七、平行結(jié)構(gòu)
改錯(cuò)題考的最多的一個(gè)方向便是平行結(jié)構(gòu)
(一) 對(duì)等連接詞
一共有三類連接平行結(jié)構(gòu)的詞
單一式: and, or ,but
相關(guān)式: both…and, not … but,
either …or, neither…nor
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and,
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主謂,also
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well,
短語(yǔ)式: as well as
rather than (而不是)
other than (除…之外)
instead of (代替)
考試的方式往往是搭配中有一個(gè)單詞是對(duì)的,另一個(gè)單詞卻不對(duì)
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,
A B
but he is now living in Detroit.
C D
分析:B錯(cuò),應(yīng)改為from?!皬哪衬甑侥衬辍币谩癴rom…to…”這個(gè)表達(dá)法,不能用since …to…。
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics
A B
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford
remained active in city and regional planning.
C D
分析:B錯(cuò), 改為such diverse topics as, 出現(xiàn)as, 往往要注意前面一半
(二)平行的內(nèi)容
第一、引導(dǎo)詞性的平行,詞性的平行本質(zhì)上是語(yǔ)法作用的平行
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of
A B
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally,
C D
or yearly periods of light and darkness.
分析:D錯(cuò),應(yīng)改為seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三個(gè)并列的詞中,daily和yearly是形容詞,seasonally是副詞,故改為形容詞seasonal,共同修飾名詞periods,三個(gè)形容詞的平行,詞性平行
第二、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的平行
但是如果既有可數(shù)名詞,又有不可數(shù)名詞,可以不平行
例:The main advertising media include direct mail,
A B C
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper.
D
分析:D錯(cuò),應(yīng)改為newspapers。newspaper為可數(shù)名詞,在沒(méi)有任何前置修飾語(yǔ)的情況下一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television則是不可數(shù)名詞。
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate,
A B
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world.
C D
分析:海岸氣候只有一個(gè),但是釣魚的地方可以有許多個(gè),所以也是不可數(shù)名詞和名詞復(fù)數(shù)的平行;因此D沒(méi)有錯(cuò),A錯(cuò)改為have
第三、時(shí)態(tài)的平行
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated
with the imagist movement , but later develops
B
her own thyme patterns and verse forms.
C D
分析:B錯(cuò),應(yīng)改為developed。句中前半部分謂語(yǔ)為過(guò)去時(shí),與之并列的謂語(yǔ)也應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , -----
spread from its home in Central America and
now grows throughout the tropics.
(A) to be (B) it
(C) the (D) its
分析:正確答案為(B)??崭袂笆窃驙钫Z(yǔ)從句,后面緊接著是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,空格處明顯缺主句主語(yǔ)。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有B能單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)。注意spread是過(guò)去式,沒(méi)有數(shù)的變化,因?yàn)檫@一動(dòng)作明顯發(fā)生在過(guò)去時(shí)間。spread 和grows為什么時(shí)態(tài)可以不平行呢?
原來(lái)它在Central America 的家鄉(xiāng)傳播,現(xiàn)在在整個(gè)地方傳播,now只修飾后面的grow
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ----
commercially for their meat and eggs.
(A) raised (B) and are raised
(C) raised as (D) are raised
分析:正確答案為B??崭袂笆且粋€(gè)完整的句子,根據(jù)一個(gè)空格處如再出現(xiàn)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一定要有連詞這一原則,B為惟一符合條件的選項(xiàng)。故選(B)。
第四、排列位置的平行
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it.
(A) Not only does rust corrode
(B) Not only rust corrodes
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes
(D) Rust not only corrodes
分析:正確答案為D。從but also放在動(dòng)詞前可知,not only也須置于動(dòng)詞前,故選D。A、B中的Not only位置放錯(cuò)了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。
對(duì)于not only, but also的用法有以下幾種:
1、主語(yǔ)+not only +謂語(yǔ),but also+謂語(yǔ),正確;例如上面例題中的第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)。
2、Not only +主謂,but also+主謂,正確
3、Not only +主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ),but also+謂語(yǔ),錯(cuò)誤
改錯(cuò)題考的最多的一個(gè)方向便是平行結(jié)構(gòu)
(一) 對(duì)等連接詞
一共有三類連接平行結(jié)構(gòu)的詞
單一式: and, or ,but
相關(guān)式: both…and, not … but,
either …or, neither…nor
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and,
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主謂,also
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well,
短語(yǔ)式: as well as
rather than (而不是)
other than (除…之外)
instead of (代替)
考試的方式往往是搭配中有一個(gè)單詞是對(duì)的,另一個(gè)單詞卻不對(duì)
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,
A B
but he is now living in Detroit.
C D
分析:B錯(cuò),應(yīng)改為from?!皬哪衬甑侥衬辍币谩癴rom…to…”這個(gè)表達(dá)法,不能用since …to…。
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics
A B
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford
remained active in city and regional planning.
C D
分析:B錯(cuò), 改為such diverse topics as, 出現(xiàn)as, 往往要注意前面一半
(二)平行的內(nèi)容
第一、引導(dǎo)詞性的平行,詞性的平行本質(zhì)上是語(yǔ)法作用的平行
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of
A B
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally,
C D
or yearly periods of light and darkness.
分析:D錯(cuò),應(yīng)改為seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三個(gè)并列的詞中,daily和yearly是形容詞,seasonally是副詞,故改為形容詞seasonal,共同修飾名詞periods,三個(gè)形容詞的平行,詞性平行
第二、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的平行
但是如果既有可數(shù)名詞,又有不可數(shù)名詞,可以不平行
例:The main advertising media include direct mail,
A B C
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper.
D
分析:D錯(cuò),應(yīng)改為newspapers。newspaper為可數(shù)名詞,在沒(méi)有任何前置修飾語(yǔ)的情況下一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television則是不可數(shù)名詞。
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate,
A B
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world.
C D
分析:海岸氣候只有一個(gè),但是釣魚的地方可以有許多個(gè),所以也是不可數(shù)名詞和名詞復(fù)數(shù)的平行;因此D沒(méi)有錯(cuò),A錯(cuò)改為have
第三、時(shí)態(tài)的平行
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated
with the imagist movement , but later develops
B
her own thyme patterns and verse forms.
C D
分析:B錯(cuò),應(yīng)改為developed。句中前半部分謂語(yǔ)為過(guò)去時(shí),與之并列的謂語(yǔ)也應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , -----
spread from its home in Central America and
now grows throughout the tropics.
(A) to be (B) it
(C) the (D) its
分析:正確答案為(B)??崭袂笆窃驙钫Z(yǔ)從句,后面緊接著是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,空格處明顯缺主句主語(yǔ)。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有B能單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)。注意spread是過(guò)去式,沒(méi)有數(shù)的變化,因?yàn)檫@一動(dòng)作明顯發(fā)生在過(guò)去時(shí)間。spread 和grows為什么時(shí)態(tài)可以不平行呢?
原來(lái)它在Central America 的家鄉(xiāng)傳播,現(xiàn)在在整個(gè)地方傳播,now只修飾后面的grow
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ----
commercially for their meat and eggs.
(A) raised (B) and are raised
(C) raised as (D) are raised
分析:正確答案為B??崭袂笆且粋€(gè)完整的句子,根據(jù)一個(gè)空格處如再出現(xiàn)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一定要有連詞這一原則,B為惟一符合條件的選項(xiàng)。故選(B)。
第四、排列位置的平行
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it.
(A) Not only does rust corrode
(B) Not only rust corrodes
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes
(D) Rust not only corrodes
分析:正確答案為D。從but also放在動(dòng)詞前可知,not only也須置于動(dòng)詞前,故選D。A、B中的Not only位置放錯(cuò)了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。
對(duì)于not only, but also的用法有以下幾種:
1、主語(yǔ)+not only +謂語(yǔ),but also+謂語(yǔ),正確;例如上面例題中的第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)。
2、Not only +主謂,but also+主謂,正確
3、Not only +主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ),but also+謂語(yǔ),錯(cuò)誤