真題文章（2004年完型）
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency （crimes committed by young people） focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status， or as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families， ignoring the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate parental control. All theories， however， are tentative and are subject to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. For example， changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in turn lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also experienced changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents； consequently， children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school， the increased availability of drugs and alcohol， and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act， although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
考研核心詞匯
juvenile / 5dVu：vinail / adj. 青少年的， 幼稚的 n. 青少年， 少年讀物
[例] The problem of juvenile delinquency presented itself for the attention from the whole society. 少年犯罪的這個(gè)問題引起了全社會(huì)的注意。
[同義] young ， youthful
[反義] adult / E5dQlt， 5AdQlt / n. 成人， 成年人 adj. 成人的， 成熟的
[派生] juvenility / 7dVu：vi5niliti / n. 年輕， 不成熟
delinquency / di5liNkwEnsi / n. 行為不良， 錯(cuò)失
[例] delinquency problems 青少年犯罪的問題
[派生] delinquent / di5liNkwEnt / n. 失職者， 違法者 adj. 失職的， 有過失的， 違法的， 拖欠債務(wù)的
[固定搭配] juvenile delinquency 少年犯罪；
penalize / 5pi：nElaiz / v. 處罰
[例] Their team was penalized for intentionally wasting time.
他們的球隊(duì)因故意拖延時(shí)間而受罰。
[同義] castigate ， chastise ， discipline， punish
[反義] reward / ri5wC：d / n. 報(bào)酬， 獎(jiǎng)金 vt. 酬勞， 獎(jiǎng)賞
[派生] penalty / 5penlti / n. 處罰， 罰款
misdeed / 5mis5di：d / n. 罪行， 犯罪
[例] A misdeed means a wrong or illegal deed .
misdeed的意思是錯(cuò)誤的或非法的行為 .
interaction / 7intEr5AkFEn / n. 交互作用， 交感
[例] interaction of electrons 「物」電子的相互作用
[派生] interact / 7intEr5Akt / vi. 互相作用， 互相影響
latter / 5lAtE / adj. 后面的， （兩者中）后者的， 較后的， 近來的
[例] Of the two the latter is far better than the former.
兩者中后者比前者好得多。
[同義] later
[反義] former / 5fC：mE / adj. 從前的， 以前的 n. 形成者， 創(chuàng)造者， 模型， 樣板
parental / pE5rentl / adj. 父母親的， 做雙親的
[例] parental care 父母（般）的照料
[派生] parent / 5pZErEnt / n. 雙親， 父親（或母親）
tentative / 5tentEtiv / n. 試驗(yàn)， 假設(shè) adj. 試驗(yàn)性的， 試探的， 嘗試的， 暫定的
[例] a tentative suggestion 試探性建議
[同義] experimental， trial
[反義] definite / 5definit / adj. 明確的， 一定的
[派生] tentatively/ 5tentEtivli / adv. 試驗(yàn)性地， 暫時(shí)地
unemployment / 5Qnim5plCimEnt / n. 失業(yè)， 失業(yè)人數(shù)
[例] unemployment pay 失業(yè)補(bǔ)貼
[反義] employment / im5plCimEnt / n. 雇用， 使用， 利用， 工作， 職業(yè)
[派生] unemployed / 5Qnim5plCid / adj. 失業(yè)的， 未被利用的
discontent / 5diskEn5tent / n. 不滿
[例] Sometimes discontent turned into action.
不滿有時(shí)導(dǎo)致行動(dòng)。
[反義] content / kEn5tent / n. 內(nèi)容， 容量， 目錄， 滿足adj. 滿足的， 滿意的， 愿意 vt. 使?jié)M足
[派生] discontented / 5diskEn5tentid / adj. 不滿意的
supervision / 7sju：pE5viVEn / n. 監(jiān)督， 管理
[例] The house was built under the careful supervision of an architect.
這房子是在一位建筑師的細(xì)心監(jiān)督下建造的。
[派生] supervise / 5sju：pEvaiz / v. 監(jiān)督， 管理， 指導(dǎo)
offensive / E5fensiv / adj. 討厭的， 無禮的， 攻擊性的 n. 進(jìn)攻， 攻勢(shì)
[例] offensive formation 進(jìn)攻隊(duì)形
[同義] insulting ， annoying ，disgusting ， disagreeable
[反義] inoffensive / 7inE5fensiv / adj. 無害的， 不傷人的， 不觸犯人的， 讓人不討
厭的
[派生] offense / E5fens / n. 進(jìn)攻
abuse / E5bju：z / n . 濫用， 虐待， 辱罵， 陋習(xí)， 弊端 v. 濫用， 虐待， 辱罵
[例] A stream of abuse came from his lips. 他說了一些粗話。
[同義] damage， ill-use， injure ， mistreat
[反義] respect / ris5pekt/ n. 尊敬， 敬重， 注意， 考慮， 尊重， 關(guān)系， 有關(guān)， 敬意 vt. 尊敬， 尊重， 不防礙
[派生] abusive / E5bju：siv / adj. 辱罵的， 濫用的
neglect / ni5^lekt / vt. 忽視， 疏忽， 漏做 n. 忽視， 疏忽， 漏做
[例] Don't neglect to lock the door. 別忘了鎖門。
[同義] disregard ， ignore， omit ， overlook， pass over， slight
[反義] endeavor / in5devE / n. 努力， 盡力 vi. 盡力， 努力
[派生] neglected / nI`^lektId / adj. 被忽視的
neglectable / ni5^lektEbl / adj. 可忽視的
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency （crimes committed by young people） focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status， or as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families， ignoring the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate parental control. All theories， however， are tentative and are subject to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates. For example， changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in turn lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also experienced changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents； consequently， children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other identifiable causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school， the increased availability of drugs and alcohol， and the growing incidence of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act， although a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
考研核心詞匯
juvenile / 5dVu：vinail / adj. 青少年的， 幼稚的 n. 青少年， 少年讀物
[例] The problem of juvenile delinquency presented itself for the attention from the whole society. 少年犯罪的這個(gè)問題引起了全社會(huì)的注意。
[同義] young ， youthful
[反義] adult / E5dQlt， 5AdQlt / n. 成人， 成年人 adj. 成人的， 成熟的
[派生] juvenility / 7dVu：vi5niliti / n. 年輕， 不成熟
delinquency / di5liNkwEnsi / n. 行為不良， 錯(cuò)失
[例] delinquency problems 青少年犯罪的問題
[派生] delinquent / di5liNkwEnt / n. 失職者， 違法者 adj. 失職的， 有過失的， 違法的， 拖欠債務(wù)的
[固定搭配] juvenile delinquency 少年犯罪；
penalize / 5pi：nElaiz / v. 處罰
[例] Their team was penalized for intentionally wasting time.
他們的球隊(duì)因故意拖延時(shí)間而受罰。
[同義] castigate ， chastise ， discipline， punish
[反義] reward / ri5wC：d / n. 報(bào)酬， 獎(jiǎng)金 vt. 酬勞， 獎(jiǎng)賞
[派生] penalty / 5penlti / n. 處罰， 罰款
misdeed / 5mis5di：d / n. 罪行， 犯罪
[例] A misdeed means a wrong or illegal deed .
misdeed的意思是錯(cuò)誤的或非法的行為 .
interaction / 7intEr5AkFEn / n. 交互作用， 交感
[例] interaction of electrons 「物」電子的相互作用
[派生] interact / 7intEr5Akt / vi. 互相作用， 互相影響
latter / 5lAtE / adj. 后面的， （兩者中）后者的， 較后的， 近來的
[例] Of the two the latter is far better than the former.
兩者中后者比前者好得多。
[同義] later
[反義] former / 5fC：mE / adj. 從前的， 以前的 n. 形成者， 創(chuàng)造者， 模型， 樣板
parental / pE5rentl / adj. 父母親的， 做雙親的
[例] parental care 父母（般）的照料
[派生] parent / 5pZErEnt / n. 雙親， 父親（或母親）
tentative / 5tentEtiv / n. 試驗(yàn)， 假設(shè) adj. 試驗(yàn)性的， 試探的， 嘗試的， 暫定的
[例] a tentative suggestion 試探性建議
[同義] experimental， trial
[反義] definite / 5definit / adj. 明確的， 一定的
[派生] tentatively/ 5tentEtivli / adv. 試驗(yàn)性地， 暫時(shí)地
unemployment / 5Qnim5plCimEnt / n. 失業(yè)， 失業(yè)人數(shù)
[例] unemployment pay 失業(yè)補(bǔ)貼
[反義] employment / im5plCimEnt / n. 雇用， 使用， 利用， 工作， 職業(yè)
[派生] unemployed / 5Qnim5plCid / adj. 失業(yè)的， 未被利用的
discontent / 5diskEn5tent / n. 不滿
[例] Sometimes discontent turned into action.
不滿有時(shí)導(dǎo)致行動(dòng)。
[反義] content / kEn5tent / n. 內(nèi)容， 容量， 目錄， 滿足adj. 滿足的， 滿意的， 愿意 vt. 使?jié)M足
[派生] discontented / 5diskEn5tentid / adj. 不滿意的
supervision / 7sju：pE5viVEn / n. 監(jiān)督， 管理
[例] The house was built under the careful supervision of an architect.
這房子是在一位建筑師的細(xì)心監(jiān)督下建造的。
[派生] supervise / 5sju：pEvaiz / v. 監(jiān)督， 管理， 指導(dǎo)
offensive / E5fensiv / adj. 討厭的， 無禮的， 攻擊性的 n. 進(jìn)攻， 攻勢(shì)
[例] offensive formation 進(jìn)攻隊(duì)形
[同義] insulting ， annoying ，disgusting ， disagreeable
[反義] inoffensive / 7inE5fensiv / adj. 無害的， 不傷人的， 不觸犯人的， 讓人不討
厭的
[派生] offense / E5fens / n. 進(jìn)攻
abuse / E5bju：z / n . 濫用， 虐待， 辱罵， 陋習(xí)， 弊端 v. 濫用， 虐待， 辱罵
[例] A stream of abuse came from his lips. 他說了一些粗話。
[同義] damage， ill-use， injure ， mistreat
[反義] respect / ris5pekt/ n. 尊敬， 敬重， 注意， 考慮， 尊重， 關(guān)系， 有關(guān)， 敬意 vt. 尊敬， 尊重， 不防礙
[派生] abusive / E5bju：siv / adj. 辱罵的， 濫用的
neglect / ni5^lekt / vt. 忽視， 疏忽， 漏做 n. 忽視， 疏忽， 漏做
[例] Don't neglect to lock the door. 別忘了鎖門。
[同義] disregard ， ignore， omit ， overlook， pass over， slight
[反義] endeavor / in5devE / n. 努力， 盡力 vi. 盡力， 努力
[派生] neglected / nI`^lektId / adj. 被忽視的
neglectable / ni5^lektEbl / adj. 可忽視的