二、具體化
具體化(specification)是指采用明確具體的方式來翻譯原文中較為概略化的表達。英語原文中有不少詞語乃至整個句子的字面意義非常抽象、籠統(tǒng)、概括和空泛,如對等譯成漢語,不但譯文難以表達出原作者的真正意圖,而且譯文語義也會含糊不清,很難給讀者一個準確的概念。遇到這種情況時,譯者可以、甚至必須根據具體的語言環(huán)境和上下文的事理聯系,把這些字面意義捉摸不定的詞句用漢語里含意明確具體的詞句加以表達,使原文比較抽象的表達方式變得比較實在、比較空泛的變得比較具體、比較籠統(tǒng)的變得比較明確。具體化翻譯涉及的范圍較廣,大致可分為以下幾種情況:
A. 抽象概念具體化。英語中經常使用一些含義抽象的詞句,但從上下文的邏輯來看,作者的本意是在表達具體概念,因此翻譯時應選用含義明確的漢語,還其本來的面目。例如:
(1)For anti-aircraft and anti-missile applications considerable importance must attributed to an unmanned fully automatic gun and to a substantial reserve of ready use ammunition which can be fired without human intervention.在防空和反導彈戰(zhàn)斗中,必須強調以下兩個因素的重大作用:一是無人操作的全自動火炮;二是勿需人工裝填、隨時可以發(fā)射的大量備用彈藥。
(2) You may have read stories in which the hero gets into his spaceship and"blasts off"into the outer reaches of space without a worry about fuel.你大概讀過這樣一些故事吧。它們描寫一個英雄坐上飛船,"風馳電掣",直沖九宵云外,毋須為燃料擔心發(fā)愁。
(3) Vietnam was his entree to the new administration, his third incarna-tion as a foreign policy consultant.越南戰(zhàn)爭成了他進入新政府的敲門磚。他擔任政府的對外政策顧問,那是第三次了。
(4) Where a railway crosses a navigable water way, and it is impossible to lift the line high enough for vessels to pass underneath without interception, a bridge must be built which is capable of being opened in order to allow the river or canal traffic to pass.在鐵路經過通航河道的地方,如果那時不可能做到把線路升高到使船只在下面不受阻礙地通過的話,就必須把橋梁修成開啟式的,以便江河或運河里的船只通過。
B. 概括或籠統(tǒng)概念具體化。有時原文作者用一些含義概括或籠統(tǒng)的詞句來表達某一具體的事物、行為或情況,如按字面直譯會使譯者有隔霧觀花之感。而且也不可能盡如作者愿意。這時就有必要用明確具體的詞句把原文的具體含義表達出來。例如:
(1) A modern frigate or destroyer could well use up all her surface-to-air missiles in the first hours of a serious large-scale encounter.在一場大規(guī)模的??諔?zhàn)斗的最初幾個小時內,現代護衛(wèi)艦或驅逐艦就可能將艦載的全部艦對空導彈消耗殆盡。(字面意義為"沖突")
(2) Many men have recognized the similarity of plants to the behavior of animals, and have dreamed wistfully, but forlornly, upon some method or source of rejuvenation such as Ponce de Leon sought in the Fountain of Youth several centuries ago.許多人認為,植物的習性與動物相似,于是夢寐以求地去探索什?quot;返老還童"的"靈丹妙藥",就象數百年前彭斯德·利昂在青春泉祈求仙水一樣,結果只能是竹籃打水一場空。(3) What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy.眾所周知,過度肥胖或消瘦肯定是不健康的。(字面意義為"體重的兩個極端")
(4) Administrating this fluid intravenously will fill up the deficiency in potassium.靜脈滴注這種液體可以補充體內鉀的不足。(administrating字面意義為"給予")
C. 廣義詞詞義具體化。英語中有少數詞使用廣泛、搭配靈活,但其字面意義卻頗為籠統(tǒng)和廣泛。翻譯時,必須根據其特定的上下文來確定其意義,然后選擇具體的方式予以表達出來。例如:
(1) Plants cannot grow well in the absence of water.沒有水,植物就不能茁壯地生長。
(2) Shock the bottle well before the experiment.實驗前應反復搖動瓶子。
(3 )Radar waves go through clouds or fog quite well, whereas light waves no not.雷達波能很容易地穿云破霧,而光波則不能。
(4) Examine the account well before you pay it.付款之前請仔細核對帳目。
D. 其他情況具體化。在實際翻譯過程中,還會碰到其他一些字面意義比較空泛或模糊的詞句,如果直譯就不能把原文本意交代清楚,有時還會造成歧義。這時就必須采用具體化的辦法進行翻譯。例如:
(1) No reproduction is granted by implication or otherwise of this information. 本資料不得私下或公開翻印。(or otherwise具體譯為"公開",以與by implication相對應)
(2) The planes may be in commercial use as early as the end of this decade or the beginning of the next.這類飛機最早可在八十年代末或九十年代初投入商業(yè)飛行。(this decade和the next分別具體譯為"八十年代"和"九十年代")
(3) Empties are not taken back. 空瓶不退錢。
(4) The stars twinkled in transparent clarity.星星在清澈的晴空中閃爍。
具體化(specification)是指采用明確具體的方式來翻譯原文中較為概略化的表達。英語原文中有不少詞語乃至整個句子的字面意義非常抽象、籠統(tǒng)、概括和空泛,如對等譯成漢語,不但譯文難以表達出原作者的真正意圖,而且譯文語義也會含糊不清,很難給讀者一個準確的概念。遇到這種情況時,譯者可以、甚至必須根據具體的語言環(huán)境和上下文的事理聯系,把這些字面意義捉摸不定的詞句用漢語里含意明確具體的詞句加以表達,使原文比較抽象的表達方式變得比較實在、比較空泛的變得比較具體、比較籠統(tǒng)的變得比較明確。具體化翻譯涉及的范圍較廣,大致可分為以下幾種情況:
A. 抽象概念具體化。英語中經常使用一些含義抽象的詞句,但從上下文的邏輯來看,作者的本意是在表達具體概念,因此翻譯時應選用含義明確的漢語,還其本來的面目。例如:
(1)For anti-aircraft and anti-missile applications considerable importance must attributed to an unmanned fully automatic gun and to a substantial reserve of ready use ammunition which can be fired without human intervention.在防空和反導彈戰(zhàn)斗中,必須強調以下兩個因素的重大作用:一是無人操作的全自動火炮;二是勿需人工裝填、隨時可以發(fā)射的大量備用彈藥。
(2) You may have read stories in which the hero gets into his spaceship and"blasts off"into the outer reaches of space without a worry about fuel.你大概讀過這樣一些故事吧。它們描寫一個英雄坐上飛船,"風馳電掣",直沖九宵云外,毋須為燃料擔心發(fā)愁。
(3) Vietnam was his entree to the new administration, his third incarna-tion as a foreign policy consultant.越南戰(zhàn)爭成了他進入新政府的敲門磚。他擔任政府的對外政策顧問,那是第三次了。
(4) Where a railway crosses a navigable water way, and it is impossible to lift the line high enough for vessels to pass underneath without interception, a bridge must be built which is capable of being opened in order to allow the river or canal traffic to pass.在鐵路經過通航河道的地方,如果那時不可能做到把線路升高到使船只在下面不受阻礙地通過的話,就必須把橋梁修成開啟式的,以便江河或運河里的船只通過。
B. 概括或籠統(tǒng)概念具體化。有時原文作者用一些含義概括或籠統(tǒng)的詞句來表達某一具體的事物、行為或情況,如按字面直譯會使譯者有隔霧觀花之感。而且也不可能盡如作者愿意。這時就有必要用明確具體的詞句把原文的具體含義表達出來。例如:
(1) A modern frigate or destroyer could well use up all her surface-to-air missiles in the first hours of a serious large-scale encounter.在一場大規(guī)模的??諔?zhàn)斗的最初幾個小時內,現代護衛(wèi)艦或驅逐艦就可能將艦載的全部艦對空導彈消耗殆盡。(字面意義為"沖突")
(2) Many men have recognized the similarity of plants to the behavior of animals, and have dreamed wistfully, but forlornly, upon some method or source of rejuvenation such as Ponce de Leon sought in the Fountain of Youth several centuries ago.許多人認為,植物的習性與動物相似,于是夢寐以求地去探索什?quot;返老還童"的"靈丹妙藥",就象數百年前彭斯德·利昂在青春泉祈求仙水一樣,結果只能是竹籃打水一場空。(3) What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy.眾所周知,過度肥胖或消瘦肯定是不健康的。(字面意義為"體重的兩個極端")
(4) Administrating this fluid intravenously will fill up the deficiency in potassium.靜脈滴注這種液體可以補充體內鉀的不足。(administrating字面意義為"給予")
C. 廣義詞詞義具體化。英語中有少數詞使用廣泛、搭配靈活,但其字面意義卻頗為籠統(tǒng)和廣泛。翻譯時,必須根據其特定的上下文來確定其意義,然后選擇具體的方式予以表達出來。例如:
(1) Plants cannot grow well in the absence of water.沒有水,植物就不能茁壯地生長。
(2) Shock the bottle well before the experiment.實驗前應反復搖動瓶子。
(3 )Radar waves go through clouds or fog quite well, whereas light waves no not.雷達波能很容易地穿云破霧,而光波則不能。
(4) Examine the account well before you pay it.付款之前請仔細核對帳目。
D. 其他情況具體化。在實際翻譯過程中,還會碰到其他一些字面意義比較空泛或模糊的詞句,如果直譯就不能把原文本意交代清楚,有時還會造成歧義。這時就必須采用具體化的辦法進行翻譯。例如:
(1) No reproduction is granted by implication or otherwise of this information. 本資料不得私下或公開翻印。(or otherwise具體譯為"公開",以與by implication相對應)
(2) The planes may be in commercial use as early as the end of this decade or the beginning of the next.這類飛機最早可在八十年代末或九十年代初投入商業(yè)飛行。(this decade和the next分別具體譯為"八十年代"和"九十年代")
(3) Empties are not taken back. 空瓶不退錢。
(4) The stars twinkled in transparent clarity.星星在清澈的晴空中閃爍。