第4課
主謂一致：指的就是給出主語，要求判斷謂語動詞是用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)的問題。
一、就近原則：
指句子的主語由兩部分單詞或短語構(gòu)成時，由離謂語動詞近的那部分主語來決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。
只有當(dāng)以下單詞或短語連接主句的兩部分時就近原則才適用：
1. or 或者； 2. either … or … 不是…就是… ，…或… ； 3. neither … nor … 既不…也不… ；
4. not only … but also … 不但…而且… ； 5. not … but … 不是…而是…
例如：主語1 or 主語2 謂語動詞。 此時由主語2決定謂語動詞。
10. _C_ either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss?
A Are B Where C Is D Does
如果題目改變?yōu)椋篍ither he or his accountants ___ going … 則應(yīng)選A
二、句子謂語動詞一定用復(fù)數(shù)的兩種情況：
1. 集合名詞做主語，集合名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，因為他本身就代表一個復(fù)數(shù)概念。
常見的幾個復(fù)合名詞： people 人民，人們； police 警察； cattle 牛； poultry 家禽。
2. 表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 不可數(shù)名詞，整體做主語時
例如：去年出口了八百萬頓煤。 Eight million tons of coal were exported last year.
三、謂語動詞一定用單數(shù)的六種情況：
1. 句子的主語是由從句充當(dāng)?shù)?、動詞不定式短語作主語、動名詞短語作主語；
2. 表示時間、重量、長度、價值四方面的詞做主語；
399. -- “How many days?”
0 -- “Did you say that five days _C_ required to complete that work?”
A are B were C was D is
3. 表示單數(shù)概念的主語，短語，謂語動詞，此時謂語動詞也用單數(shù)；
因為此結(jié)構(gòu)中短語只是對主語提供附加說明情況，所以謂語動詞也用單數(shù)。
當(dāng)以下這些標(biāo)志性的介詞或介詞短語出現(xiàn)在此結(jié)構(gòu)中時可以不管中間的附加說明情況：
with, together with, like, except, besides, in addition to, rather than, as well as
注意：表示復(fù)數(shù)概念的主語，短語，謂語動詞，此時謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。
4. each, every, either, some, any, no，由以上六個詞中任何一個所構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語時；
some經(jīng)常構(gòu)成的三個復(fù)合代詞：something, somebody, someone；
no經(jīng)常構(gòu)成的三個復(fù)合代詞：nothing, nobody, no one； either of + 短語；
5. 通常由and連接兩部分這種形式做主語謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)，但在以下兩種情況下則應(yīng)用單數(shù)；
1> and連接的兩部分指的是同一事物；
2> and連接的兩部分被no, each, every中任何一個詞修飾時；
例如：每位男士和女士都要著裝得體。 be supposed to do sth. 理應(yīng)，應(yīng)該做某事。
Every man and every woman is supposed to dress properly.
11. Many an airplane _B_ in the exhibition.
A are shown B has been shown C has shown D show them
many a(an) 很多，相當(dāng)于many； many a(an) + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，做主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
6. many a (an) + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
9. Not only Joan but her sisters _B_ the combination to the safe which contains the list of the family securities.
A have known B know C knows D is knowing
not only … but also … 的一種變形形式，not only … but …
另一種變形形式not only … but … as well
combination n. 密碼； combination to the safe 保險箱密碼； securities有價證券。
-------------------------2000-01-------------------------
41. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _A_ too long.
A has been reading B had read C is reading D read
had read 過去完成時要與一般過去時搭配。
has been reading 現(xiàn)在完成進行時：指某行為從過去一點到現(xiàn)在一直在進行。
42. Niagara Falls is a great tourist _B_, drawing millions of visitors every year.
A attention B attraction C appointment D arrangement
tourist attraction 旅游勝地； attention n. 注意力； appointment n. 委任的職位，約會；
date n. 日期，約會，棗；表示約會時指的是異性之間的私人約會。 arrangement n. 布置，安排
blind date 兩人第見面的約會。 appointment 指公事性質(zhì)的，比較正式的約會。
43. I don't mind _B_ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A you to delay making B your delaying making
C your delaying to make D you delay to make
mind 后要加動名詞； delay v. 耽擱，延誤（后面也要加動名詞）
45. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _A_ in Cuba.
A being cultivated B been cultivated C having cultivated D cultivating
46. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _C_ on benches, chairs or boxes.
A having seated B seating C seated D having been seated
注意：seat是及物動詞，及物動詞用主動形式，后面要直接加賓語。
Be seated please. 請坐。 英語中只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。
47. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _B_ comfortably.
A is worn B wears C wearing D are worn
當(dāng)wear表穿戴時，而句子的主語是被穿戴的東西時，wear是不及物動詞，沒有被動語態(tài)。
65. The coming of the railways in the 1830s _A_ our society and economic life.
A transformed B transported C transferred D transmitted
字根trans在四級中著重考的含義是“從一個地方到另一個地方”。
transform 改革，變革，改變； transport 運輸； transfer 轉(zhuǎn)移，移動；
transmit 傳送，播送；疾病的傳染，傳播； transplant 移植。
48. Some diseases are _D_ by certain water animals.
A transplanted B transformed C transported D transmitted
49. Wouldn't you rather your child _B_ to bed early?
A go B went C would go D goes
would rather的兩種用法：1 would rather + 動詞原形；
2 would rather + 句子（句子謂語動詞用一般過去時體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣）。
50. Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _B_ will happen to her private life. [wonder后面要加疑問詞]
A that B what C it D this
51. The words of his old teacher left a _C_ impression on his mind. He is still influenced by them. [lasting adj. 持久的，永久的； liberal adj. 開明的，心胸開闊的]
A long B lively C lasting D liberal
52. Mike's uncle insists _D_ in this hotel.
A staying not B not to stay C that he would not stay D that he not stay
insist的兩種用法：1 insist on … 堅持，堅決要求；
2 insist + that引導(dǎo)的從句（從句謂語動詞為[should] + 動詞原形）
53. We agree to accept _D_ they thought was the best tourist guide.
A whatever B whomever C whichever D whoever
they thought是插入語，可以不看； tourist guide 導(dǎo)游。
56. Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful _C_ it forces people to test relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.
A by which B to which C in that D so that
句子的意思是：如果沖突以后能回家反省一下自己是好事情。
in that 因為； conflict n. 沖突； relative merits 相比較而言的優(yōu)點； so that 以至于。
57. He is _A_ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.
A optimistic B optional C outstanding D obvious
optimistic adj. 樂觀的； pessimistic adj. 悲觀的； be optimistic about 對…持樂觀態(tài)度。
optional adj. 隨意的，任選的，非強制性的； optional courses 選修課；
outstanding adj. 卓越的，杰出的； obvious adj. 明顯的。
58. Sometimes I wish I _B_ in a different time and a different place.
A be living B were living C would live D would have lived
wish后加的句子一定要用虛擬語氣。
與現(xiàn)在事實相反，wish后的句子經(jīng)常用一般過去時來體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣。
59. The director was critical _C_ the way we were doing the work.
A at B in C of D with
be critical of 對...愛挑剔的，批評。
60. In a sudden _B_ of anger, the man tore up everything within reach.
A attack B burst C split D blast
within reach 夠得著； out of reach 夠不著； burst 爆發(fā)，迸發(fā)；
burst可以與很多詞語搭配表示突然發(fā)作：
1 能與人的情緒（喜、怒、哀、樂）搭配； 2 能與掌聲、笑聲搭配。
61. _D_ she realized it was too late to go home.
A No sooner it grew dark than B Hardly did it grow dark that
C Scarcely had it grown dark than D It was not until dark that
no sooner在句首時句子要用部分倒裝；hardly要與when搭配；scarcely也要與when搭配。
62. In Britain people _C_ four million tons of potatoes every year.
A swallow B dispose C consume D exhaust
swallow 吞，咽； dispose 去掉，處理，安排； consume 消費，消耗； consumer 消費者；
exhaust 將資源消耗殆盡；如果與人在一個句子中搭配則表示使人精疲力竭。
63. I'd _A_ his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.
A take into account B account for C make up for D make out
take into account 考慮； make up for 彌補，補償。
65. She cooked the meat for a long time so as to make it _D_ enough to eat.
A mild B slight C light D tender
mild adj. 不辣的； hot adj. 辣的； extra hot 極辣的；
light adj. 清淡的，容易消化的；蛋糕點心等松軟的； muffin n. 松餅；
slight adj. 輕微的，少量的； tender adj. 肉嫩的。
steak n. 牛排；rare 三成熟的；medium 七成熟的；well-done 全熟的；medium rare 五成熟。
66. We take our skin for granted until it is burned _A_ repair.
A beyond B for C without D under
take sth. for granted 把什么事當(dāng)成理所當(dāng)然的而不重視； beyond prep. 超出 … 的范圍。
67. The computer revolution may well change society as _C_ as did the Industrial Revolution.
A certainly B insignificantly C fundamentally D comparatively
certainly 當(dāng)然的，確定無疑的（主觀思想較濃厚）； insignificantly 沒有意義的，無足輕重的；
comparatively 相比較而言的； fundamentally 根本性的，從本質(zhì)上來說。
68. _C_ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A To look at B Looking at C Looked at D To be looked at
70. Some women _D_ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
A must make B should have made C would make D could have made
for the sake of為了… ；為了…的利益；
與過去事實相反時用：情態(tài)動詞 + have + 動詞過去分詞；
should have + 動詞過去分詞，表示本應(yīng)該…
主謂一致：指的就是給出主語，要求判斷謂語動詞是用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)的問題。
一、就近原則：
指句子的主語由兩部分單詞或短語構(gòu)成時，由離謂語動詞近的那部分主語來決定謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。
只有當(dāng)以下單詞或短語連接主句的兩部分時就近原則才適用：
1. or 或者； 2. either … or … 不是…就是… ，…或… ； 3. neither … nor … 既不…也不… ；
4. not only … but also … 不但…而且… ； 5. not … but … 不是…而是…
例如：主語1 or 主語2 謂語動詞。 此時由主語2決定謂語動詞。
10. _C_ either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss?
A Are B Where C Is D Does
如果題目改變?yōu)椋篍ither he or his accountants ___ going … 則應(yīng)選A
二、句子謂語動詞一定用復(fù)數(shù)的兩種情況：
1. 集合名詞做主語，集合名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，因為他本身就代表一個復(fù)數(shù)概念。
常見的幾個復(fù)合名詞： people 人民，人們； police 警察； cattle 牛； poultry 家禽。
2. 表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 不可數(shù)名詞，整體做主語時
例如：去年出口了八百萬頓煤。 Eight million tons of coal were exported last year.
三、謂語動詞一定用單數(shù)的六種情況：
1. 句子的主語是由從句充當(dāng)?shù)?、動詞不定式短語作主語、動名詞短語作主語；
2. 表示時間、重量、長度、價值四方面的詞做主語；
399. -- “How many days?”
0 -- “Did you say that five days _C_ required to complete that work?”
A are B were C was D is
3. 表示單數(shù)概念的主語，短語，謂語動詞，此時謂語動詞也用單數(shù)；
因為此結(jié)構(gòu)中短語只是對主語提供附加說明情況，所以謂語動詞也用單數(shù)。
當(dāng)以下這些標(biāo)志性的介詞或介詞短語出現(xiàn)在此結(jié)構(gòu)中時可以不管中間的附加說明情況：
with, together with, like, except, besides, in addition to, rather than, as well as
注意：表示復(fù)數(shù)概念的主語，短語，謂語動詞，此時謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。
4. each, every, either, some, any, no，由以上六個詞中任何一個所構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語時；
some經(jīng)常構(gòu)成的三個復(fù)合代詞：something, somebody, someone；
no經(jīng)常構(gòu)成的三個復(fù)合代詞：nothing, nobody, no one； either of + 短語；
5. 通常由and連接兩部分這種形式做主語謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)，但在以下兩種情況下則應(yīng)用單數(shù)；
1> and連接的兩部分指的是同一事物；
2> and連接的兩部分被no, each, every中任何一個詞修飾時；
例如：每位男士和女士都要著裝得體。 be supposed to do sth. 理應(yīng)，應(yīng)該做某事。
Every man and every woman is supposed to dress properly.
11. Many an airplane _B_ in the exhibition.
A are shown B has been shown C has shown D show them
many a(an) 很多，相當(dāng)于many； many a(an) + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，做主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
6. many a (an) + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
9. Not only Joan but her sisters _B_ the combination to the safe which contains the list of the family securities.
A have known B know C knows D is knowing
not only … but also … 的一種變形形式，not only … but …
另一種變形形式not only … but … as well
combination n. 密碼； combination to the safe 保險箱密碼； securities有價證券。
-------------------------2000-01-------------------------
41. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _A_ too long.
A has been reading B had read C is reading D read
had read 過去完成時要與一般過去時搭配。
has been reading 現(xiàn)在完成進行時：指某行為從過去一點到現(xiàn)在一直在進行。
42. Niagara Falls is a great tourist _B_, drawing millions of visitors every year.
A attention B attraction C appointment D arrangement
tourist attraction 旅游勝地； attention n. 注意力； appointment n. 委任的職位，約會；
date n. 日期，約會，棗；表示約會時指的是異性之間的私人約會。 arrangement n. 布置，安排
blind date 兩人第見面的約會。 appointment 指公事性質(zhì)的，比較正式的約會。
43. I don't mind _B_ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A you to delay making B your delaying making
C your delaying to make D you delay to make
mind 后要加動名詞； delay v. 耽擱，延誤（后面也要加動名詞）
45. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _A_ in Cuba.
A being cultivated B been cultivated C having cultivated D cultivating
46. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _C_ on benches, chairs or boxes.
A having seated B seating C seated D having been seated
注意：seat是及物動詞，及物動詞用主動形式，后面要直接加賓語。
Be seated please. 請坐。 英語中只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。
47. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _B_ comfortably.
A is worn B wears C wearing D are worn
當(dāng)wear表穿戴時，而句子的主語是被穿戴的東西時，wear是不及物動詞，沒有被動語態(tài)。
65. The coming of the railways in the 1830s _A_ our society and economic life.
A transformed B transported C transferred D transmitted
字根trans在四級中著重考的含義是“從一個地方到另一個地方”。
transform 改革，變革，改變； transport 運輸； transfer 轉(zhuǎn)移，移動；
transmit 傳送，播送；疾病的傳染，傳播； transplant 移植。
48. Some diseases are _D_ by certain water animals.
A transplanted B transformed C transported D transmitted
49. Wouldn't you rather your child _B_ to bed early?
A go B went C would go D goes
would rather的兩種用法：1 would rather + 動詞原形；
2 would rather + 句子（句子謂語動詞用一般過去時體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣）。
50. Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _B_ will happen to her private life. [wonder后面要加疑問詞]
A that B what C it D this
51. The words of his old teacher left a _C_ impression on his mind. He is still influenced by them. [lasting adj. 持久的，永久的； liberal adj. 開明的，心胸開闊的]
A long B lively C lasting D liberal
52. Mike's uncle insists _D_ in this hotel.
A staying not B not to stay C that he would not stay D that he not stay
insist的兩種用法：1 insist on … 堅持，堅決要求；
2 insist + that引導(dǎo)的從句（從句謂語動詞為[should] + 動詞原形）
53. We agree to accept _D_ they thought was the best tourist guide.
A whatever B whomever C whichever D whoever
they thought是插入語，可以不看； tourist guide 導(dǎo)游。
56. Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful _C_ it forces people to test relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.
A by which B to which C in that D so that
句子的意思是：如果沖突以后能回家反省一下自己是好事情。
in that 因為； conflict n. 沖突； relative merits 相比較而言的優(yōu)點； so that 以至于。
57. He is _A_ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.
A optimistic B optional C outstanding D obvious
optimistic adj. 樂觀的； pessimistic adj. 悲觀的； be optimistic about 對…持樂觀態(tài)度。
optional adj. 隨意的，任選的，非強制性的； optional courses 選修課；
outstanding adj. 卓越的，杰出的； obvious adj. 明顯的。
58. Sometimes I wish I _B_ in a different time and a different place.
A be living B were living C would live D would have lived
wish后加的句子一定要用虛擬語氣。
與現(xiàn)在事實相反，wish后的句子經(jīng)常用一般過去時來體現(xiàn)虛擬語氣。
59. The director was critical _C_ the way we were doing the work.
A at B in C of D with
be critical of 對...愛挑剔的，批評。
60. In a sudden _B_ of anger, the man tore up everything within reach.
A attack B burst C split D blast
within reach 夠得著； out of reach 夠不著； burst 爆發(fā)，迸發(fā)；
burst可以與很多詞語搭配表示突然發(fā)作：
1 能與人的情緒（喜、怒、哀、樂）搭配； 2 能與掌聲、笑聲搭配。
61. _D_ she realized it was too late to go home.
A No sooner it grew dark than B Hardly did it grow dark that
C Scarcely had it grown dark than D It was not until dark that
no sooner在句首時句子要用部分倒裝；hardly要與when搭配；scarcely也要與when搭配。
62. In Britain people _C_ four million tons of potatoes every year.
A swallow B dispose C consume D exhaust
swallow 吞，咽； dispose 去掉，處理，安排； consume 消費，消耗； consumer 消費者；
exhaust 將資源消耗殆盡；如果與人在一個句子中搭配則表示使人精疲力竭。
63. I'd _A_ his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.
A take into account B account for C make up for D make out
take into account 考慮； make up for 彌補，補償。
65. She cooked the meat for a long time so as to make it _D_ enough to eat.
A mild B slight C light D tender
mild adj. 不辣的； hot adj. 辣的； extra hot 極辣的；
light adj. 清淡的，容易消化的；蛋糕點心等松軟的； muffin n. 松餅；
slight adj. 輕微的，少量的； tender adj. 肉嫩的。
steak n. 牛排；rare 三成熟的；medium 七成熟的；well-done 全熟的；medium rare 五成熟。
66. We take our skin for granted until it is burned _A_ repair.
A beyond B for C without D under
take sth. for granted 把什么事當(dāng)成理所當(dāng)然的而不重視； beyond prep. 超出 … 的范圍。
67. The computer revolution may well change society as _C_ as did the Industrial Revolution.
A certainly B insignificantly C fundamentally D comparatively
certainly 當(dāng)然的，確定無疑的（主觀思想較濃厚）； insignificantly 沒有意義的，無足輕重的；
comparatively 相比較而言的； fundamentally 根本性的，從本質(zhì)上來說。
68. _C_ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A To look at B Looking at C Looked at D To be looked at
70. Some women _D_ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
A must make B should have made C would make D could have made
for the sake of為了… ；為了…的利益；
與過去事實相反時用：情態(tài)動詞 + have + 動詞過去分詞；
should have + 動詞過去分詞，表示本應(yīng)該…