動名詞
意義、形式和特征
1)動名詞(gerund)為非限定動詞的一種,由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成,與現(xiàn)在分詞同形,動名詞有動詞和名詞的特征。
2)動名詞的動詞特征:
a)動名詞可以有賓語。如:
I have finished repairing that machine.我修完那臺機器了。
b)動名詞可以用狀語來修飾。如:
They have started working in the apple-orchard.他們已經(jīng)開始在蘋果園里勞動了。
動名詞加賓語或狀語構(gòu)成動名詞短語,如上兩例中的
repairing that machine和working in the apple-orchard。
3)動名詞的名詞特征 在句中可作主語、賓語等。如:
Getting up early is a good habit.起早是個好習(xí)慣。(動名詞getting up作主語)
The foreign visitors enjoyed seeing Chinese acrobatics.外賓喜歡看中國雜技。(動名詞seeing作賓語)
用法動名詞可用作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。
1)作主語:
Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見。
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.學(xué)習(xí)英語朗讀很重要。
Looking down on women is feudal ideology.輕視婦女是封建意識。
[注]在下面結(jié)構(gòu)中,亦可用引詞訌作形式主語,把意義上的主語即動名詞放在句末。如:
It's no use over spilt milk.牛奶打翻了哭也沒有用。(作無益的后悔沒有用)
It's no good talking about it.談也無用。
2)作表語:
Her job was looking after the pigs.她的工作是喂豬。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他愛好集郵。
[注] 動名詞作表語時,不可與進行時態(tài)相混淆。試比較:
She was washing clothes. (過去進行時)
她正在洗衣服。
Her job was washing clothes. (動名詞)
她的工作是洗衣服。
3)作賓語:
a)作直接賓語,用在begin,start,stop,finish,like等動詞后面。如:
please stop talking.請不要講話。
You must practise reading English aloud.你應(yīng)練習(xí)朗讀英語。
b)作介詞的賓語。如:
My sister is fond of reading novels.我姐姐喜歡看小說。
We're tired of having the same kind of food everyday.我們對天天吃同樣的飯菜感到厭倦。
Instead of going to Zhongshan park,they went to the ZOO.他們沒有去中山公園,到動物園去了。
Mr. Bush earns his living by teaching.布什先生以教書為生。
He was punished for stealing.他因偷盜受到懲罰。
4)作定語:
My father works in a printing shop.我的父親在一個印刷廠工作。
Our school built a swimming pool last summer.我們學(xué)校去年夏天修建了一個游泳池。
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.我們教師的教學(xué)方法很好。
動名詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
動名詞否定結(jié)構(gòu)由not加動名詞組成。如:
Trying without success is better than not trying at all.試驗沒有成功也比不試驗好。
He Hated himself for not having worked hard.他悔恨自己沒有用功。
動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
物主代詞或名詞所有格加動名詞,構(gòu)成動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。在動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,物主代詞或名詞所有格是邏輯上的主語,動名詞是邏輯上的謂語動詞。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可用作主語、賓語等。如:
Your going there will help a lot.你到那里對事情將大有幫助。
(your going there作主語)
Please excuse my interrupting you.請原諒我打斷你。(my interrupting you作excuse的賓語)
Do you mind my smoking?我可以抽煙嗎?(my smoking作mind的賓語)
Aunt Liu was very happy about Wang's coming to see her.劉大娘很高興王來看她。(Wang's coming作介詞about的賓語)
We are looking forward to the expert's coming to speak to us.我們盼望那位專家來給我們作報告。(the expert's coming作look forward to的賓語)
[注]在口語中,這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞往往不用所有格,而用通格,代詞往往不用物主代詞,而用賓格,如上面第二、五兩句可改變?nèi)缦拢?span lang="EN-US">
Please excuse me interrupting you.
Aunt Liu was very happy about Wang coming to see her.
下面再舉幾例:
His father agreed to him becoming an engine-driver.他父親同意他做火車司機。
DO you remember me and my mother coming to see you?你還記得我和我母親來看你嗎?
Tides are caused by the moon and sun pulling water toward them.海潮是由于月亮和太陽吸引海水而引起的