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    GRE作文范文
    "The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished."
    觀點(diǎn)陳述型作文/[題目]
    "被置于媒體審視下的任何人，其名譽(yù)終將受毀損。"
    　Sample Essay
    The intensity of today's media coverage has been greatly magnified by the sheer number and types of media outlets that are available today. Intense competition for the most revealing photographs and the latest information on a subject has turned even minor media events into so-called "media frenzies". Reporters are forced by the nature of the competition to pry ever deeper for an angle on a story that no one else has been able to uncover. With this type of media coverage, it does become more and more likely that anyone who is subjected to it will have his or her reputation tarnished, as no individual is perfect. Everyone makes mistakes. The advances in technology have made much information easily and instantaneously available. Technology has also made it easier to dig further than ever before into a person's past, increasing the possibility that the subject's reputation may be harmed.
    范文正文
    當(dāng)今媒體報(bào)道的力度，由于當(dāng)今時(shí)代所能獲得的媒體渠道那前所未有的數(shù)量和種類，從而被極大地增強(qiáng)。圍繞著對最具暴露性的圖片及對某一題材最新信息所展開的競爭，使哪怕是次要的媒體事件也轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樗^的"媒體瘋狂"。由于競爭的本質(zhì)，記者們被迫就某一項(xiàng)報(bào)道作深度采訪，以其窺探到一個(gè)任何其他人都無法揭示的視角。隨著這類媒體報(bào)道的出現(xiàn)，任何被置于媒體報(bào)道之下的人，其名譽(yù)越來越有可能被玷污，因?yàn)?金無赤金，人無完人"。每個(gè)人都有可能犯錯(cuò)誤。技術(shù)進(jìn)步使大量的信息在第一瞬間便被輕易獲取。技術(shù)也使媒體得以比以往任何時(shí)候更深入地去挖掘一個(gè)人的過去，從而更增加了當(dāng)事人名譽(yù)受損的可能性。
    The above statement is much too broad, however. "Anyone" covers all people all over the world. There are people whose reputations have only been enhanced by media scrutiny. There are also people whose reputations were already so poor that media scrutiny could not possibly diminish it any further. There may very well be people that have done nothing wrong in the past, at least that can be discovered by the media, whose reputations could not be diminished by media scrutiny. To broadly state that "anyone" subjected to media coverage will have his or her status sullied implies that everyone's reputation worldwide is susceptible to damage under any type of media scrutiny. What about children, particularly newborn children? What about those people whose past is entirely unknown?
    然則，上述陳述涵蓋面過于寬泛。"任何人"涵蓋了世界上所有的人。有些人的名譽(yù)反而會(huì)因?yàn)槊襟w的聚焦而陡然顯赫起來。也有些人，其名聲早就如此之糟糕，以致于媒體的聚焦再也無法讓它受到更壞的毀損?；\統(tǒng)地陳述受媒體報(bào)道的"任何人"均會(huì)使其地位被玷污，這暗示著全球每個(gè)人的名聲在任何種類的媒體聚焦下均易于遭詬病。那么，對于天真無辜的孩子們，尤其新生嬰兒，情況會(huì)如何?對于那些其過去根本無人知曉的人來說，情況又會(huì)是什么樣呢?
    Another problem with such a broad statement is that it does not define the particular level of media scrutiny. Certainly there are different levels of media coverage. Does merely the mention of one's name in a newspaper constitute media scrutiny? What about the coverage of a single event in someone's life, for example a wedding or the birth of a baby? Is the media coverage of the heroic death of a firefighter or police officer in the line of duty ever going to diminish that person's reputation? It seems highly unlikely that in these examples, although these people may have been subjected to media scrutiny, these individual's reputations are undamaged and potentially enhanced by such exposure.
    對于這樣一項(xiàng)籠統(tǒng)的陳述而言，它的另一個(gè)問題是沒能明晰界定媒體聚焦的具體程度。媒體的報(bào)道毫無疑問存在程度上的差別。只在報(bào)紙上提及一個(gè)人的名字，是否算作媒體聚焦?對某人一生中單獨(dú)一次事件(如婚禮或孩子出生)的報(bào)道這也算媒介聚焦嗎?媒體對消防隊(duì)員或警官因公而死的英雄壯舉進(jìn)行報(bào)道，難道也會(huì)毀損該人的名聲嗎?在這些實(shí)例中，其名聲受損的事情極不可能發(fā)生。雖然這些人可能被置于媒體審視之下，但其名聲卻會(huì)完好無損，且潛在地可因這些披露而得以提高。
    Without a doubt, there are many examples of individual's whose reputations have been diminished by media scrutiny. The media's uncovering of former U.S. President Bill Clinton's affair with Monica Lewinsky will most likely overshadow the entire eight years of his administration. Basketball superstar Michael Jordan's sterling reputation has been tarnished more than once by the media; first by media coverage of his gambling habits, then most recently (and in a much more harmful manner) by news reports of his marital infidelities and the divorce from his wife of thirteen years. Fame and fortune can turn an ordinary individual into a media target where reporters will stop at almost nothing to "dig up dirt" that will sell more newspapers or entice more viewers to watch a television program. It could even be argued that media scrutiny killed Princess Diana as her car sped away from the privacy-invading cameras of reporters in Paris. There is no doubt that there are a large number of people who have been hurt in one way or another by particularly intense media scrutiny.
    毫無疑問，也有許多例子能證明一個(gè)人的名聲會(huì)被媒體審視所毀損。媒體對美國前總統(tǒng)Bill Clinton與Monica Lewinsky的風(fēng)流韻事的揭露極有可能會(huì)將其八年的執(zhí)政生涯置于陰影之中。超級籃球明星Michael Jordan一世英名也被媒體不止一次地玷污，首先是被有關(guān)其賭習(xí)的媒體報(bào)道，其次是最近--且以一種更具致命性傷害的方式--被有關(guān)他婚姻不忠以及與其結(jié)婚13年的妻子分道揚(yáng)鑣的報(bào)道。當(dāng)媒體記者不擇手段去挖掘某些可促使其報(bào)紙銷量大增的"猛料"時(shí)，或去誘惑更多的觀眾觀看某一電視節(jié)目時(shí)，名和利就會(huì)將一個(gè)普通人轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槊襟w追蹤的目標(biāo)。我們甚至可以提出這樣一種論點(diǎn)，即正是媒體的審視將Diana王妃置于死地，隨著她的汽車去竭力逃脫巴黎街頭的記者們那侵犯隱私的相機(jī)鏡頭。毫無疑問，肯定有許多人被極其強(qiáng)烈的媒體聚焦以一種方式或另一種方式所傷害。
    In summary, it seems impossible that for every person that is subjected to media scrutiny, his or her reputation will eventually be diminished. Millions of people are mentioned in the media every day yet still manage to go about their lives unhurt by the media. Normal individuals that are subjected to media scrutiny can have their reputation either enhanced or damaged depending on the circumstances surrounding the media coverage. The likelihood of a diminished reputation from the media rises proportionally with the level of notoriety that an individual possesses and the outrageousness of that person's behavior. The length of time in the spotlight can also be a determining factor, as the longer the person is examined in the media, the greater the possibility that damaging information will be discovered or that the individual will do something to disparage his or her reputation. But to broadly state that media scrutiny will diminish anyone's reputation is to overstate the distinct possibility that, given a long enough time and a certain level of intensity of coverage, the media may damage a person's reputation.
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    歸納而言，對于每個(gè)被置于媒體審視的人來說，其名聲將最終受到毀損似乎并不可能。每天，有數(shù)百萬人被媒體提到，但他們?nèi)栽O(shè)法我行我素，不為媒體所傷害。被置于媒體審視之下的普通人，其名聲或可得到提高，或可蒙受毀損，取決于圍繞著媒體報(bào)道的具體情況。一個(gè)人的名聲受媒體毀損的可能性，與所其擁有的臭名昭著的程度，及其行為的令人厭惡程度成正比。受媒體關(guān)注的時(shí)間長短同樣也是一個(gè)決定性因素，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)人被媒體審視的時(shí)間越長，于他名聲不利的信息越有可能被抖落出來，或者該人越有可能去做出某些于其名聲不利的事情。但只是籠統(tǒng)地陳述媒體的審視終將毀掉一個(gè)人的名聲，即是過分夸大這樣一種顯著的可能性，即在足夠長的時(shí)間和一度程度的報(bào)道力度這兩個(gè)條件下，媒體是有可能毀掉一個(gè)人的名聲的。
    歷史研究的價(jià)值能超越其對日常生活的直接影響，這方面的另一個(gè)案例是人類是如何對環(huán)境及整個(gè)地球的?；仡櫄v史，看清各種人類行為對環(huán)境所造成的各種影響，這樣做可以向人們昭示，如果不采取恰當(dāng)?shù)姆婪洞胧瑒t后患無窮。發(fā)生在三英里島和切爾諾貝的核事故被研究，以便確保此類事故不再發(fā)生。就核物質(zhì)對人類及環(huán)境的影響展開研究，這無疑會(huì)提供超越人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹膬r(jià)值。對原油泄漏及對環(huán)境影響進(jìn)行研究，可以提供類似的指導(dǎo)，讓人們懂得如何去避免或至少是減輕原油泄漏對環(huán)境產(chǎn)生的后果。對地球南北兩極臭氧層遭破壞進(jìn)行研究，促使人類就某些化學(xué)品制定出新的法規(guī)，從而有助于保護(hù)我們大氣層中的有價(jià)值的這一部分。所有這些研究歷史的實(shí)例所提供的價(jià)值無疑已超越了對人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钏a(chǎn)生的影響。
    　GRE作文范文
    　　Issue
    "People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does."
    Sample Essay
    Teamwork as a whole can naturally produce an overall greater productivity through the concept of "synergy", where the total of the whole is greater than the sum of its individual parts. But the idea that people work more productively in teams rather than as individuals is going to vary greatly between the types of teams that are organized, the end reward or motivation for both the team and the individuals, as well as the individuals themselves.
    Regarding individuals, some people are born with the desire to succeed, no matter what the situation or task that they are facing. These people may evolve into the classic "Type A" personalities that work ferociously because they are driven by an internal fire that says they must always be doing something, whether individually or as part of a team. Other people may desire to be less socially involved or are very highly competitive with other people. For these people, their work is most productive as individuals, because the very idea of cooperating with other people limits their effectiveness and efficiency because they simply do not want to be a part of the team. Whether this mindset is innate or developed over time does not matter, it is merely the state of their being and neither motivation nor rewards can generate inside them the desire to work collectively as a team.
    Some people are highly motivated by social interaction and the desire to work with others towards a collective effort. Obviously these individuals are at their most productive when working as part of a team. Organizational behavioral studies have shown that Asian cultures are much more likely to develop this type of collective behavior as opposed to the more individualistic behavior associated with Western cultures. It could naturally be assumed then that there may be cultural values that can determine whether people are at their most productive individually or as part of a team.
    Another variable is the end reward that is involved with the task at hand. Will the rewards be greater if the team works together towards a common goal, or are the rewards more geared toward individual performance? To the extent that the individual is motivated by the end reward, obviously his or her performance inside of a team may be more or less productive with respect to the entire team, depending on how the performance is rewarded. Individual goals may interfere with the group performance. Synergies may not be achieved because the individuals are not working towards a whole "sum" but rather towards an individual reward. Productivity thus will vary for each person as a team member or as an individual depending on the degree to which that person is motivated by an individual or overall team reward.
    Finally, the degree of productivity of a person will depend upon the type of team that is organized. Is the group composed of equally contributing individuals? Does the group have an outstanding leader that can motivate both the individuals and the team as a whole? From a pure productivity standpoint, the presence or absence of a charismatic and exceptional leader can make all the difference whether a person would be more productive as a part of a team or as an individual. Personality types that work well together can prove to be much more productive as part of a team than as individuals, and vice versa.
    Fundamentally, measures of productivity depend greatly on the individuals themselves. The dilemma facing leaders in all areas of life is how to best assess these individuals to determine how to best harness their capabilities to reach their ultimate productive capabilities. Whether a person is more productive alone or while working in concert with others is one of the great challenges that leaders and managers must face to accomplish tasks effectively and efficiently.
    　觀點(diǎn)陳述型作文/[題目]
    "當(dāng)人們以團(tuán)隊(duì)的形式工作時(shí)，要比以孤軍奮戰(zhàn)的形式來得更加富有成效。團(tuán)隊(duì)的協(xié)同工作需要相互合作，它比個(gè)人競爭更能激勵(lì)人們。"
    范文正文
    總體而言，團(tuán)隊(duì)的協(xié)同工作自然能通過"增效作用"(Synergy)這一理念而帶來更高程度的整體生產(chǎn)效率，因?yàn)樵谶@里，整體大于個(gè)體相加之總和。然則，"當(dāng)人們以團(tuán)隊(duì)的形式工作時(shí)，要比以孤軍奮戰(zhàn)的形式來得更加富有成效"這一觀念注定會(huì)產(chǎn)生巨大差異，取決于所組織起來的團(tuán)隊(duì)的類別，團(tuán)隊(duì)與個(gè)人所能獲得的終極回報(bào)或激勵(lì)，以及個(gè)人本身。
    關(guān)于個(gè)人，有些人天生就具有獲取成功的欲望，無論他們所面臨的情形或任務(wù)是什么。這些人會(huì)演變?yōu)楣ぷ骺襁@一經(jīng)典的"A類"人格，因?yàn)槭艿揭还蓛?nèi)心的熱火所驅(qū)使，這股熱火時(shí)刻告訴他們必須不停地"有所事事"，無論是作為個(gè)人抑或是作為團(tuán)隊(duì)的一分子。另一些人則可能希望不必那么多地介入社會(huì)，或者他們傾向于與其他人激烈競爭。對這些人而言，作為個(gè)人，他們工作起來會(huì)最富有成效，因?yàn)橛捎谒麄兏揪筒幌氤蔀槿魏螆F(tuán)隊(duì)的一部分，與他人合作便會(huì)限制他們的效率。這一思想傾向是否與生俱有，還是隨著時(shí)間的推移而形成，這都無關(guān)緊要。這僅僅只是他們的一種生存狀態(tài)，無論是動(dòng)機(jī)還是回報(bào)，都無法在其內(nèi)心深處激發(fā)起作為一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)集體工作的欲望。
    有些人，由于社會(huì)互動(dòng)以及與他人協(xié)作去實(shí)現(xiàn)某種集體努力的欲望，而具有極強(qiáng)的動(dòng)機(jī)。顯然，這些個(gè)人在作為團(tuán)隊(duì)的一部分進(jìn)行工作時(shí)，他們便會(huì)處在其最富有成效的狀態(tài)。組織行為學(xué)研究表明，亞洲文化更有可能形成此類集體性行為，與那種常和西方文化聯(lián)系在一起的較為個(gè)人主義的行為構(gòu)成對比。這樣，人們自然會(huì)認(rèn)為，某些文化價(jià)值觀可以決定人們是否作為個(gè)人還是作為團(tuán)隊(duì)的一部分工作起來最富有成效。
    GRE作文范文
    GRE作文范文
    　　Issue
    "Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past."
    Sample Essay
    To the extent that contemporary culture is, by definition, current, it does have a much more immediate impact on students and people in general than do the arts and literature of the past. Contemporaneous events directly affect everyone alive at the time because they are occurring at precisely the same time as the individual's existence. But to paraphrase a famous philosopher: "Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it." To a great extent, past arts and literature shape who we are as people at least as much as, if not more than, contemporary culture does.
    Everyone alive today is affected in one way or another by the events of the past. Past events have directly led to the way that the world is shaped today. The arts and literature are one of the most well-preserved and documented resources that can give us a direct link into what actually happened in the past. Consider the religious writings of the Bible, the Koran and those of Confucius, as well as those related to Buddhism, Hinduism and all other religions. These writings directly relate to, and in some cases to a great extent control, the behavior of human beings today even though most were written hundreds if not thousands of years ago. Artworks relating to these religions also have a profound effect. Consider Michelangelo's work in the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican, or the vast myriad of historic Buddhist statues throughout Asia, or the ancient Muslim mosques throughout the Middle East and Central Asia. It would be difficult to argue that contemporary culture has more relevance to today's students when compared with the relevance of these examples of past arts and literature.
    At times it is difficult to determine what exactly is the difference between contemporary culture and the arts and literature of the past. Shakespeare's classic writings are continuously being adapted into current movies that are often big hits with students and the general population as a whole. Millions of people every year view classic works of art in museums all over the world. Readings of religious texts have never gone out of style with a large part of the world's population. Clashes between centuries-old cultures and religions, such as that of Western countries and Islamic extremists and that of Hindus and Muslims in India, demonstrate that the religious artifacts that could be called arts and literature of the past are very much a part of contemporary culture.
    While the past can certainly not be ignored, a large part of what students must learn at university is based on contemporary culture. Most religious learning, at least of one's own religion, occurs either at home or early on in a student's education. At the university level, studies of politics, business and the computer sciences must deal in great detail with the latest advances in contemporary culture in order to remain up to date and relevant. Other subjects, such as mathematics, agriculture, and the arts and literature themselves look largely to the past for the core knowledge that is taught in these courses. The application of these lessons from the past are entirely appropriate to help put contemporary culture into some type of historical context that can help students to understand and comprehend the rapidly changing world that they are living in.
    It would seem self-evident that a properly educated university student must find a balance between studying contemporary culture without neglecting the study of arts and literature of the past. The study of one is not mutually exclusive of the study of the other. The benefits of a well-rounded education come from not only knowing the state of the world as it exists today but also in knowing how the world arrived at this stage of development in the first place.
    觀點(diǎn)陳述型作文/[題目]
    "學(xué)院和大學(xué)應(yīng)該開設(shè)更多通俗音樂、電影、廣告和電視方面的課程，因?yàn)楫?dāng)代文化要比昔日的藝術(shù)和文學(xué)對于學(xué)生具有遠(yuǎn)為密切的聯(lián)系。"
    范文正文
    只要當(dāng)代文化--依照其定義--具有當(dāng)代性，它無疑比昔日的藝術(shù)和文學(xué)對學(xué)生乃至普通大眾具有一種遠(yuǎn)為直接的影響。同時(shí)代的事件會(huì)直接影響到生活在那一時(shí)代的每一個(gè)人，因?yàn)樗鼈兊陌l(fā)生與這個(gè)人的生存正值同時(shí)。但這里我們可以復(fù)述一位著名哲學(xué)家的話，"那些無法從歷史中汲取教訓(xùn)者注定會(huì)重蹈覆轍"。在相當(dāng)大的程度上，昔日的藝術(shù)和文學(xué)造就了我們現(xiàn)如今的情狀，其作用即使并不甚于當(dāng)代文化，至少與當(dāng)代文化相同。 生活于當(dāng)今時(shí)代的每個(gè)人以一種或另一種方式深受過去事件的影響。昔日的事件直接導(dǎo)致了世界目前的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)方式。藝術(shù)和文學(xué)是保存和記載得最為完善的一種資源，它們能使我們與過去實(shí)際發(fā)生過的事情直接聯(lián)系起來。 不妨考慮一下《圣經(jīng)》，《可蘭經(jīng)》一類的宗教著作，孔子的著述，以及那些與佛教、印度教和所有其他宗教相關(guān)的著作。這些直接地與當(dāng)今時(shí)代人們的行為相關(guān)，并在某些情形中在相當(dāng)大的程度上控制著當(dāng)今時(shí)代人們的行為，雖然它們大多數(shù)創(chuàng)作于數(shù)百年、甚至數(shù)千年之前。與這些宗教相關(guān)的藝術(shù)品同樣也產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。我們不妨考慮一下梵蒂岡西斯廷教堂內(nèi)米開朗琪羅的作品，或遍布亞洲的無數(shù)具有歷史性意義的佛教像，或者散布在整個(gè)中東和中亞地區(qū)的古代穆斯林清真寺。與這些過去的藝術(shù)和文學(xué)實(shí)例的相關(guān)性相比，當(dāng)代文化被說成與當(dāng)今學(xué)生更密切相關(guān)，這一論點(diǎn)是難以成立的。
    有些時(shí)候，人們難以確定當(dāng)代文化與過去的藝術(shù)和文學(xué)的差異究竟何在。莎士比亞的經(jīng)典之作不斷地被改編成當(dāng)代電影，常常能成為學(xué)生和普通大眾的大熱門。每年，全世界數(shù)百萬人在博物館觀賞古典藝術(shù)作品。宗教文本的閱讀對于世界相當(dāng)大的一部分人口而言從來就不失為一種風(fēng)尚。數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)古老的文化與宗教之間的沖突，如西方國家與伊斯蘭極端主義者之間的沖突，以及印度國內(nèi)印度教徒與穆斯林教徒之間的沖突，例證著那些可被稱為昔日藝術(shù)和文學(xué)的宗教事物在很大程度上實(shí)乃當(dāng)代文化的一部分。
    雖然過去無疑不能被淡忘，但學(xué)生在大學(xué)中所學(xué)內(nèi)容，很大一部分是基于當(dāng)代文化的。大多數(shù)宗教學(xué)習(xí)，至少一個(gè)人自身的宗教的學(xué)習(xí)，或始于家庭，或始于學(xué)生受教育的早期。在大學(xué)這一層次上，對政治、商科以及計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)，與當(dāng)代文化中的最新進(jìn)步深深相涉，以便使人與時(shí)俱進(jìn)，與時(shí)代緊密相關(guān)。其它的學(xué)科，如數(shù)學(xué)、農(nóng)業(yè)、藝術(shù)與文學(xué)，很大程度上是從過去的源泉獲取這些課程中所傳授的核心知識。這些來自過去的課程的應(yīng)用完全是恰當(dāng)?shù)?，有助于將?dāng)代文化置于某種歷史架構(gòu)之中，去幫助學(xué)生領(lǐng)略和理解他們所生活于其中的那個(gè)變化迅速的世界。
    有一點(diǎn)似乎是不證自明的，即一個(gè)受過恰當(dāng)教育的大學(xué)生必須在學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)代文化與不偏廢昔日藝術(shù)和文學(xué)之間尋找到某種平衡。對兩者的學(xué)習(xí)并非互為排斥。一種綜合全面的教育，其益處不僅在于讓人知道當(dāng)今世界所處的狀態(tài)，而且亦在于首先要讓人弄清世界是何以抵達(dá)目前這一發(fā)展階段的。
    下述文字乃一封致《Atticus都市報(bào)》的信函："前市長Durant應(yīng)向全體Atticus 市民道歉。無論是將Atticus 市和Hartley市連結(jié)起來的跨河大橋所遭到的毀壞，還是我們在大橋上長期以來所經(jīng)歷的交通問題，實(shí)際上都是由Durant 市長在20年之前一手鑄成的。無論如何，是他批準(zhǔn)了大橋的開工建設(shè)。如果他所批準(zhǔn)建設(shè)的大橋更寬一些，設(shè)計(jì)得更精良一些，而所投入其上的公共款項(xiàng)大致相等的話，那么，無論是大橋的受損，還是交通擁堵問題均不會(huì)發(fā)生。然則，在過去20年期間，跨河大橋現(xiàn)在則遠(yuǎn)比上游河段上長度遠(yuǎn)長得多的Derby河大橋更為快速地遭到毀損。盡管過去幾年中冬天的日子甚為嚴(yán)酷，但我們絕不能原諒Durant 市長的玩忽職守和浪費(fèi)。"