雅典娜Athena
    
    雅思口語素材：古希臘12主神介紹(雅典娜)
    雅典娜是希臘奧林匹斯十二主神之一，也是奧林匹斯三處女神之一，羅馬名字彌涅耳瓦(Minerva)、密涅瓦(Minerva)。在遠古的神話中，雅典娜是一位女天神，烏云和雷電的主宰者，豐產(chǎn)女神，和平勞動的庇護者，女戰(zhàn)神。她教會人們馴養(yǎng)牛馬、制造車船;她賜予世人犁和耙、紡錘和織布機，因此被認為是婦女勞動，尤其是織布技術的保護者。她有一個別名叫厄耳伽涅，意思是女工。她又是科學的庇護者、智慧女神;她賜予人間法律，維護社會秩序。
    In Greek religion and mythology, Athena or Athene ( /??θi?n?/ or /??θi?ni?/; Attic: ?θην?, Athēnā or?θηνα?α, Athēnaia; Epic: ?θηνα?η, Athēnaiē; Ionic: ?θ?νη, Athēnē; Doric: ?θ?να, Athānā), also referred to as Pallas Athena/Athene ( /?pæl?s/; Παλλ?ς ?θην?; Παλλ?ς ?θ?νη), is the goddess of wisdom, courage, inspiration, civilization, law and justice, just warfare, mathematics, strength, strategy, the arts, crafts, and skill. Minerva, Athena's Roman incarnation, embodies similar attributes.
    Athena is also a shrewd companion of heroes and is the goddess of heroic endeavour. She is the virginpatroness of Athens. The Athenians founded the Parthenon on the Acropolis of her namesake city, Athens (Athena Parthenos), in her honour.
    Athena's veneration as the patron of Athens seems to have existed from the earliest times, and was so persistent that archaic myths about her were recast to adapt to cultural changes. In her role as a protector of the city (polis), many people throughout the Greek world worshiped Athena as Athena Polias (?θην? Πολι?ς "Athena of the city"). The city of Athens and the goddess Athena essentially bear the same name,"Athenai" meaning "[many] Athenas".
    Birth
    The Olympian version
    Although Athena appears before Zeus at Knossos —in Linear B, as a-ta-na po-ti-ni-ja, "Mistress Athena"—in the Classical Olympian pantheon, Athena was remade as the favorite daughter of Zeus, born fully armed from his forehead. The story of her birth comes in several versions. In the one most commonly cited, Zeus lay with Metis, the goddess of crafty thought and wisdom, but he immediately feared the consequences. It had been prophesied that Metis would bear children more powerful than the sire, even Zeus himself. In order to forestall these dire consequences, after lying with Metis, Zeus "put her away inside his own belly;" he "swallowed her down all of a sudden." He was too late: Metis had already conceived.
    Eventually Zeus experienced an enormous headache; Prometheus, Hephaestus, Hermes, Ares, or Palaemon[disambiguation needed](depending on the sources examined) cleaved Zeus's head with the double-headed Minoan axe, the labrys. Athena leaped from Zeus's head, fully grown and armed, with a shout— "and pealed to the broad sky her clarion cry of war. And Ouranos trembled to hear, and Mother Gaia..." (Pindar, Seventh Olympian Ode). Plato, in the Laws, attributes the cult of Athena to the culture of Crete, introduced, he thought, from Libya during the dawn of Greek culture.
    Classical myths thereafter note that Hera was so annoyed at Zeus for having produced a child that she conceived and boreHephaestus by herself.
    Plato, in Cratylus (407B) gave the etymology of her name as signifying "the mind of god", theou noesis. The Christian apologist of the 2nd century Justin Martyr takes issue with those pagans who erect at springs images of Kore, whom he interprets as Athena:
    "They said that Athena was the daughter of Zeus not from intercourse, but when the god had in mind the making of a world through a word (logos) his first thought was Athena"