事實(shí)信息題屬于托福閱讀中較為常見的題目類型。需要考生根據(jù)文中明確出現(xiàn)的事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)等信息通過(guò)排除干擾答案選擇與原文表述相符的正確選項(xiàng)。事實(shí)信息題是托福官方指南中介紹的第一種題目類型，因此也是最具有代表性、最能反應(yīng)托福閱讀考查本質(zhì)的題目。這種題型考察的是考生提取、篩選信息的實(shí)際應(yīng)用能力。那么，什么是事實(shí)信息題呢? 首先要了解它的問(wèn)法。
    一、提問(wèn)方式
    1. According to paragraph 3 ,Xhas which of the following consequences for Y?
    2. According to paragraph 1,which of the following is true of X of Y?
    3. According to paragraph 2,which of the following led to the appearance of X?
    4. According to the passage,what is true of ____?
    5. Paragraph 2 supports whichof the following ideas about X?
    6. According to thepassage,X________?
    根據(jù)題目問(wèn)法，我們將事實(shí)信息題分為兩類。對(duì)于前三種問(wèn)法，屬于第一種題目，即題干中包含能有效定位的細(xì)節(jié)信息，解法如下。
    二、解題步驟(題干種包含有效定位的細(xì)節(jié)信息)
    • 閱讀題干，在題干中找key words .
    • 利用key words 回原文中定位key sentence.
    • 回選項(xiàng)中找key sentence 的同意轉(zhuǎn)述句即為答案。
    ※要注意的是正確答案的大多是文章中的某一句或兩句話的同意轉(zhuǎn)述，即定位是關(guān)鍵。
    三、例題解析
    TPO2-2 Paragraph 3: Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, thereduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability toabsorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loosesoil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces,sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration.Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased,resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil causedby its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss ofvegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration isestablished.
    2. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which ofthe following consequences for soil?
    A.Increased stony content
    B.Reduced water absorption
    C.Increased numbers of spaces in the soil
    D.Reduced water runoff
    解析：首先，判斷題干種包含有效定位細(xì)節(jié)信息，因此選取關(guān)鍵詞the loss of naturalvegetation 回原文定位。得到關(guān)鍵句為“Even in the areas that retain asoil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of thesoil’s ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. ”句中的the reduction of vegetation即為關(guān)鍵詞的同意轉(zhuǎn)述。然后，翻譯關(guān)鍵句：即使在有土壤覆蓋的區(qū)域，植被的減少仍導(dǎo)致了土壤吸水能力的降低。再結(jié)合題干：植被的減少對(duì)土壤由什么樣的后果?所以，B選項(xiàng)正確。其中Reducedwater absorption 是 loss of the soil’s ability to absorbsubstantial quantities of water的同義改寫。
    這種事實(shí)信息題考查我們?cè)谖恼轮卸ㄎ恍枰哪硞€(gè)信息的能力。主要考察定位能力，考生能否在長(zhǎng)篇段落中快速的找到自己需要的關(guān)鍵信息。以及對(duì)句子的基本分析，在選項(xiàng)中找到原文的同意轉(zhuǎn)述。然后我們?cè)賮?lái)看針對(duì)后面三種問(wèn)法，(當(dāng)然還有很多其他方式，不止這三種)也就是第二種題目的解法，當(dāng)題干中缺少能有效定位的細(xì)節(jié)信息時(shí)如何解題。
    四、解題步驟(題干中缺少能有效定位的細(xì)節(jié)信息)
    • 閱讀題干，明確題干，屬于難定位題目。
    • 閱讀原文段落，把握段落結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容。
    • 根據(jù)原文，對(duì)于選項(xiàng)信息進(jìn)行比對(duì)，排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，篩選出正確答案。
    ※重點(diǎn)注意段落中心句以及段落內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、比較等邏輯部分，即作者強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是易出題點(diǎn)。
    五、例題解析
    TPO4-1 Paragraph 4: Reduction in numbers of game should have boded illfor their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to beexpected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing,eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, andfactories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fateof the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for theblack-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlifezoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes inWashington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, thestate has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winterpopulation fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-taileddeer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for anindefinite period."
    9. Which of the following statements about deer populations is supportedby the information in paragraph 4?
    A.Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and thenbegan to decline.
    B.The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to thegrowth of some deer populations in later times.
    C.The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changesfrom which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.
    D.Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated morethan the summer populations have.
    解析：首先，閱讀題干， 關(guān)鍵詞deer population屬于文章topic，無(wú)法在原文中有效的定位。因此需要閱讀原文段落，把握段落結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容。重點(diǎn)注意段落中心句以及段落內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、比較等邏輯部分。本段句子解析如下(符號(hào)標(biāo)注見文尾)：
    根據(jù)原文，對(duì)于選項(xiàng)信息進(jìn)行比對(duì)，排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，篩選出正確答案為B,The activities ofsettlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populationsin later times. 人類活動(dòng)對(duì)陸群數(shù)量的影響是難以預(yù)料的，原文先陳述人類活動(dòng)使陸群數(shù)量降低并舉例進(jìn)行支持;后續(xù)內(nèi)容中轉(zhuǎn)折but出現(xiàn)，表示下文與前文內(nèi)容是形成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的，即對(duì)于black-tailed deer人類活動(dòng)起了反作用。因此B選項(xiàng)為原文概括總結(jié)型同意轉(zhuǎn)述。
    對(duì)于難定位的事實(shí)信息題，考生重點(diǎn)注意段落中心句以及段落內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、比較等邏輯部分。事實(shí)上，段落的分析對(duì)于否定事實(shí)信息題，句子插入題，推斷題，修辭目的題，以及文章內(nèi)容小結(jié)題等都是有重要作用的，也是考生平時(shí)做題訓(xùn)練中需要著重聯(lián)系的部分。注：TS= topic sentence; SS= supportsentence; e.g.= example.
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