理、宗教、政治、風(fēng)俗、生活等各方面的知識(shí)，正是 Rich experiences are the facilitator of listening comprehension.
2、話題知識(shí)
無(wú)論是對(duì)話還是短文，都有其所涉及的話題，所要說(shuō)明的主題，而材料中的一切又都是為了這一主題服務(wù)，表現(xiàn)同一主題，或同一話題又有與其同現(xiàn)的詞匯。同學(xué)們可以通過(guò)這些詞匯推測(cè)文章的話題，然后通過(guò)文章的主題，預(yù)測(cè)文章的大體內(nèi)容，從而對(duì)短文進(jìn)行整體的理解。同學(xué)們同樣可以通過(guò)同現(xiàn)的詞匯推測(cè)對(duì)話發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)，會(huì)話人之間的關(guān)系，各自的身份等。
（1）利用詞匯的同現(xiàn)判斷對(duì)話發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)以及會(huì)話人之間的關(guān)系和身份、職業(yè)等。如：
①M(fèi): The Golden Lion sounds like a nice place to eat.
W: Ok, lets go there. I hear that they have a complete menu
and a warm atmosphere.
Q: Where are the man and the woman going? (1989.1)
A. To the beach. B. To a play.
C. To a movie theater D. To a restaurant.
從menu一詞結(jié)合a nice place to eat，同學(xué)們便可輕松判斷答案D。
?、贛: How about the food I ordered? Ive been waiting for 20
minutes.
W: Im very sorry, sir. Ill be back with your order in a
minute.
Q: Who is the man most probably speaking to?
A. A shop assistant. B. A telephone operator.
C. A waitress D. A clerk.
從order的使用可以判斷答案為C。
③M: Why didnt you stop when we first signaled?
W: Im sorry. Will I have to pay a fine?
Q: What is the probable relationship between the man and the
woman?
A. Policeman and driver. B. Policeman and thief.
C. Teacher and pupil. D. Director and actress.
從signal, stop, pay a fine可以看出，說(shuō)話者之間的關(guān)系為警察和司機(jī)的關(guān)系。答案為A。
(2)利用話題和主題知識(shí)把握全文：
文章的主題一般出現(xiàn)在文章的首句，在聽(tīng)時(shí)一定要注意首句的理解，然后根據(jù)首句推測(cè)文章可能會(huì)包括的內(nèi)容，在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程注意用來(lái)說(shuō)明主題的信息，進(jìn)行前后的連貫思索，就可以輕松地理解全文。事實(shí)上聽(tīng)力中也有對(duì)文章主題的考查。如：
There are many reasons why family life in Britain has changed so much in the last 50 years. The liberation of women in the early part of 20th century and social and economic effects of the World War Two had a great impact on the traditional family life. Women became essential to industry and professions. During the war, they had worked in factories and proved their worth. Now with the loss of millions of man their service was indispensable to the nation. More recently great advances in scientific knowledge, and particularly in medicine have had enormous social