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        Python中的各種裝飾器詳解

        字號(hào):


            Python裝飾器,分兩部分,一是裝飾器本身的定義,一是被裝飾器對(duì)象的定義。
            一、函數(shù)式裝飾器:裝飾器本身是一個(gè)函數(shù)。
            1.裝飾函數(shù):被裝飾對(duì)象是一個(gè)函數(shù)
            [1]裝飾器無(wú)參數(shù):
            a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> def test(func):
            def _test():
            print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
            return func()
            return _test
            >>> @test
            def say():return 'hello world'
            >>> say()
            Call the function say().
            'hello world'
            >>>
            b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> def test(func):
            def _test(*args,**kw):
            print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
            return func(*args,**kw)
            return _test
            >>> @test
            def left(Str,Len):
            #The parameters of _test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
            return Str[:Len]
            >>> left('hello world',5)
            Call the function left().
            'hello'
            >>>
            [2]裝飾器有參數(shù):
            a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> def test(printResult=False):
            def _test(func):
            def __test():
            print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
            if printResult:
            print func()
            else:
            return func()
            return __test
            return _test
            >>> @test(True)
            def say():return 'hello world'
            >>> say()
            Call the function say().
            hello world
            >>> @test(False)
            def say():return 'hello world'
            >>> say()
            Call the function say().
            'hello world'
            >>> @test()
            def say():return 'hello world'
            >>> say()
            Call the function say().
            'hello world'
            >>> @test
            def say():return 'hello world'
            >>> say()
            Traceback (most recent call last):
            File "<pyshell#224>", line 1, in <module>
            say()
            TypeError: _test() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)
            >>>
            由上面這段代碼中的最后兩個(gè)例子可知:當(dāng)裝飾器有參數(shù)時(shí),即使你啟用裝飾器的默認(rèn)參數(shù),不另外傳遞新值進(jìn)去,也必須有一對(duì)括號(hào),否則編譯器會(huì)直接將func傳遞給test(),而不是傳遞給_test()
            b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> def test(printResult=False):
            def _test(func):
            def __test(*args,**kw):
            print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name
            if printResult:
            print func(*args,**kw)
            else:
            return func(*args,**kw)
            return __test
            return _test
            >>> @test()
            def left(Str,Len):
            #The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
            return Str[:Len]
            >>> left('hello world',5)
            Call the function left().
            'hello'
            >>> @test(True)
            def left(Str,Len):
            #The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
            return Str[:Len]
            >>> left('hello world',5)
            Call the function left().
            hello
            >>>
            2.裝飾類:被裝飾的對(duì)象是一個(gè)類
            [1]裝飾器無(wú)參數(shù):
            a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> def test(cls):
            def _test():
            clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
            print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
            return cls()
            return _test
            >>> @test
            class sy(object):
            value=32
            >>> s=sy()
            Call sy.__init().
            >>> s
            <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000002C3E390>
            >>> s.value
            32
            >>>
            b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> def test(cls):
            def _test(*args,**kw):
            clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
            print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
            return cls(*args,**kw)
            return _test
            >>> @test
            class sy(object):
            def __init__(self,value):
            #The parameters of _test can be '(value)' in this case.
            self.value=value
            >>> s=sy('hello world')
            Call sy.__init().
            >>> s
            <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AF7748>
            >>> s.value
            'hello world'
            >>>
            [2]裝飾器有參數(shù):
            a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> def test(printValue=True):
            def _test(cls):
            def __test():
            clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
            print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
            obj=cls()
            if printValue:
            print 'value = %r'%obj.value
            return obj
            return __test
            return _test
            >>> @test()
            class sy(object):
            def __init__(self):
            self.value=32
            >>> s=sy()
            Call sy.__init().
            value = 32
            >>> @test(False)
            class sy(object):
            def __init__(self):
            self.value=32
            >>> s=sy()
            Call sy.__init().
            >>>
            b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> def test(printValue=True):
            def _test(cls):
            def __test(*args,**kw):
            clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]
            print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName
            obj=cls(*args,**kw)
            if printValue:
            print 'value = %r'%obj.value
            return obj
            return __test
            return _test
            >>> @test()
            class sy(object):
            def __init__(self,value):
            self.value=value
            >>> s=sy('hello world')
            Call sy.__init().
            value = 'hello world'
            >>> @test(False)
            class sy(object):
            def __init__(self,value):
            self.value=value
            >>> s=sy('hello world')
            Call sy.__init().
            >>>
            二、類式裝飾器:裝飾器本身是一個(gè)類,借用__init__()和__call__()來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)職能
            1.裝飾函數(shù):被裝飾對(duì)象是一個(gè)函數(shù)
            [1]裝飾器無(wú)參數(shù):
            a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> class test(object):
            def __init__(self,func):
            self._func=func
            def __call__(self):
            return self._func()
            >>> @test
            def say():
            return 'hello world'
            >>> say()
            'hello world'
            >>>
            b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> class test(object):
            def __init__(self,func):
            self._func=func
            def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
            return self._func(*args,**kw)
            >>> @test
            def left(Str,Len):
            #The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.
            return Str[:Len]
            >>> left('hello world',5)
            'hello'
            >>>
            [2]裝飾器有參數(shù)
            a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> class test(object):
            def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
            self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
            def __call__(self,func):
            def _call():
            print self.beforeInfo
            return func()
            return _call
            >>> @test()
            def say():
            return 'hello world'
            >>> say()
            Call function
            'hello world'
            >>>
            或者:
            代碼如下:
            >>> class test(object):
            def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
            self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
            def __call__(self,func):
            self._func=func
            return self._call
            def _call(self):
            print self.beforeInfo
            return self._func()
            >>> @test()
            def say():
            return 'hello world'
            >>> say()
            Call function
            'hello world'
            >>>
            b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> class test(object):
            def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
            self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
            def __call__(self,func):
            def _call(*args,**kw):
            print self.beforeInfo
            return func(*args,**kw)
            return _call
            >>> @test()
            def left(Str,Len):
            #The parameters of _call can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.
            return Str[:Len]
            >>> left('hello world',5)
            Call function
            'hello'
            >>>
            或者:
            代碼如下:
            >>> class test(object):
            def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):
            self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo
            def __call__(self,func):
            self._func=func
            return self._call
            def _call(self,*args,**kw):
            print self.beforeInfo
            return self._func(*args,**kw)
            >>> @test()
            def left(Str,Len):
            #The parameters of _call can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.
            return Str[:Len]
            >>> left('hello world',5)
            Call function
            'hello'
            >>>
            2.裝飾類:被裝飾對(duì)象是一個(gè)類
            [1]裝飾器無(wú)參數(shù):
            a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> class test(object):
            def __init__(self,cls):
            self._cls=cls
            def __call__(self):
            return self._cls()
            >>> @test
            class sy(object):
            def __init__(self):
            self.value=32
            >>> s=sy()
            >>> s
            <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>
            >>> s.value
            32
            >>>
            b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> class test(object):
            def __init__(self,cls):
            self._cls=cls
            def __call__(self,*args,**kw):
            return self._cls(*args,**kw)
            >>> @test
            class sy(object):
            def __init__(self,value):
            #The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,value)' in this case.
            self.value=value
            >>> s=sy('hello world')
            >>> s
            <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>
            >>> s.value
            'hello world'
            >>>
            [2]裝飾器有參數(shù):
            a.被裝飾對(duì)象無(wú)參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> class test(object):
            def __init__(self,printValue=False):
            self._printValue=printValue
            def __call__(self,cls):
            def _call():
            obj=cls()
            if self._printValue:
            print 'value = %r'%obj.value
            return obj
            return _call
            >>> @test(True)
            class sy(object):
            def __init__(self):
            self.value=32
            >>> s=sy()
            value = 32
            >>> s
            <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB50B8>
            >>> s.value
            32
            >>>
            b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):
            代碼如下:
            >>> class test(object):
            def __init__(self,printValue=False):
            self._printValue=printValue
            def __call__(self,cls):
            def _call(*args,**kw):
            obj=cls(*args,**kw)
            if self._printValue:
            print 'value = %r'%obj.value
            return obj
            return _call
            >>> @test(True)
            class sy(object):
            def __init__(self,value):
            #The parameters of _call can be '(value)' in this case.
            self.value=value
            >>> s=sy('hello world')
            value = 'hello world'
            >>> s
            <__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB5588>
            >>> s.value
            'hello world'
            >>>
            總結(jié):【1】@decorator后面不帶括號(hào)時(shí)(也即裝飾器無(wú)參數(shù)時(shí)),效果就相當(dāng)于先定義func或cls,而后執(zhí)行賦值操作func=decorator(func)或cls=decorator(cls);
            【2】@decorator后面帶括號(hào)時(shí)(也即裝飾器有參數(shù)時(shí)),效果就相當(dāng)于先定義func或cls,而后執(zhí)行賦值操作 func=decorator(decoratorArgs)(func)或cls=decorator(decoratorArgs)(cls);
            【3】如上將func或cls重新賦值后,此時(shí)的func或cls也不再是原來(lái)定義時(shí)的func或cls,而是一個(gè)可執(zhí)行體,你只需要傳入?yún)?shù)就可調(diào)用,func(args)=>返回值或者輸出,cls(args)=>object of cls;
            【4】最后通過(guò)賦值返回的執(zhí)行體是多樣的,可以是閉包,也可以是外部函數(shù);當(dāng)被裝飾的是一個(gè)類時(shí),還可以是類內(nèi)部方法,函數(shù);
            【5】另外要想真正了解裝飾器,一定要了解func.func_code.co_varnames,func.func_defaults,通過(guò)它們你可以以func的定義之外,還原func的參數(shù)列表;另外關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)是因?yàn)檎{(diào)用而出現(xiàn)的,而不是因?yàn)閒unc的定義,func的定義中的用等號(hào)連接的只是有默認(rèn)值的參數(shù),它們并不一定會(huì)成為關(guān)鍵字參數(shù),因?yàn)槟闳匀豢梢园凑瘴恢脕?lái)傳遞它們。