1999 Translation
26. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
「譯文」 幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐趨向于認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重大史實(shí)并對其做出解釋。
「析句」 這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，主句是modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past，從句是While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians.在While引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，又含有一個(gè)由as… as引導(dǎo)的從句，表示一種比較關(guān)系。
「講詞」 recreate意為“再創(chuàng)造；再現(xiàn)”。Is it possible to recreate the situation which surfaced three years ago?（是否有可能再現(xiàn)三年前的情形？）recreate還可以表示“（使）得到休養(yǎng),（使）得到娛樂”。
27. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
「譯文」 人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問。
「析句」 本句是簡單句。句子的主干為Interest… has arisen.此句較難之處一是對術(shù)語的理解和翻譯，二是對句子結(jié)構(gòu)的理解，特別是對less… more…的理解。
「講詞」 historical methods在句中不是“歷史的方法”，而是“歷史研究的方法”。external challenge意為“外界的挑戰(zhàn)”或“外部的挑戰(zhàn)”，即“外界的意見”。the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是指“歷史學(xué)能否成為一門學(xué)科”。internal quarrel意為“內(nèi)部的爭論”。
28. During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
「譯文」 在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時(shí)，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。
「析句」 本句是簡單句。句子的主干為traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies.designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study是過去分詞短語作后置定語，修飾前面的 methodologies.
「講詞」 augment意為“加強(qiáng)，充實(shí)”。The plan was augmented by further funding from the company.（公司進(jìn)一步的注資加強(qiáng)了這一計(jì)劃。）
new forms of evidence意為new forms of historical evidence，因此應(yīng)該譯為“新的史料”或“新的史證”。
29. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
「譯文」 所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。
「析句」 本句的主干為There is no agreement，whether… or…引導(dǎo)的從句是 agreement 的同位語。在同位語中，主語是methodology，謂語是refers to，賓語是the concepts和the research techniques，peculiar to historical work和appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry是形容詞短語作后置定語，分別修飾兩個(gè)賓語。
「講詞」 peculiar（特別的，獨(dú)特的）和appropriate（恰當(dāng)?shù)?，適當(dāng)?shù)模┰谟⒄Z中作后置定語是非常普遍的。
His lectures will cover some of the topics peculiar to computer science.（他的課會(huì)涉及計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)特有的一些話題。）We can observe a structural or behavioral characteristic peculiar to an individual or a group.（我們可以觀察到個(gè)性和群體所特有的一種結(jié)構(gòu)性或行為性的特征。）
The doctor will take action appropriate to the situation.（醫(yī)生將根據(jù)情況采取恰當(dāng)?shù)拇胧?。?BR> 30.It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
「譯文」 這種謬誤同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論，后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。
「析句」 本句的主干為It applies equally to traditional historians… and to social science historians，即謂語動(dòng)詞（applies to）帶有兩個(gè)并列的賓語（traditional historians和social science historians），而兩個(gè)賓語中又分別跟了一個(gè)由who 引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句。需要注意的是句中activity是指“歷史社科派的活動(dòng)”，即他們的歷史研究。
「講詞」 equate意為“使相等；等同”。You can't equate his poems with his plays.（你不能把他的詩跟劇本相提并論。）Nowadays,many people equate passing examinations with being educated.（當(dāng)今很多人把考試及格與受過教育等同起來。）
26. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
「譯文」 幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐趨向于認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過去的重大史實(shí)并對其做出解釋。
「析句」 這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，主句是modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past，從句是While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians.在While引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，又含有一個(gè)由as… as引導(dǎo)的從句，表示一種比較關(guān)系。
「講詞」 recreate意為“再創(chuàng)造；再現(xiàn)”。Is it possible to recreate the situation which surfaced three years ago?（是否有可能再現(xiàn)三年前的情形？）recreate還可以表示“（使）得到休養(yǎng),（使）得到娛樂”。
27. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
「譯文」 人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問。
「析句」 本句是簡單句。句子的主干為Interest… has arisen.此句較難之處一是對術(shù)語的理解和翻譯，二是對句子結(jié)構(gòu)的理解，特別是對less… more…的理解。
「講詞」 historical methods在句中不是“歷史的方法”，而是“歷史研究的方法”。external challenge意為“外界的挑戰(zhàn)”或“外部的挑戰(zhàn)”，即“外界的意見”。the validity of history as an intellectual discipline是指“歷史學(xué)能否成為一門學(xué)科”。internal quarrel意為“內(nèi)部的爭論”。
28. During this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
「譯文」 在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時(shí)，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。
「析句」 本句是簡單句。句子的主干為traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies.designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study是過去分詞短語作后置定語，修飾前面的 methodologies.
「講詞」 augment意為“加強(qiáng)，充實(shí)”。The plan was augmented by further funding from the company.（公司進(jìn)一步的注資加強(qiáng)了這一計(jì)劃。）
new forms of evidence意為new forms of historical evidence，因此應(yīng)該譯為“新的史料”或“新的史證”。
29. There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
「譯文」 所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。
「析句」 本句的主干為There is no agreement，whether… or…引導(dǎo)的從句是 agreement 的同位語。在同位語中，主語是methodology，謂語是refers to，賓語是the concepts和the research techniques，peculiar to historical work和appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry是形容詞短語作后置定語，分別修飾兩個(gè)賓語。
「講詞」 peculiar（特別的，獨(dú)特的）和appropriate（恰當(dāng)?shù)?，適當(dāng)?shù)模┰谟⒄Z中作后置定語是非常普遍的。
His lectures will cover some of the topics peculiar to computer science.（他的課會(huì)涉及計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)特有的一些話題。）We can observe a structural or behavioral characteristic peculiar to an individual or a group.（我們可以觀察到個(gè)性和群體所特有的一種結(jié)構(gòu)性或行為性的特征。）
The doctor will take action appropriate to the situation.（醫(yī)生將根據(jù)情況采取恰當(dāng)?shù)拇胧?。?BR> 30.It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
「譯文」 這種謬誤同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對各種史料來源的評論，后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。
「析句」 本句的主干為It applies equally to traditional historians… and to social science historians，即謂語動(dòng)詞（applies to）帶有兩個(gè)并列的賓語（traditional historians和social science historians），而兩個(gè)賓語中又分別跟了一個(gè)由who 引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句。需要注意的是句中activity是指“歷史社科派的活動(dòng)”，即他們的歷史研究。
「講詞」 equate意為“使相等；等同”。You can't equate his poems with his plays.（你不能把他的詩跟劇本相提并論。）Nowadays,many people equate passing examinations with being educated.（當(dāng)今很多人把考試及格與受過教育等同起來。）