Passage 34 (34/63) 結(jié)論解釋型（日本人在加州） 特別套路
主題句Kazuko Nakane’s history of the early Japanese immigrants to central California’s Pajaro Valley focuses on the development（以下按照發(fā)展階段閱讀） of farming communities there from 1890 to 1940.四個(gè)階段的發(fā)展 The Issei (first-generation immigrants) were brought into the Pajaro Valley to raise sugar beets. Like Issei laborers in American cities, Japanese men in rural areas sought employment via（類似by doing, through，要重視） the “boss” system（第一個(gè)階段）. The system comprised three elements: immigrant wage laborers; Issei boardinghouses (boardinghouse: n.寄宿公寓) where laborers stayed; and labor contractors包工頭, who gathered workers for a particular job and then negotiated a contract between workers and employer. This same system was originally utilized by the Chinese laborers who had preceded the Japanese. A related institution was the “l(fā)abor club,” *2（第二個(gè)階段）which（講這一階段的特點(diǎn)） provided job information and negotiated employment contracts and other legal matters, such as the rental of land, for Issei who chose to belong自愿加入 and paid an annual fee*2D to the cooperative for membership.
When the local sugar beet industry*5 collapsed in 1902（看到時(shí)間，知道肯定是接著往下講后面的階段）, the Issei began to lease land*7 from the valley’s strawberry farmers. The Japanese provided the labor and the crop was divided between laborers and landowners. The Issei thus moved quickly from wage-labor employment to sharecropping (sharecrop: v.作佃農(nóng)耕種) agreements*7C（第三個(gè)階段）. A limited amount of economic progress was made as some Issei were able to rent or buy farmland directly, while others joined together*4 to form farming corporations*4B（第四個(gè)階段）. As the Issei began to operate farms, they began to marry and start families, forming an established Japanese American community*5A. Unfortunately（古怪的語言）, the Issei’s efforts to attain agricultural independence were hampered by government restrictions, such as the Alien Land Law of 1913*3. But（轉(zhuǎn)折） immigrants could circumvent規(guī)避，繞開 such exclusionary排他性的 laws by leasing or purchasing land in their American-born children’s*3D names.
總結(jié)和評(píng)論Nakane’s case study (case study: n.個(gè)案研究) of one rural Japanese American community provides valuable（小+） information about the lives and experiences of the Issei. It is, however（極端轉(zhuǎn)折）, too particularistic（大-）特定化 (particularism: a tendency to explain complex social phenomena in terms of a single causative factor).下面講負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)的原因 This limitation derives from Nakane’s methodology—that of oral history—which cannot substitute for a broader theoretical or comparative perspective. （后面講將來的改善，可能會(huì)出改善題）Future research might well consider two issues raised by her study: were the Issei of the Pajaro Valley similar to or different from Issei in urban settings, and what variations existed between rural Japanese American communities?
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to主題題（寫法性）
(A) defend a controversial hypothesis presented in a history of early Japanese immigrants to California
(B) dismiss a history of an early Japanese settlement in California as narrow and ill constructed
(C) summarize and critique中性的評(píng)價(jià) a history of an early Japanese settlement in California評(píng)述某人理論
(D) compare a history of one Japanese American community with studies of Japanese settlements throughout California（C）
(E) examine the differences between Japanese and Chinese immigrants to central California in the 1890’s
2. Which of the following best describes a “l(fā)abor club,”*2 as defined in the passage?
(A) An organization to which Issei were compelled to belong if they sought employment in the Pajaro Valley
(B) An association whose members included labor contractors and landowning “bosses”
(C) A type of farming corporation set up by Issei who had resided in the Pajaro Valley for some time
(D) A cooperative association whose members were dues-paying*2D Japanese laborers（D）
(E) A social organization to which Japanese laborers and their families belonged
3. Based on information in the passage, which of the following statements concerning the Alien Land Law of 1913*3 is most accurate?信息題（有定位）
(A) It excluded American-born citizens of Japanese ancestry from landownership.
(B) It sought to restrict the number of foreign immigrants to California.
(C) It successfully prevented Issei from ever purchasing farmland.
(D) It was applicable to first-generation immigrants but not to their American-born children*3D.（D）
(E) It was passed under pressure from the Pajaro Valley’s strawberry farmers.
4. Several Issei families join together*4 to purchase a strawberry field and the necessary farming equipment. Such a situation best exemplifies which of the following, as it is described in the passage?
(A) A typical sharecropping agreement
(B) A farming corporation*4B
(C) A “l(fā)abor club”
(D) The “boss” system（B）
(E) Circumvention of the Alien Land Law
5. The passage suggests that which of the following was an indirect consequence of the collapse of the sugar beet industry*5（第二段） in the Pajaro Valley?（本題出得不好）
(A) The Issei formed a permanent, family-based community*5A.
(B) Boardinghouses were built to accommodate the Issei.
(C) The Issei began to lease land in their children’s names.
(D) The Issei adopted a labor contract system similar to that used by Chinese immigrants.（A）
(E) The Issei suffered a massive dislocation caused by unemployment.
6. The author of the passage would most likely agree that which of the following, if it had been included in Nakane’s study, would best remedy the particularistic nature（最后一段） of that study?改善題
(A) A statistical table comparing per capita income of Issei wage laborers and sharecroppers in the Pajaro Valley
(B) A statistical table showing per capita income of Issei in the Pajaro Valley from 1890 to 1940
(C) A statistical table showing rates of farm ownership by Japanese Americans in four central California counties from 1890 to 1940不再只要PV
(D) A discussion of original company documents dealing with the Pajaro Valley sugar beet industry at the turn of the century（C）
(E) Transcripts of interviews conducted with members of the Pajaro Valley Japanese American community who were born in the 1920’s and 1930’s
7. It can be inferred from the passage that, when the Issei began to lease land*7（第三種模式） from the Valley’s strawberry farmers, the Issei most probably did which of the following?
(A) They used profits made from selling the strawberry crop to hire other Issei.
(B) They negotiated such agricultural contracts using the “boss” system.
(C) They paid for the use of the land with a share*7C of the strawberry crop.解釋了實(shí)物地租，即sharecropping agreement
(D) They earned higher wages than when they raised sugar beets.（C）
(E) They violated the Alien Land Law.
主題句Kazuko Nakane’s history of the early Japanese immigrants to central California’s Pajaro Valley focuses on the development（以下按照發(fā)展階段閱讀） of farming communities there from 1890 to 1940.四個(gè)階段的發(fā)展 The Issei (first-generation immigrants) were brought into the Pajaro Valley to raise sugar beets. Like Issei laborers in American cities, Japanese men in rural areas sought employment via（類似by doing, through，要重視） the “boss” system（第一個(gè)階段）. The system comprised three elements: immigrant wage laborers; Issei boardinghouses (boardinghouse: n.寄宿公寓) where laborers stayed; and labor contractors包工頭, who gathered workers for a particular job and then negotiated a contract between workers and employer. This same system was originally utilized by the Chinese laborers who had preceded the Japanese. A related institution was the “l(fā)abor club,” *2（第二個(gè)階段）which（講這一階段的特點(diǎn)） provided job information and negotiated employment contracts and other legal matters, such as the rental of land, for Issei who chose to belong自愿加入 and paid an annual fee*2D to the cooperative for membership.
When the local sugar beet industry*5 collapsed in 1902（看到時(shí)間，知道肯定是接著往下講后面的階段）, the Issei began to lease land*7 from the valley’s strawberry farmers. The Japanese provided the labor and the crop was divided between laborers and landowners. The Issei thus moved quickly from wage-labor employment to sharecropping (sharecrop: v.作佃農(nóng)耕種) agreements*7C（第三個(gè)階段）. A limited amount of economic progress was made as some Issei were able to rent or buy farmland directly, while others joined together*4 to form farming corporations*4B（第四個(gè)階段）. As the Issei began to operate farms, they began to marry and start families, forming an established Japanese American community*5A. Unfortunately（古怪的語言）, the Issei’s efforts to attain agricultural independence were hampered by government restrictions, such as the Alien Land Law of 1913*3. But（轉(zhuǎn)折） immigrants could circumvent規(guī)避，繞開 such exclusionary排他性的 laws by leasing or purchasing land in their American-born children’s*3D names.
總結(jié)和評(píng)論Nakane’s case study (case study: n.個(gè)案研究) of one rural Japanese American community provides valuable（小+） information about the lives and experiences of the Issei. It is, however（極端轉(zhuǎn)折）, too particularistic（大-）特定化 (particularism: a tendency to explain complex social phenomena in terms of a single causative factor).下面講負(fù)評(píng)價(jià)的原因 This limitation derives from Nakane’s methodology—that of oral history—which cannot substitute for a broader theoretical or comparative perspective. （后面講將來的改善，可能會(huì)出改善題）Future research might well consider two issues raised by her study: were the Issei of the Pajaro Valley similar to or different from Issei in urban settings, and what variations existed between rural Japanese American communities?
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to主題題（寫法性）
(A) defend a controversial hypothesis presented in a history of early Japanese immigrants to California
(B) dismiss a history of an early Japanese settlement in California as narrow and ill constructed
(C) summarize and critique中性的評(píng)價(jià) a history of an early Japanese settlement in California評(píng)述某人理論
(D) compare a history of one Japanese American community with studies of Japanese settlements throughout California（C）
(E) examine the differences between Japanese and Chinese immigrants to central California in the 1890’s
2. Which of the following best describes a “l(fā)abor club,”*2 as defined in the passage?
(A) An organization to which Issei were compelled to belong if they sought employment in the Pajaro Valley
(B) An association whose members included labor contractors and landowning “bosses”
(C) A type of farming corporation set up by Issei who had resided in the Pajaro Valley for some time
(D) A cooperative association whose members were dues-paying*2D Japanese laborers（D）
(E) A social organization to which Japanese laborers and their families belonged
3. Based on information in the passage, which of the following statements concerning the Alien Land Law of 1913*3 is most accurate?信息題（有定位）
(A) It excluded American-born citizens of Japanese ancestry from landownership.
(B) It sought to restrict the number of foreign immigrants to California.
(C) It successfully prevented Issei from ever purchasing farmland.
(D) It was applicable to first-generation immigrants but not to their American-born children*3D.（D）
(E) It was passed under pressure from the Pajaro Valley’s strawberry farmers.
4. Several Issei families join together*4 to purchase a strawberry field and the necessary farming equipment. Such a situation best exemplifies which of the following, as it is described in the passage?
(A) A typical sharecropping agreement
(B) A farming corporation*4B
(C) A “l(fā)abor club”
(D) The “boss” system（B）
(E) Circumvention of the Alien Land Law
5. The passage suggests that which of the following was an indirect consequence of the collapse of the sugar beet industry*5（第二段） in the Pajaro Valley?（本題出得不好）
(A) The Issei formed a permanent, family-based community*5A.
(B) Boardinghouses were built to accommodate the Issei.
(C) The Issei began to lease land in their children’s names.
(D) The Issei adopted a labor contract system similar to that used by Chinese immigrants.（A）
(E) The Issei suffered a massive dislocation caused by unemployment.
6. The author of the passage would most likely agree that which of the following, if it had been included in Nakane’s study, would best remedy the particularistic nature（最后一段） of that study?改善題
(A) A statistical table comparing per capita income of Issei wage laborers and sharecroppers in the Pajaro Valley
(B) A statistical table showing per capita income of Issei in the Pajaro Valley from 1890 to 1940
(C) A statistical table showing rates of farm ownership by Japanese Americans in four central California counties from 1890 to 1940不再只要PV
(D) A discussion of original company documents dealing with the Pajaro Valley sugar beet industry at the turn of the century（C）
(E) Transcripts of interviews conducted with members of the Pajaro Valley Japanese American community who were born in the 1920’s and 1930’s
7. It can be inferred from the passage that, when the Issei began to lease land*7（第三種模式） from the Valley’s strawberry farmers, the Issei most probably did which of the following?
(A) They used profits made from selling the strawberry crop to hire other Issei.
(B) They negotiated such agricultural contracts using the “boss” system.
(C) They paid for the use of the land with a share*7C of the strawberry crop.解釋了實(shí)物地租，即sharecropping agreement
(D) They earned higher wages than when they raised sugar beets.（C）
(E) They violated the Alien Land Law.