37. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include,but are not confined to,attitudes toward crime and the law)and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. (3+ )
難句類型:復雜修飾、插入語譯文:象勒羅伊。拉迪里(Le Roy Ladurie)一類的史學家利用這些文獻史料從中挖掘出某些個案史(case history)來,闡明了不同社會群體的態(tài)度(這些態(tài)度包括,但并非局限于,對犯罪和法律的態(tài)度),并揭示出*是如何執(zhí)行審判的。
解釋:逗號以后的內(nèi)容都是修飾逗號以前的case history的。在which引導的非限定性定語從句中有一個插入語(these attitudees includee, but are not confined to, attitudees toward crime and the law),我們可以看到這個插入語中又套了一個插入語but not confined to.意群訓練:Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include,but are not confined to,attitudes toward crime and the law)and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.
38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? (5)
難句類型:復雜修飾譯文:從文章中可以推斷出來,一個希望比較十五世紀以前一個十年的某個歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個十年中的犯罪率的歷史學家將會被以下那種信息的提高所的幫助?
解釋:句首的it是形式主語,其具體內(nèi)容是從that開始到句子結束的全部內(nèi)容。That從句中,主語a historyian之后修飾它的超長的定語從句是這個句子難以讀懂的原因。Compare crime rates with crime rates中間被修飾第一個crime rates的兩個修飾成分perthousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century分隔得很遠。在with之后的第二個crime rates后面,省略了與前面重復的per thousand in a European city.意群訓練:It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?
39. My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage,a heritage that,in general,has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. (4)
難句類型:復雜修飾、插入語譯文:我的論點是,其作品的中心意識——它將階級和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鑒了那個早期的文學遺產(chǎn),而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當代文學評論家的足夠重視。
解釋:賓語從句中的主語和謂語被長插入語分開,造成閱讀障礙。插入語中有一個固定搭配understanding of A as B,是把A理解成B的意思。不過本句中as的賓語不容易理解:shaping influences on people‘s lives可以理解成“形成了對人們生活的影響”也可以理解成“對人們生活的塑造性(決定性)影響”。當然后面的理解是正確的,然而在閱讀現(xiàn)場想要在瞬間做出正確判斷,還有賴于考生的閱讀理解力和詞匯功底的深淺。插入語后面還有一個固定搭配:A owes much to B,指前者有很多東西是來自于后者,得益于后者的。
意群訓練:My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage,a heritage that,in general,has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. 40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.(5)
即使是這樣的要求,即從這些材料中加工出來的生物材料應該對受移植者的組織無害,也能夠通過從研究組織培養(yǎng)對生物材料的反應而來的,或從研究短期移植而來的技術來滿足。
難句類型:復雜修飾、省略、專有名詞、固定搭配解釋:主語the requirement后面帶著一個長長的修飾主語的同位語;由于requirement的同位語中要求使用虛擬語氣,所以其中的系動詞成了原型(should be省略了should)。如此之長的修飾成分過后,謂語can be met與主語的關系已經(jīng)很難理清了。從by開始的狀語結構更為復雜;修飾techniques的后置的定語derived from studying the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying short-term implants實際上是由or所連接的兩個固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials;第二個derive from中還套了另外一個固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials;第二個derive from則干脆把derive給省略了。此外,本句的專有名詞奇多,這使得閱讀的難度非常高。
意群訓練:Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants
41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. (4) 但是,要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配,需要某種知識,即什么樣的分子控制著細胞彼此間的結合——而對這一領域,我們尚未進行充分的探索。
難句類型:復雜修飾解釋:本句這樣的復雜修飾和插入語的作用差不多;主語achieving necessary matches之后的修飾成分in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter把主語和謂語requires分開。值得注意的是修飾賓主的of which molecules 中的which在此不是定語從句的引導詞,而是一個形容詞,意思是哪個。
意群訓練:But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding,of course,a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. (5) 伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象——毋庸置疑,盡管就其主要內(nèi)容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言,與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致于對它進行研究便顯得不可或缺,以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
難句類型:復雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞解釋:這是一個被GRE考生尊稱為No.題三大難文章之一的伊斯蘭法中的臭名昭著的句子。本句插入語前后都不難,關鍵是如何對待這段插入語。首先,插入語很長,在原文中有四行。筆者在前面不只一次提醒讀者,三行心目的插入語必須跳過,看懂前后的內(nèi)容再回頭來看插入語。插入語難懂的第一個原因是其中混有大量的抽象詞和法律術語;還有一個重要原因,那就是它其實不是一個完整的句子。把插入語中所有的修飾成分扒光,只剩下一個單詞:coinsidences,而主語和謂語it has則被作者省略。不管從哪個角度上來看,這句話中的那個插入語都極像是ETS布下的一個陷阱:首先,插入語的內(nèi)容對理解文章毫無作用;其次,考試中對插入語也出題;第三,其實這句話中的插入語根本不必讀。也可以根據(jù)插入語前后的內(nèi)容用合理化原則的取非讀法猜出其意思。插入語前后的內(nèi)容是伊斯蘭法與其他法律不同,插入部分以notwithstanding開關,又有of course,可見插入部分一定是讓步證據(jù),因此可以對前后的內(nèi)容取非,猜出插入部分一定是在說伊斯蘭法與其他法律有相同之處。句末的in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena中,包含一個倒裝;正常語序的appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately中的副詞adequately被提到appreciate的賓語之前。
意群訓練slamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
43. (Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.)Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. (5) 盡管從歷史角度來看,在古代以色列作為獨立主權國家的*教法與大流散時期(Diaspora,即以色列被征服后古代*人被巴比倫人逐出故土)的*教法之間存在著一個明晰可辨的斷裂,然則,《舊約全書》(Old Testament)后半部分中法律內(nèi)容的精神與《*教法典》(Talmud)極為一脈相承,而所謂的《*教法典》,是指大流散時期*教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。
難句類型:復雜修飾、插入語、省略、專有名詞解釋:本句與上一句同來自于同一篇文章,本文的主題是伊斯蘭法,但作者反復用*法來嚇唬讀者,同樣ETS也未就此句話出題。這句話難讀是因為兩個原因:第一、作者在between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了Jewish law,使人看到of the Diaspora ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了jewish law,使人看到of the Diaspora時搞不清楚在什么與什么之間;第二個難懂的原因,是文中出現(xiàn)了大量的專有名詞、法律術語和歷史背景。其實讀者除了Israel 和Jewish兩個單詞有必要也有可能認識之外,其他單詞既不需要了解也無法了解,像什么Diaspora(大流散時期)、Old Testament(舊約全書)、Talmud(*教法典)等奇怪名詞,在非宗教國家的考生的大腦中,一點概念都沒有,更不要說其英語的表達了。那么ETS的出題者在閱讀文章中搞出這種東西來,不是有意違背公平出題原則之嫌了嗎?其實出題者也并沒有要求讀者把這些內(nèi)容搞清,只需知道前面那句話是一個判斷句,說*法和伊斯蘭法一致,后面這句話是對上面一句話的解釋,因此肯定也在說它一致。再看第二句話的結構,上來就是一個用though表示的讓步語氣,我們可以看出在一個break between,那么逗號后就應該是省略了but的轉折語氣,該說沒有break between,果然我們看到了very close to 的字樣。我們也知道,既有讓步又有轉折時,作者強調(diào)轉折之后的內(nèi)容。所以這句話仍是在說*法一致。
意群訓練:043 Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law(這是作者加的便于理解的話)。 Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora(the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
44. Islam,on the other hand,represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it;Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle,(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform,comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. (4) 另一方面,伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教(Arab paganism)的一種根本上的決裂;伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度,對各種雜亂無章、絕無共同點的法律內(nèi)容進行考察所致的結果,而這些法律內(nèi)容實際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國家(Pre-Islamic Arabia)法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過來的無數(shù)法律因素所構成。 (as it did )實際上是一句插入語。
難句類型:復雜修飾、插入語解釋:這句話是接著上面的那句話寫下來的,是在說伊斯蘭法的不一致。句中有三個插入語,都起到了一定的干擾作用。第一個是on the other hand,隔開了主語和謂語。第二個是from a religious angle,分開了examination of ,第三個as it did, 根本就是句廢話,分斷了動詞comprise 和動詞的賓語the various components.意群訓練:Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numberous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories 45. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants‘ natural constitution:specifically,the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes,if they can be identified and isolated,that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence,(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. (5),此句能夠熟讀,更好的是背誦下來。(復雜修飾+插入+省略+倒裝)這其中的一個新穎思想就是,在植物的染色體(chromosome)內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然構造一個部分的那些不相關聯(lián)的因基:具體而言,這一思想是,在非豆科植物內(nèi)注入這樣一些基因,倘若這些基因可被辨識出來并被分離開來,而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當那些具備固氮作用的細菌的寄主。由此,對豆科植物的研究日趨深入。
難句類型:復雜修飾、插入語、倒裝、省略解釋:本句的難度以倒裝為主,復雜為輔;然而二者相互借力,難度更大,而且本句中有兩個省略,就更令讀者頭痛。句子一開始的One such novel idea is that of 之中的that of, 是that idea of 的省略形式。此外容易理解,后面開始變難。Inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal consttution)看上去不舒服的原因,是作者在此用了一個便裝;正常語序應該是:inserting discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal constitution) into the chromosomes of plants, 即把非此植物的genes插入到該植物中。之所以倒裝,是因為discrete genes加上復雜修飾的成分以后太長之故。同樣,后面的the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria一句,正常的語序也是the idea of inserting the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitro-fixing bacteria into nonleguminous plants,即把便利豆科植物成為固氮菌的寄主的基因(如果它們能夠被找到并分離出來的話)插入到非豆科植物的基因中去。這一回。Genes之后不但有定語從句的復雜修飾,而且在genes和that從句之間還有一個不短的插入語,增加了閱讀難度。最后的一句話,Hence, the intensified research on legumes, 其實也不是一句話,只是一個詞:research.作者省略了there is ,其實引處即便看不清語法結構,作者的意思還是可以懂的。因此,筆者在前面強調(diào)的“如果可以看懂意思,不必去分析語法”,在實戰(zhàn)的應用中有其意義;GRE和GMAT中很多表達其實不嚴格遵守語法,或者有考生不懂的語法,讀者處心積慮地研究它們,不但沒有實戰(zhàn)意義,而且還令讀者徒增煩惱。本句是GRE和GMAT考試中集各種語言現(xiàn)象之大成者,包括了幾乎所有的難句類型,希望讀者一定把這句話讀熟;有心者能把它背熟,一定對提高你的閱讀能力有好處。
意群訓練:One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants‘ natural constitution:specifically,the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes,if they can be identified and isolated,that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence,(there is ) the intensified research on legumes.
46. It is one of nature‘s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.(3+)下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個莫大諷刺:土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對植物的生長構成了一個上限,雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮氣的海洋中。
難句類型:復雜修飾解釋:It是形式主語,其真正的內(nèi)容是that之后的由even though連接的兩個句子。其實本句的真正難度倒不在于句子的結構,而是對于其意思的理解:尤其是文科同學,可能缺乏必要的背景知識,就更不容易讀懂。句中的set an upper limit on plant growth直譯為“給植物的生成設立一個上限”,其真正的意思是“限制了植物的生長”;因此the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth之中的availability一定指的是氮的供給之少。整句話的意思是,土壤中的氮植物能夠利用,卻太少;而空氣中雖有大量的氮,植物卻不能利用,這豈不是自然界開的一個大玩笑。
意群訓練:It is one of nature‘s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.
47. Unless they succeed,the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated,and even if the transfer of those gene complexes,once they are found, becomes possible. (4) 除非他們能取得成功,不然的話,綠色革命的產(chǎn)量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡,即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進入到與固氮細菌共生關系的基因可被辨識出來和分離開來的話,且即使這些基因綜合體(gene complex),一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后,其移植得以成為可能的話。
難句類型:復雜修飾、插入語 ◎大寶考研版權所有,拒絕轉載◎DRyxFerXCG解釋:主句比較簡單,而后面跟著的由and連接的兩個表示讓步的條件狀語從句就相對復雜,第一個從句是用一個修飾主語的定語從句that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers把主謂隔開;第二個從句則運用了插入語once they are found把主謂隔開。
意群訓練:Unless they succeed,the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated,and even if the transfer of those gene complexes,once they are found, becomes possible. 48. Its subject(to use Maynard Mack‘s categories)is "life-as-spectacle," for readers, diverted by its various incidents,observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without;the tragic Iliad,however,presents "life-as-experience":readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles,whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. (5) 其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克(Maynard Mack)的兩個分類范疇的話〕是“人生作為外部景象”,因為讀者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散,主要是從外部來觀察其主人公奧德修斯(Odyssus)的;然而,富于悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現(xiàn)的則是“人生作為內(nèi)心體驗”:讀者被要求與阿基琉斯(Achilles)的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴,而其行為動機卻致使他變作一個并非特別惹人喜愛的主人公。(從分號后的語句推理出前面的意思) 注:hero:主人公;without:外部;likable:有吸引力的難句類型;復雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞、熟詞僻義請思考:如果看不懂分號前的without的意思,是否可以用合理化原則根據(jù)分號后的那句話推理出其意思? ◎解釋:本句中盡管也存在一些復雜修飾和插入的內(nèi)容,但是本句話之所以難懂,與其說是因為這些東西的影響,倒不如說是因為用詞的抽象和語義的難以理解。作為一篇文學評論型的文章,文章中充斥著一些很抽象的詞匯;本句話中就有subject/category/spectacle/divert/incident/hero/primarily/without/present/identify/motivation/particularly/likable等。背過這些單詞的中文釋義,并不意味著在閱讀中能夠清楚地理解其真正含義。對于抽象詞的訓練方法,請參見附錄中<閱讀抽象詞提速法>。這里僅解釋幾個對于這句話最重要的單詞:hero:在此不是指英雄,在文學評論型的文章當中,此單詞的意思是主人公。 Without:在此處是一個熟詞僻義,意思是外部,等于outside. Likable:不可望文生義,它不是像什么東西的意思,而是有吸引力的意思,其同義詞有pleasant或attractive. 本句中,對于理解全句起到影響的,就是能否正確理解without這個單詞,然而問題在于,如果不認識without的熟詞僻義,是否可用合理化原則根據(jù)分號后的那句話推理出其意思?根據(jù)緊跟著分別的however,我們可以推斷出分號前后的兩句話所說的內(nèi)容截然相反,因此可以從I戲劇的描述中推出,without的意思應該是不去認同其主人公的內(nèi)心世界。
意群訓練:Its subject(to use Maynard Mack‘s categories)is "life-as-spectacle," for readers, diverted by its various incidents,observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without;the tragic Iliad,however,presents "life-as-experience":readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles,whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.
49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates,so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. (3+) 在一條成年比目魚身上顯著存在的諸多不對稱(asymmetry)特征中,最為吸人注目的是眼睛的擺位:在成年之前,一只眼睛發(fā)生移動,因此在成年比目魚身上,兩只眼睛均位于頭部的同一側面。
難句類型:倒裝、省略解釋:本句的倒裝本質(zhì)上與我們早就的一種倒裝結構是一樣的,即形容詞放在句首時,主語和謂語倒裝。本句的主干的正常語序應該是:Eye placement is most striking;倒裝后成了Most striking is eye placement.但是這種倒裝在GRE考試中出現(xiàn),又有了新的特色,被提到句首的Most striking被長長的狀語among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish與后面的主語和表語分開,造成閱讀困難。
意群訓練:Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates,so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head
50. A critique of Handlin‘s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .(4) 一個對于H的關于為何法律上的奴隸制沒有在17世紀60年代以前出現(xiàn)的原因所作解釋的批評顯示,關于奴隸制和種族偏見之間的關系的假說應當重新檢查,而且顯示出,對于在北美和南美之間的對黑怒的不同處理的解釋應當被擴展。
難句類型:復雜修飾、省略 解釋:句子的主干清楚:A critique suggests that…, and suggests that…。但是因為句子的結構復雜、修飾成分多,再加上后面的and 之后的suggests被省略,所以句子的結構很難被讀出來的。 本句的suggest不再是暗示,而是顯示、說明的意思,其同義詞有point,indicate,imply.本句的兩個suggest之后的賓語從句都根據(jù)語法要求使用了虛擬語氣。
意群訓練:A critique of Handlin‘s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .
難句類型:復雜修飾、插入語譯文:象勒羅伊。拉迪里(Le Roy Ladurie)一類的史學家利用這些文獻史料從中挖掘出某些個案史(case history)來,闡明了不同社會群體的態(tài)度(這些態(tài)度包括,但并非局限于,對犯罪和法律的態(tài)度),并揭示出*是如何執(zhí)行審判的。
解釋:逗號以后的內(nèi)容都是修飾逗號以前的case history的。在which引導的非限定性定語從句中有一個插入語(these attitudees includee, but are not confined to, attitudees toward crime and the law),我們可以看到這個插入語中又套了一個插入語but not confined to.意群訓練:Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include,but are not confined to,attitudes toward crime and the law)and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.
38. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? (5)
難句類型:復雜修飾譯文:從文章中可以推斷出來,一個希望比較十五世紀以前一個十年的某個歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個十年中的犯罪率的歷史學家將會被以下那種信息的提高所的幫助?
解釋:句首的it是形式主語,其具體內(nèi)容是從that開始到句子結束的全部內(nèi)容。That從句中,主語a historyian之后修飾它的超長的定語從句是這個句子難以讀懂的原因。Compare crime rates with crime rates中間被修飾第一個crime rates的兩個修飾成分perthousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century分隔得很遠。在with之后的第二個crime rates后面,省略了與前面重復的per thousand in a European city.意群訓練:It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?
39. My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage,a heritage that,in general,has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. (4)
難句類型:復雜修飾、插入語譯文:我的論點是,其作品的中心意識——它將階級和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鑒了那個早期的文學遺產(chǎn),而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當代文學評論家的足夠重視。
解釋:賓語從句中的主語和謂語被長插入語分開,造成閱讀障礙。插入語中有一個固定搭配understanding of A as B,是把A理解成B的意思。不過本句中as的賓語不容易理解:shaping influences on people‘s lives可以理解成“形成了對人們生活的影響”也可以理解成“對人們生活的塑造性(決定性)影響”。當然后面的理解是正確的,然而在閱讀現(xiàn)場想要在瞬間做出正確判斷,還有賴于考生的閱讀理解力和詞匯功底的深淺。插入語后面還有一個固定搭配:A owes much to B,指前者有很多東西是來自于后者,得益于后者的。
意群訓練:My point is that its central consciousness-its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people‘s lives-owes much to that earlier literary heritage,a heritage that,in general,has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. 40. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.(5)
即使是這樣的要求,即從這些材料中加工出來的生物材料應該對受移植者的組織無害,也能夠通過從研究組織培養(yǎng)對生物材料的反應而來的,或從研究短期移植而來的技術來滿足。
難句類型:復雜修飾、省略、專有名詞、固定搭配解釋:主語the requirement后面帶著一個長長的修飾主語的同位語;由于requirement的同位語中要求使用虛擬語氣,所以其中的系動詞成了原型(should be省略了should)。如此之長的修飾成分過后,謂語can be met與主語的關系已經(jīng)很難理清了。從by開始的狀語結構更為復雜;修飾techniques的后置的定語derived from studying the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying short-term implants實際上是由or所連接的兩個固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials;第二個derive from中還套了另外一個固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials;第二個derive from則干脆把derive給省略了。此外,本句的專有名詞奇多,這使得閱讀的難度非常高。
意群訓練:Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants
41. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. (4) 但是,要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配,需要某種知識,即什么樣的分子控制著細胞彼此間的結合——而對這一領域,我們尚未進行充分的探索。
難句類型:復雜修飾解釋:本句這樣的復雜修飾和插入語的作用差不多;主語achieving necessary matches之后的修飾成分in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter把主語和謂語requires分開。值得注意的是修飾賓主的of which molecules 中的which在此不是定語從句的引導詞,而是一個形容詞,意思是哪個。
意群訓練:But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other-an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
42. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding,of course,a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. (5) 伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象——毋庸置疑,盡管就其主要內(nèi)容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言,與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致于對它進行研究便顯得不可或缺,以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
難句類型:復雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞解釋:這是一個被GRE考生尊稱為No.題三大難文章之一的伊斯蘭法中的臭名昭著的句子。本句插入語前后都不難,關鍵是如何對待這段插入語。首先,插入語很長,在原文中有四行。筆者在前面不只一次提醒讀者,三行心目的插入語必須跳過,看懂前后的內(nèi)容再回頭來看插入語。插入語難懂的第一個原因是其中混有大量的抽象詞和法律術語;還有一個重要原因,那就是它其實不是一個完整的句子。把插入語中所有的修飾成分扒光,只剩下一個單詞:coinsidences,而主語和謂語it has則被作者省略。不管從哪個角度上來看,這句話中的那個插入語都極像是ETS布下的一個陷阱:首先,插入語的內(nèi)容對理解文章毫無作用;其次,考試中對插入語也出題;第三,其實這句話中的插入語根本不必讀。也可以根據(jù)插入語前后的內(nèi)容用合理化原則的取非讀法猜出其意思。插入語前后的內(nèi)容是伊斯蘭法與其他法律不同,插入部分以notwithstanding開關,又有of course,可見插入部分一定是讓步證據(jù),因此可以對前后的內(nèi)容取非,猜出插入部分一定是在說伊斯蘭法與其他法律有相同之處。句末的in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena中,包含一個倒裝;正常語序的appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately中的副詞adequately被提到appreciate的賓語之前。
意群訓練slamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
43. (Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.)Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. (5) 盡管從歷史角度來看,在古代以色列作為獨立主權國家的*教法與大流散時期(Diaspora,即以色列被征服后古代*人被巴比倫人逐出故土)的*教法之間存在著一個明晰可辨的斷裂,然則,《舊約全書》(Old Testament)后半部分中法律內(nèi)容的精神與《*教法典》(Talmud)極為一脈相承,而所謂的《*教法典》,是指大流散時期*教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。
難句類型:復雜修飾、插入語、省略、專有名詞解釋:本句與上一句同來自于同一篇文章,本文的主題是伊斯蘭法,但作者反復用*法來嚇唬讀者,同樣ETS也未就此句話出題。這句話難讀是因為兩個原因:第一、作者在between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了Jewish law,使人看到of the Diaspora ancient Israel and of the Diaspora一句中的and之后省略了jewish law,使人看到of the Diaspora時搞不清楚在什么與什么之間;第二個難懂的原因,是文中出現(xiàn)了大量的專有名詞、法律術語和歷史背景。其實讀者除了Israel 和Jewish兩個單詞有必要也有可能認識之外,其他單詞既不需要了解也無法了解,像什么Diaspora(大流散時期)、Old Testament(舊約全書)、Talmud(*教法典)等奇怪名詞,在非宗教國家的考生的大腦中,一點概念都沒有,更不要說其英語的表達了。那么ETS的出題者在閱讀文章中搞出這種東西來,不是有意違背公平出題原則之嫌了嗎?其實出題者也并沒有要求讀者把這些內(nèi)容搞清,只需知道前面那句話是一個判斷句,說*法和伊斯蘭法一致,后面這句話是對上面一句話的解釋,因此肯定也在說它一致。再看第二句話的結構,上來就是一個用though表示的讓步語氣,我們可以看出在一個break between,那么逗號后就應該是省略了but的轉折語氣,該說沒有break between,果然我們看到了very close to 的字樣。我們也知道,既有讓步又有轉折時,作者強調(diào)轉折之后的內(nèi)容。所以這句話仍是在說*法一致。
意群訓練:043 Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law(這是作者加的便于理解的話)。 Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora(the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
44. Islam,on the other hand,represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it;Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle,(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform,comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. (4) 另一方面,伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教(Arab paganism)的一種根本上的決裂;伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度,對各種雜亂無章、絕無共同點的法律內(nèi)容進行考察所致的結果,而這些法律內(nèi)容實際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國家(Pre-Islamic Arabia)法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過來的無數(shù)法律因素所構成。 (as it did )實際上是一句插入語。
難句類型:復雜修飾、插入語解釋:這句話是接著上面的那句話寫下來的,是在說伊斯蘭法的不一致。句中有三個插入語,都起到了一定的干擾作用。第一個是on the other hand,隔開了主語和謂語。第二個是from a religious angle,分開了examination of ,第三個as it did, 根本就是句廢話,分斷了動詞comprise 和動詞的賓語the various components.意群訓練:Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numberous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories 45. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants‘ natural constitution:specifically,the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes,if they can be identified and isolated,that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence,(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. (5),此句能夠熟讀,更好的是背誦下來。(復雜修飾+插入+省略+倒裝)這其中的一個新穎思想就是,在植物的染色體(chromosome)內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然構造一個部分的那些不相關聯(lián)的因基:具體而言,這一思想是,在非豆科植物內(nèi)注入這樣一些基因,倘若這些基因可被辨識出來并被分離開來,而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當那些具備固氮作用的細菌的寄主。由此,對豆科植物的研究日趨深入。
難句類型:復雜修飾、插入語、倒裝、省略解釋:本句的難度以倒裝為主,復雜為輔;然而二者相互借力,難度更大,而且本句中有兩個省略,就更令讀者頭痛。句子一開始的One such novel idea is that of 之中的that of, 是that idea of 的省略形式。此外容易理解,后面開始變難。Inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal consttution)看上去不舒服的原因,是作者在此用了一個便裝;正常語序應該是:inserting discrete genes(that are not a part of the plants' natureal constitution) into the chromosomes of plants, 即把非此植物的genes插入到該植物中。之所以倒裝,是因為discrete genes加上復雜修飾的成分以后太長之故。同樣,后面的the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria一句,正常的語序也是the idea of inserting the genes, if they can be identifyied and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitro-fixing bacteria into nonleguminous plants,即把便利豆科植物成為固氮菌的寄主的基因(如果它們能夠被找到并分離出來的話)插入到非豆科植物的基因中去。這一回。Genes之后不但有定語從句的復雜修飾,而且在genes和that從句之間還有一個不短的插入語,增加了閱讀難度。最后的一句話,Hence, the intensified research on legumes, 其實也不是一句話,只是一個詞:research.作者省略了there is ,其實引處即便看不清語法結構,作者的意思還是可以懂的。因此,筆者在前面強調(diào)的“如果可以看懂意思,不必去分析語法”,在實戰(zhàn)的應用中有其意義;GRE和GMAT中很多表達其實不嚴格遵守語法,或者有考生不懂的語法,讀者處心積慮地研究它們,不但沒有實戰(zhàn)意義,而且還令讀者徒增煩惱。本句是GRE和GMAT考試中集各種語言現(xiàn)象之大成者,包括了幾乎所有的難句類型,希望讀者一定把這句話讀熟;有心者能把它背熟,一定對提高你的閱讀能力有好處。
意群訓練:One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants‘ natural constitution:specifically,the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes,if they can be identified and isolated,that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence,(there is ) the intensified research on legumes.
46. It is one of nature‘s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.(3+)下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個莫大諷刺:土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對植物的生長構成了一個上限,雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮氣的海洋中。
難句類型:復雜修飾解釋:It是形式主語,其真正的內(nèi)容是that之后的由even though連接的兩個句子。其實本句的真正難度倒不在于句子的結構,而是對于其意思的理解:尤其是文科同學,可能缺乏必要的背景知識,就更不容易讀懂。句中的set an upper limit on plant growth直譯為“給植物的生成設立一個上限”,其真正的意思是“限制了植物的生長”;因此the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth之中的availability一定指的是氮的供給之少。整句話的意思是,土壤中的氮植物能夠利用,卻太少;而空氣中雖有大量的氮,植物卻不能利用,這豈不是自然界開的一個大玩笑。
意群訓練:It is one of nature‘s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.
47. Unless they succeed,the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated,and even if the transfer of those gene complexes,once they are found, becomes possible. (4) 除非他們能取得成功,不然的話,綠色革命的產(chǎn)量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡,即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進入到與固氮細菌共生關系的基因可被辨識出來和分離開來的話,且即使這些基因綜合體(gene complex),一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后,其移植得以成為可能的話。
難句類型:復雜修飾、插入語 ◎大寶考研版權所有,拒絕轉載◎DRyxFerXCG解釋:主句比較簡單,而后面跟著的由and連接的兩個表示讓步的條件狀語從句就相對復雜,第一個從句是用一個修飾主語的定語從句that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers把主謂隔開;第二個從句則運用了插入語once they are found把主謂隔開。
意群訓練:Unless they succeed,the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated,and even if the transfer of those gene complexes,once they are found, becomes possible. 48. Its subject(to use Maynard Mack‘s categories)is "life-as-spectacle," for readers, diverted by its various incidents,observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without;the tragic Iliad,however,presents "life-as-experience":readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles,whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. (5) 其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克(Maynard Mack)的兩個分類范疇的話〕是“人生作為外部景象”,因為讀者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散,主要是從外部來觀察其主人公奧德修斯(Odyssus)的;然而,富于悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現(xiàn)的則是“人生作為內(nèi)心體驗”:讀者被要求與阿基琉斯(Achilles)的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴,而其行為動機卻致使他變作一個并非特別惹人喜愛的主人公。(從分號后的語句推理出前面的意思) 注:hero:主人公;without:外部;likable:有吸引力的難句類型;復雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞、熟詞僻義請思考:如果看不懂分號前的without的意思,是否可以用合理化原則根據(jù)分號后的那句話推理出其意思? ◎解釋:本句中盡管也存在一些復雜修飾和插入的內(nèi)容,但是本句話之所以難懂,與其說是因為這些東西的影響,倒不如說是因為用詞的抽象和語義的難以理解。作為一篇文學評論型的文章,文章中充斥著一些很抽象的詞匯;本句話中就有subject/category/spectacle/divert/incident/hero/primarily/without/present/identify/motivation/particularly/likable等。背過這些單詞的中文釋義,并不意味著在閱讀中能夠清楚地理解其真正含義。對于抽象詞的訓練方法,請參見附錄中<閱讀抽象詞提速法>。這里僅解釋幾個對于這句話最重要的單詞:hero:在此不是指英雄,在文學評論型的文章當中,此單詞的意思是主人公。 Without:在此處是一個熟詞僻義,意思是外部,等于outside. Likable:不可望文生義,它不是像什么東西的意思,而是有吸引力的意思,其同義詞有pleasant或attractive. 本句中,對于理解全句起到影響的,就是能否正確理解without這個單詞,然而問題在于,如果不認識without的熟詞僻義,是否可用合理化原則根據(jù)分號后的那句話推理出其意思?根據(jù)緊跟著分別的however,我們可以推斷出分號前后的兩句話所說的內(nèi)容截然相反,因此可以從I戲劇的描述中推出,without的意思應該是不去認同其主人公的內(nèi)心世界。
意群訓練:Its subject(to use Maynard Mack‘s categories)is "life-as-spectacle," for readers, diverted by its various incidents,observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without;the tragic Iliad,however,presents "life-as-experience":readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles,whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.
49. Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates,so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. (3+) 在一條成年比目魚身上顯著存在的諸多不對稱(asymmetry)特征中,最為吸人注目的是眼睛的擺位:在成年之前,一只眼睛發(fā)生移動,因此在成年比目魚身上,兩只眼睛均位于頭部的同一側面。
難句類型:倒裝、省略解釋:本句的倒裝本質(zhì)上與我們早就的一種倒裝結構是一樣的,即形容詞放在句首時,主語和謂語倒裝。本句的主干的正常語序應該是:Eye placement is most striking;倒裝后成了Most striking is eye placement.但是這種倒裝在GRE考試中出現(xiàn),又有了新的特色,被提到句首的Most striking被長長的狀語among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish與后面的主語和表語分開,造成閱讀困難。
意群訓練:Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates,so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head
50. A critique of Handlin‘s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .(4) 一個對于H的關于為何法律上的奴隸制沒有在17世紀60年代以前出現(xiàn)的原因所作解釋的批評顯示,關于奴隸制和種族偏見之間的關系的假說應當重新檢查,而且顯示出,對于在北美和南美之間的對黑怒的不同處理的解釋應當被擴展。
難句類型:復雜修飾、省略 解釋:句子的主干清楚:A critique suggests that…, and suggests that…。但是因為句子的結構復雜、修飾成分多,再加上后面的and 之后的suggests被省略,所以句子的結構很難被讀出來的。 本句的suggest不再是暗示,而是顯示、說明的意思,其同義詞有point,indicate,imply.本句的兩個suggest之后的賓語從句都根據(jù)語法要求使用了虛擬語氣。
意群訓練:A critique of Handlin‘s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .