Passage 1
The settlement of the Unites States has occupied traditional historians since 1893 when Frederick Jackson Turner developed his Frontier Theses， a thesis that explained American development in terms of westward expansion. From the perspective of women's history， Turner's exclusively masculine assumptions constitute a major drawback； his defenders and critics alike have reconstructed men's， not women's， lives on the frontier. However， precisely because of this masculine on orientation， revising the Frontier Thesis by focusing on women's experience introduces new themes into women's history-women as lawmaker and entrepreneur-and， consequently， new interpretations of women's relationship to capital， labor， and statute.
Turner claimed that the frontier produced the individualism that is the hallmark of American culture， and that this individualism in turn promoted democratic institutions and economic equality. He argued for the frontier as an agent of social change. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to midtwentiech century who considered women in the West， when they considered women at all， fell under Turner's spell. In their works these authors tended to glorify women's contributions to frontier life. Western women， in Turnerian tradition， were a fiercely independent， capable， and durable lot， free from the constraints binding their eastern sisters. In their works these authors tended to glorify women's contributions to frontier life. Western women， in Turnerian tradition， were a fiercely independent， capable， and durable lot， free from the constraints binding their eastern sisters. This interpretation implied that the West provided a congenial environment where women could aspire to their own goals， free from constrictive stereotypes and sexist attitudes. In Turnerian terminology， the frontier had furnished “a gate of escape from the bondage of the past.”
By the middle of the twentieth century， the Frontier Thesis fell into disfavor among historians. Later， Reactionist writers took the view that frontier women were lonely， displaced persons in a hostile milieu that intensified the worst aspects of gender relations. The renaissance of the feminist movement during the 1970's led to the Stasist School， which sidestepped the good bad dichotomy and argued that frontier women lived lives similar to the lives of women in the East. In one nowstandard text， Faragher demonstrated the persistence of the “cult of true womanhood” and the illusionary quality of change on the westward journey. Recently the Stasist position has been revised but not entirely discounted by new research.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
（A） provide a framework within which the history of women in nineteenth-century America can be organized
（B） discuss divergent interpretations of women's experience on the western frontier
（C） introduce a new hypothesis about women's experience on the western frontier
（D） advocate an empirical approach to women's experience on the western frontier
（E） resolve ambiguities in several theories about women's experience on the western frontier
2. Which of the following can be inferred about the novelists and historians mentioned in lines 19-20？
（A） They misunderstood the powerful influence of constrictive stereotypes on women in the East
（B） They assumed that the frontier had offered more opportunities to women than had the East
（C） They included accurate information about women's experience on the frontier
（D） They underestimated the endurance and fortitude of frontier women
（E） They agreed with some of Turner's assumptions about frontier women， but disagreed with other assumptions that he made.
3.Which of the following， if true， would provide additional evidence for the Stasists' argument as it is described in the passage？
（A） Frontier women relied on smaller support groups of relatives and friends in the West than they had in the East
（B） The urban frontier in the West offered more occupational opportunity than the agricultural frontier offered
（C） Women participated more fully in the economic decisions of the family group in the West than they had in the East
（D） Western women received financial compensation for labor that was comparable to what women received in the East
（E） Western women did not have an effect on divorce laws， but lawmakers in the West were more responsive to women's concerns than lawmakers in the East were
4. According to the passage， Turner makes which of the following connections in his Frontier Thesis？
I. A connection between American individualism and economic equality
II. A connection between geographical expansion and social change
III. A connection between social change and financial prosperity
（A） I only
（B） II only
（C） III only
（D） I and II only
（E） I， II and III
5. It can be inferred that which of the following statements is consistent with the Reactionist position as it is described in the passage？
（A） Continuity， not change， marked women's lives as they moved from East to West
（B） Women's experience on the North American frontier has not received enough attention from modern historians
（C） Despite its rigors， the frontier offered women opportunities that had not been available in the East
（D） Gender relations were more difficult for women in the West than they were in the East
（E） Women on the North American frontier adopted new roles while at the same time reaffirming traditional roles.
6. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage？
（A） A current interpretation of a phenomenon is described and then ways in which it was developed are discussed
（B） Three theories are presented and then a new hypothesis that discounts those theories is described.
（C） An important theory and its effects are discussed and then ways in which it has been revised are described
（D） A controversial theory is discussed and then viewpoints both for and against it are described
（E） A phenomenon is described and then theories concerning its correctness are discussed.
7. Which of the following is true of the Stasist school as it is described in the passage？
（A） It provides new interpretation of women's relationship to work and the law.
（B） It resolves some of the ambiguities inherent in Turnerian and Reactionist thought.
（C） It has recently been discounted by new research gathered on women's experience.
（D） It avoids extreme positions taken by other writers on women's history.
（E） It was the first school of thought to suggest substantial revisions to the Frontier Thesis.
Passage 2
Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the would automobile industry. Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese as United States firms but have benefited from the unique characteristics of Japanese employees and the Japanese culture. However， if this were true， then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than factories run by United States companies. This is not the case， Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity when compared with factories owned by United States companies.
Other observers link high Japanese productivity to higher levels of capital investment per worker. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched and then doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties， capital investment per employee was com-parable to that of United States firms. Furthermore， by the late seventies， the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States. Since capital investment was not higher in Japan， it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity.
A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese auto-mobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively： they made critical changes in United States procedures. For instance ， the mass-production philosophy of United States auto-makers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive， component specific equipment and to copy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently. Japanese auto-makers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices， including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs.
Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines， thereby eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
（A） present the major steps of a process
（B） clarify an ambiguity
（C） chronicle a dispute
（D） correct misconceptions
（E） defend an accepted approach
2. The author suggests that if the observers of Japan mentioned in line 3 were correct， which of the following would be the case？
（A）The equipment used in Japanese automobile plants would be different from the equipment used in United States plants.
（B） Japanese workers would be trained to do several different production jobs .
（C） Culture would not have an influence on the productivity levels of workers.
（D） The workers in Japanese-run plants would have higher productivity levels regardless of where they were located.
（E） The production levels of Japanese-run plants located in the United States would be equal to those of plants run by United States companies.
3. Which of the following statements concerning the productivity levels of automakers can be inferred from the passage？
（A） prior to the 1960's， the productivity levels of the top Japanese automakers were exceeded by those of United States auto-makers.
（B） The culture of a country has a large effect on the productivity levels of its automakers.
（C） During the late 1970's and early 1980's， productivity levels were comparable in Japan and the United States.
（D） The greater the number of cars that are produced in a single lot， the higher a plant's productivity level.
（E） The amount of capital investment made by automobile manufacturers in their factories determines the level of productivity.
4. According to the passage， which of the following statements is true of Japanese automobile workers？
（A） Their productivity levels did not equal those of United States automobile workers until the late seventies.
（B） Their high efficiency levels are a direct result of cultural influences.
（C） They operate component-specific machinery.
（D） They are trained to do more than one job.
（E） They produce larger lots of cars than do workers in United States factories.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph？
（A） A thesis is presented and supporting examples are provided.
（B） Opposing views are presented， classified， and then reconciled.
（C） A fact is stated， and an explanation is advanced and then refuted
（D） A theory is proposed， considered， and then amended.
（E） An opinion is presented， qualified， and then reaffirmed.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that one problem associated with the production of huge lots of cars is which of the following？
（A） The need to manufacture flexible machinery and equipment
（B） The need to store extra components not required for immediate use
（C） The need for expensive training programs for workers， which emphasize the development of facility in several production jobs
（D） The need to alter conventional mass-production processes
（E） The need to increase the investment per vehicle in order to achieve high productivity levels
7. Which of the following statements is supported by information stated in the passage？
（A） Japanese and United states automakers differ in their approach to production processes
（B） Japanese automakers have perfected the use of single-function equipment
（C） Japanese automakers invest more capital per employee than do United States automakers.
（D） United States -owned factories abroad have higher production levels than do Japanese-owned plants in the United states.
（E） Japanese automakers have benefited from the cultural heritage of their workers.
8. With which of the following predictive statements regarding Japanese automakers would the author most likely agree？
（A） The efficiency levels of the Japanese automakers will decline if they become less flexible in their approach to production.
（B） Japanese automakers' productivity levels were double during the late 1990's.
（C） United States automakers will originate net production processes before Japanese automakers do.
（D） Japanese automakers will hire fewer worker than will United States automakers because each worker is repairs to perform several jobs.
（E） Japanese automakers will spend less on equipment repairs than will United States automakers because Japanese equipment can be early altered.
Passage 3
Joseph Glatthaar's Forged in Battle is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War， but it uses more soldiers' letters and diaries-including rare material from Black soldier-and concentrates more intensely on Black-White relations in Black regiments than do any of its predecessors. Glatthaar's title expresses his thesis： loyalty， friendship， and respect among White officers and Black soldiers were fostered by the mutual dangers they faced in combat.
Glatthaar accurately describes the government's discriminatory treatment of Black soldiers in pay， promotion， medical care， and job assignments， appropriately emphasizing the campaign by Black soldiers and their officers to get the opportunity to fight. That chance remained limited through out the war by army policies that kept most Black units serving in rear-echelon assignments and working in labor battalions. Thus， while their combat death rate was only one- third that of while units， their mortality rate from disease， a major killer in this war， was twice as great. Despite these obstacles， the courage and effectiveness of several Black units in combat won increasing respect from initially skeptical or hostile White soldiers. As one White officer put it， “they have fought their way into the respect of all the army.”（Line25） In trying to demonstrate the magnitude of this attitudinal change， however， Glatthaar seems to exaggerate the prewar racism of the White men who became officers in Black regiments.“ Prior to the war，” He writes of these men， “virtually all of them held powerful racial prejudices.” While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other self-serving motives， this statement misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists who became officers in Black regiments. Having spent years fighting against the race prejudice endemic in American society， they participated eagerly in this military experiment， which they hope would help African Americans achieve freedom and postwar civil equality. By current standards of racial egalitarianism， these men's paternalism toward African Americans was racist. But to call their （Line40） feelings “powerful racial prejudices” is to indulge in generational chauvinism-to judge past eras by present standards.
1. The passage as a whole can best be characterized as which of the following？
（A） An evaluation of a scholarly study
（B） A description of an attitudinal change
（C） A discussion of an analytical defect
（D） An analysis of the causes of a phenomenon
（E） An argument in favor of revising a view
2. According to the author， which of the following is true of Glatthaar 's Forged in Battle compared with previous studies on the same topic？
（A） It is more reliable and presents a more complete picture of the historical events on which it concentrates than do previous studies.
（B） It uses more of a particular kind of source material and focuses more closely on a particular aspect of the topic than do previous studies.
（C） It contains some unsupported generalizations， but it rightly emphasizes a theme ignored by most previous studies.
（D） It surpasses previous studies on the same topic in that it accurately describes conditions often neglected by those studies.
（E） It makes skillful use of supporting evidence to illustrate a subtle trend that previous studies have failed to detect.
3. The author implies that the title of Glatthaar 's book refers specifically to which of the following？
（A） The sense of pride and accomplishment that Black soldier increasingly felt as a result of their Civil War experiences
（B） The civil equality that African Americans achieved after the Civil War， partly as a result of their use of organization skills honed by combat
（C） The changes in discriminatory army policies that were made as a direct result of the performance of Black combat units during the Civil War
（D） The improved interracial relations that were formed by the races' facing of common fight during the Civil War
（E） The standards of racial egalitarianism that came to be adopted as a result of White Civil War veterans' repudiation of their previous racism
4. The passage mentions which of the following as an important theme that receive special emphasis in Glatthaar's book？
（A） The attitudes of abolitionist officers in Black units
（B） The struggle of Black units to get combat assignments
（C） The consequences of the poor medical care received by Black soldiers
（D） The motives of officers serving in Black units
（E） The discrimination that Black soldiers faced when trying for promotion
5. The passage suggests that which of the following was true of Black units' disease mortality rates in the Civil War？
（A） They were almost as high as the combat mortality rates of White units
（B） They resulted in part from the relative inexperience of these units when in combat
（C） They were especially high because of the nature of these units' usual duty assignments
（D） They resulted in extremely high overall casualty rates in Black combat units
（E） They exacerbated the morale problems that were caused by the army's discriminatory policies
6. The author of the passage quotes the White officer in lines 23-24 primarily in order to provide evidence to support the contention that
（A） virtually all White officers initially had hostile attitudes toward Black soldiers
（B） Black soldiers were often forced to defend themselves from physical attacks initiated by soldiers from White units
（C） The combat performance of Black units changed the attitudes of White soldiers toward Black soldiers
（D） White units paid especially careful attention to the performance of Black units in battle
（E） Respect in the army as a whole was accorded to those units， whether Black or White， that performed well in battle
7. Which of the following best describes the kind of error attributed to Glatthaar in lines 25-28？
（A） Insisting on an unwarranted distinction between two groups of individuals in order to render an argument concerning them internally consistent
（B） Supporting an argument in favor of a given interpretation of a situation with evidence that is not particularly relevant to the situation
（C） Presenting a distorted view of the motives of certain individuals in order to provide grounds for a negative evaluation of their actions
（D） Describing the conditions prevailing before a given event in such a way that the contrast with those prevailing after the event appear more striking than it actually is
（E） Asserting that a given event is caused by another event merely because the other event occurred before the given event occurred
8. Which of the following actions can best be described as indulging in “generational chauvinism”（line 40-41）as that practice is defined in the passage？
（A） Condemning a present-day monarch merely because many monarchs have been tyrannical in the past
（B） Clinging to the formal standards of politeness common in one's youth to such a degree that any relaxation of those standards is intolerable
（C） Questioning the accuracy of a report written by an employee merely because of the employee's gender
（D） Deriding the superstitions accepted as “science” in past eras without acknowledging the prevalence of irrational beliefs today
（E） Labeling a nineteenth-century politician as “corrupt” for engaging in once-acceptable practices considered intolerable today
Passage 4
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. For sometime this theory was considered untestable， largely because there was no sufficiently precise chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital variations could be matched.
To establish such a chronology it is necessary to determine the relative amounts of land ice that existed at various times in the Earth's past. A recent discovery makes such a determination possible： relative land-ice volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes， 16 and 18， found in ocean sediments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16， but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins， the continental ice sheets grow， steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces， the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 16， but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins， the continental ice sheets grow， steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces， the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the period， because these sediments are composed of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms， shells that were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen， the more land ice there was when the sediment was laid down.
As an indicator of shifts in the Earth's climate， the isotope record has two advantages. First， it is a global record： there is remarkably little variation in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from different continental locations. Second， it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land. Because of these advantages， sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years have a pattern： an ice age occurs roughly once every 100，000 years. These data have established a strong connection between variations in the Earth's orbit and the periodicity of the ice ages.
However， it is important to note that other factors， such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth， could potentially have affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it is testable： changes in the Earth's orbit can be calculated and dated by applying Newton's laws of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information about other possible factors affecting global climate does not make them unimportant.
1. In the passage， the author is primarily interested in
（A） suggesting an alternative to an outdated research method
（B） introducing a new research method that calls an accepted theory into question
（C） emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method
（D） presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory
（E） initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory
答案：
Passage 1： BBDDD CD
Passage 2： DEADC BAA
Passage 3： ABDBC CDE
Passage 4： D
The settlement of the Unites States has occupied traditional historians since 1893 when Frederick Jackson Turner developed his Frontier Theses， a thesis that explained American development in terms of westward expansion. From the perspective of women's history， Turner's exclusively masculine assumptions constitute a major drawback； his defenders and critics alike have reconstructed men's， not women's， lives on the frontier. However， precisely because of this masculine on orientation， revising the Frontier Thesis by focusing on women's experience introduces new themes into women's history-women as lawmaker and entrepreneur-and， consequently， new interpretations of women's relationship to capital， labor， and statute.
Turner claimed that the frontier produced the individualism that is the hallmark of American culture， and that this individualism in turn promoted democratic institutions and economic equality. He argued for the frontier as an agent of social change. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to midtwentiech century who considered women in the West， when they considered women at all， fell under Turner's spell. In their works these authors tended to glorify women's contributions to frontier life. Western women， in Turnerian tradition， were a fiercely independent， capable， and durable lot， free from the constraints binding their eastern sisters. In their works these authors tended to glorify women's contributions to frontier life. Western women， in Turnerian tradition， were a fiercely independent， capable， and durable lot， free from the constraints binding their eastern sisters. This interpretation implied that the West provided a congenial environment where women could aspire to their own goals， free from constrictive stereotypes and sexist attitudes. In Turnerian terminology， the frontier had furnished “a gate of escape from the bondage of the past.”
By the middle of the twentieth century， the Frontier Thesis fell into disfavor among historians. Later， Reactionist writers took the view that frontier women were lonely， displaced persons in a hostile milieu that intensified the worst aspects of gender relations. The renaissance of the feminist movement during the 1970's led to the Stasist School， which sidestepped the good bad dichotomy and argued that frontier women lived lives similar to the lives of women in the East. In one nowstandard text， Faragher demonstrated the persistence of the “cult of true womanhood” and the illusionary quality of change on the westward journey. Recently the Stasist position has been revised but not entirely discounted by new research.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
（A） provide a framework within which the history of women in nineteenth-century America can be organized
（B） discuss divergent interpretations of women's experience on the western frontier
（C） introduce a new hypothesis about women's experience on the western frontier
（D） advocate an empirical approach to women's experience on the western frontier
（E） resolve ambiguities in several theories about women's experience on the western frontier
2. Which of the following can be inferred about the novelists and historians mentioned in lines 19-20？
（A） They misunderstood the powerful influence of constrictive stereotypes on women in the East
（B） They assumed that the frontier had offered more opportunities to women than had the East
（C） They included accurate information about women's experience on the frontier
（D） They underestimated the endurance and fortitude of frontier women
（E） They agreed with some of Turner's assumptions about frontier women， but disagreed with other assumptions that he made.
3.Which of the following， if true， would provide additional evidence for the Stasists' argument as it is described in the passage？
（A） Frontier women relied on smaller support groups of relatives and friends in the West than they had in the East
（B） The urban frontier in the West offered more occupational opportunity than the agricultural frontier offered
（C） Women participated more fully in the economic decisions of the family group in the West than they had in the East
（D） Western women received financial compensation for labor that was comparable to what women received in the East
（E） Western women did not have an effect on divorce laws， but lawmakers in the West were more responsive to women's concerns than lawmakers in the East were
4. According to the passage， Turner makes which of the following connections in his Frontier Thesis？
I. A connection between American individualism and economic equality
II. A connection between geographical expansion and social change
III. A connection between social change and financial prosperity
（A） I only
（B） II only
（C） III only
（D） I and II only
（E） I， II and III
5. It can be inferred that which of the following statements is consistent with the Reactionist position as it is described in the passage？
（A） Continuity， not change， marked women's lives as they moved from East to West
（B） Women's experience on the North American frontier has not received enough attention from modern historians
（C） Despite its rigors， the frontier offered women opportunities that had not been available in the East
（D） Gender relations were more difficult for women in the West than they were in the East
（E） Women on the North American frontier adopted new roles while at the same time reaffirming traditional roles.
6. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage？
（A） A current interpretation of a phenomenon is described and then ways in which it was developed are discussed
（B） Three theories are presented and then a new hypothesis that discounts those theories is described.
（C） An important theory and its effects are discussed and then ways in which it has been revised are described
（D） A controversial theory is discussed and then viewpoints both for and against it are described
（E） A phenomenon is described and then theories concerning its correctness are discussed.
7. Which of the following is true of the Stasist school as it is described in the passage？
（A） It provides new interpretation of women's relationship to work and the law.
（B） It resolves some of the ambiguities inherent in Turnerian and Reactionist thought.
（C） It has recently been discounted by new research gathered on women's experience.
（D） It avoids extreme positions taken by other writers on women's history.
（E） It was the first school of thought to suggest substantial revisions to the Frontier Thesis.
Passage 2
Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the would automobile industry. Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese as United States firms but have benefited from the unique characteristics of Japanese employees and the Japanese culture. However， if this were true， then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than factories run by United States companies. This is not the case， Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity when compared with factories owned by United States companies.
Other observers link high Japanese productivity to higher levels of capital investment per worker. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched and then doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties， capital investment per employee was com-parable to that of United States firms. Furthermore， by the late seventies， the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States. Since capital investment was not higher in Japan， it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity.
A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese auto-mobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively： they made critical changes in United States procedures. For instance ， the mass-production philosophy of United States auto-makers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive， component specific equipment and to copy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently. Japanese auto-makers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices， including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs.
Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines， thereby eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
（A） present the major steps of a process
（B） clarify an ambiguity
（C） chronicle a dispute
（D） correct misconceptions
（E） defend an accepted approach
2. The author suggests that if the observers of Japan mentioned in line 3 were correct， which of the following would be the case？
（A）The equipment used in Japanese automobile plants would be different from the equipment used in United States plants.
（B） Japanese workers would be trained to do several different production jobs .
（C） Culture would not have an influence on the productivity levels of workers.
（D） The workers in Japanese-run plants would have higher productivity levels regardless of where they were located.
（E） The production levels of Japanese-run plants located in the United States would be equal to those of plants run by United States companies.
3. Which of the following statements concerning the productivity levels of automakers can be inferred from the passage？
（A） prior to the 1960's， the productivity levels of the top Japanese automakers were exceeded by those of United States auto-makers.
（B） The culture of a country has a large effect on the productivity levels of its automakers.
（C） During the late 1970's and early 1980's， productivity levels were comparable in Japan and the United States.
（D） The greater the number of cars that are produced in a single lot， the higher a plant's productivity level.
（E） The amount of capital investment made by automobile manufacturers in their factories determines the level of productivity.
4. According to the passage， which of the following statements is true of Japanese automobile workers？
（A） Their productivity levels did not equal those of United States automobile workers until the late seventies.
（B） Their high efficiency levels are a direct result of cultural influences.
（C） They operate component-specific machinery.
（D） They are trained to do more than one job.
（E） They produce larger lots of cars than do workers in United States factories.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph？
（A） A thesis is presented and supporting examples are provided.
（B） Opposing views are presented， classified， and then reconciled.
（C） A fact is stated， and an explanation is advanced and then refuted
（D） A theory is proposed， considered， and then amended.
（E） An opinion is presented， qualified， and then reaffirmed.
6. It can be inferred from the passage that one problem associated with the production of huge lots of cars is which of the following？
（A） The need to manufacture flexible machinery and equipment
（B） The need to store extra components not required for immediate use
（C） The need for expensive training programs for workers， which emphasize the development of facility in several production jobs
（D） The need to alter conventional mass-production processes
（E） The need to increase the investment per vehicle in order to achieve high productivity levels
7. Which of the following statements is supported by information stated in the passage？
（A） Japanese and United states automakers differ in their approach to production processes
（B） Japanese automakers have perfected the use of single-function equipment
（C） Japanese automakers invest more capital per employee than do United States automakers.
（D） United States -owned factories abroad have higher production levels than do Japanese-owned plants in the United states.
（E） Japanese automakers have benefited from the cultural heritage of their workers.
8. With which of the following predictive statements regarding Japanese automakers would the author most likely agree？
（A） The efficiency levels of the Japanese automakers will decline if they become less flexible in their approach to production.
（B） Japanese automakers' productivity levels were double during the late 1990's.
（C） United States automakers will originate net production processes before Japanese automakers do.
（D） Japanese automakers will hire fewer worker than will United States automakers because each worker is repairs to perform several jobs.
（E） Japanese automakers will spend less on equipment repairs than will United States automakers because Japanese equipment can be early altered.
Passage 3
Joseph Glatthaar's Forged in Battle is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War， but it uses more soldiers' letters and diaries-including rare material from Black soldier-and concentrates more intensely on Black-White relations in Black regiments than do any of its predecessors. Glatthaar's title expresses his thesis： loyalty， friendship， and respect among White officers and Black soldiers were fostered by the mutual dangers they faced in combat.
Glatthaar accurately describes the government's discriminatory treatment of Black soldiers in pay， promotion， medical care， and job assignments， appropriately emphasizing the campaign by Black soldiers and their officers to get the opportunity to fight. That chance remained limited through out the war by army policies that kept most Black units serving in rear-echelon assignments and working in labor battalions. Thus， while their combat death rate was only one- third that of while units， their mortality rate from disease， a major killer in this war， was twice as great. Despite these obstacles， the courage and effectiveness of several Black units in combat won increasing respect from initially skeptical or hostile White soldiers. As one White officer put it， “they have fought their way into the respect of all the army.”（Line25） In trying to demonstrate the magnitude of this attitudinal change， however， Glatthaar seems to exaggerate the prewar racism of the White men who became officers in Black regiments.“ Prior to the war，” He writes of these men， “virtually all of them held powerful racial prejudices.” While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other self-serving motives， this statement misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists who became officers in Black regiments. Having spent years fighting against the race prejudice endemic in American society， they participated eagerly in this military experiment， which they hope would help African Americans achieve freedom and postwar civil equality. By current standards of racial egalitarianism， these men's paternalism toward African Americans was racist. But to call their （Line40） feelings “powerful racial prejudices” is to indulge in generational chauvinism-to judge past eras by present standards.
1. The passage as a whole can best be characterized as which of the following？
（A） An evaluation of a scholarly study
（B） A description of an attitudinal change
（C） A discussion of an analytical defect
（D） An analysis of the causes of a phenomenon
（E） An argument in favor of revising a view
2. According to the author， which of the following is true of Glatthaar 's Forged in Battle compared with previous studies on the same topic？
（A） It is more reliable and presents a more complete picture of the historical events on which it concentrates than do previous studies.
（B） It uses more of a particular kind of source material and focuses more closely on a particular aspect of the topic than do previous studies.
（C） It contains some unsupported generalizations， but it rightly emphasizes a theme ignored by most previous studies.
（D） It surpasses previous studies on the same topic in that it accurately describes conditions often neglected by those studies.
（E） It makes skillful use of supporting evidence to illustrate a subtle trend that previous studies have failed to detect.
3. The author implies that the title of Glatthaar 's book refers specifically to which of the following？
（A） The sense of pride and accomplishment that Black soldier increasingly felt as a result of their Civil War experiences
（B） The civil equality that African Americans achieved after the Civil War， partly as a result of their use of organization skills honed by combat
（C） The changes in discriminatory army policies that were made as a direct result of the performance of Black combat units during the Civil War
（D） The improved interracial relations that were formed by the races' facing of common fight during the Civil War
（E） The standards of racial egalitarianism that came to be adopted as a result of White Civil War veterans' repudiation of their previous racism
4. The passage mentions which of the following as an important theme that receive special emphasis in Glatthaar's book？
（A） The attitudes of abolitionist officers in Black units
（B） The struggle of Black units to get combat assignments
（C） The consequences of the poor medical care received by Black soldiers
（D） The motives of officers serving in Black units
（E） The discrimination that Black soldiers faced when trying for promotion
5. The passage suggests that which of the following was true of Black units' disease mortality rates in the Civil War？
（A） They were almost as high as the combat mortality rates of White units
（B） They resulted in part from the relative inexperience of these units when in combat
（C） They were especially high because of the nature of these units' usual duty assignments
（D） They resulted in extremely high overall casualty rates in Black combat units
（E） They exacerbated the morale problems that were caused by the army's discriminatory policies
6. The author of the passage quotes the White officer in lines 23-24 primarily in order to provide evidence to support the contention that
（A） virtually all White officers initially had hostile attitudes toward Black soldiers
（B） Black soldiers were often forced to defend themselves from physical attacks initiated by soldiers from White units
（C） The combat performance of Black units changed the attitudes of White soldiers toward Black soldiers
（D） White units paid especially careful attention to the performance of Black units in battle
（E） Respect in the army as a whole was accorded to those units， whether Black or White， that performed well in battle
7. Which of the following best describes the kind of error attributed to Glatthaar in lines 25-28？
（A） Insisting on an unwarranted distinction between two groups of individuals in order to render an argument concerning them internally consistent
（B） Supporting an argument in favor of a given interpretation of a situation with evidence that is not particularly relevant to the situation
（C） Presenting a distorted view of the motives of certain individuals in order to provide grounds for a negative evaluation of their actions
（D） Describing the conditions prevailing before a given event in such a way that the contrast with those prevailing after the event appear more striking than it actually is
（E） Asserting that a given event is caused by another event merely because the other event occurred before the given event occurred
8. Which of the following actions can best be described as indulging in “generational chauvinism”（line 40-41）as that practice is defined in the passage？
（A） Condemning a present-day monarch merely because many monarchs have been tyrannical in the past
（B） Clinging to the formal standards of politeness common in one's youth to such a degree that any relaxation of those standards is intolerable
（C） Questioning the accuracy of a report written by an employee merely because of the employee's gender
（D） Deriding the superstitions accepted as “science” in past eras without acknowledging the prevalence of irrational beliefs today
（E） Labeling a nineteenth-century politician as “corrupt” for engaging in once-acceptable practices considered intolerable today
Passage 4
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. For sometime this theory was considered untestable， largely because there was no sufficiently precise chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital variations could be matched.
To establish such a chronology it is necessary to determine the relative amounts of land ice that existed at various times in the Earth's past. A recent discovery makes such a determination possible： relative land-ice volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes， 16 and 18， found in ocean sediments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16， but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins， the continental ice sheets grow， steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces， the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 16， but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins， the continental ice sheets grow， steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces， the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the period， because these sediments are composed of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms， shells that were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen， the more land ice there was when the sediment was laid down.
As an indicator of shifts in the Earth's climate， the isotope record has two advantages. First， it is a global record： there is remarkably little variation in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from different continental locations. Second， it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land. Because of these advantages， sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years have a pattern： an ice age occurs roughly once every 100，000 years. These data have established a strong connection between variations in the Earth's orbit and the periodicity of the ice ages.
However， it is important to note that other factors， such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth， could potentially have affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it is testable： changes in the Earth's orbit can be calculated and dated by applying Newton's laws of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information about other possible factors affecting global climate does not make them unimportant.
1. In the passage， the author is primarily interested in
（A） suggesting an alternative to an outdated research method
（B） introducing a new research method that calls an accepted theory into question
（C） emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method
（D） presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory
（E） initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory
答案：
Passage 1： BBDDD CD
Passage 2： DEADC BAA
Passage 3： ABDBC CDE
Passage 4： D