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    2021考研英語：長難句的翻譯整理31
    Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
    一、句子主干
    Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …
    shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…
    二、語法難點
    本句是典型的非限定性定語從句，難點在其主語和賓語都有較長的短語和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定，并且分句是由兩個and相連的3個部分組成的。分句an element…landowners 又帶有兩個定語從句，一個是(which was)representing… ，另一個是(which was)detached…。
    可見，定語從句的難點在于經(jīng)常省略“引導(dǎo)詞+be”的結(jié)構(gòu)，從而在理解上容易和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相混淆。
    三、句子翻譯
    對資本和企業(yè)的這種大規(guī)模的非個人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個階級的數(shù)量和重要性。這個階層作為國計民生的一部分，代表了非個人責任的財富與土地及土地所有者應(yīng)盡義務(wù)的分離，而且也幾乎與責任管理相分離。
    四、翻譯技巧
    實際上定語從句并不符合漢語的使用習(xí)慣。所以翻譯時遇上定語從句，一定不要機械地按照原來的順序生搬硬套。像這樣分句較長的情況，把主句和分句拆為兩句是比較好的方法。所以這里從“這個階層”開始另起一句。
    2021考研英語備考：強調(diào)謂語動詞
    一、強調(diào)謂語動詞
    用“助動詞do + 動詞原形”來強調(diào)謂語動詞。
    注意：謂語動詞只有兩種時態(tài)能強調(diào)，即一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。在一般現(xiàn)在時中，do有人稱的變化，第三人稱單數(shù)用does，一般過去時do 變成did。其他時態(tài)的強調(diào)通過重讀謂語動詞來體現(xiàn)。
    例如：
    You’re quite wrong, she does like you. 你錯了，她真的喜歡你。
    Do come in. 快進來。
    用“助動詞do + 動詞原形”來強調(diào)謂語動詞。
    1.強調(diào)一般現(xiàn)在時動詞謂語：
    例如：
    I work hard. → I do work hard.
    She loves you. → She does love you.
    My father smokes a lot. → My father does smoke a lot.
    2.強調(diào)一般過去時動詞謂語：
    例如：
    I called you in the morning.
    → I did call you in the morning.
    I attended the meeting yesterday.
    → I did attend the meeting yesterday.
    I handed in the paper yesterday.
    → I did hand in the paper yesterday.
    He wrote a letter to me yesterday.
    → He did write a letter to me.
    He came to see you yesterday.
    → He did come to see you yesterday.
    其他表示強調(diào)的方式
    1.把要強調(diào)的部分放在句首：
    例如:
    That film?what do you think of it?
    Asleep, then, were you?
    2.用某些特殊的詞來表示強調(diào)，如really, certainly, definitely, very等。在口語中，such 和so 都常用于強調(diào)句。
    如：
    Thank you so much.
    It was such a lovely party.
    I really enjoyed it.
    This is the very book that I am looking for. 我要找的就是這本書。
    二、強調(diào)非謂語
    其基本句型是：“It + is/was + 被強調(diào)的成分 + that/who + 其她成分”。It 沒有實意，只起語法作用，引導(dǎo)被強調(diào)的部分。當被強調(diào)的是人時，可用who(m)/that, 其他情況用that。
    例如：
    It was I who/that met Jack yesterday. 是我昨天碰到了Jack.
    (強調(diào)主語)
    It was Jack that/whom I met yesterday. 我昨天碰到的是Jack。
    (強調(diào)賓語)
    It was yesterday that I met Jack. 是昨天我碰到了Jack.
    (強調(diào)時間狀語)
    這幾句話復(fù)原為非強調(diào)句就是：I met Jack yesterday.
    It is people, not things, that are decisive. 決定的因素是人，不是物。
    (強調(diào)主語)
    It is because the book is very important for my present job that I bought it. 是因為這本書對我目前的工作很有用，我才買了它。
    (強調(diào)原因狀語)
    It was in the supermarket that I gave the book to him. 是在那家超市里我給了他那本書。(強調(diào)地點狀語)
    1.強調(diào)主語：
    It was John who broke the window. 是John打破了窗子。
    原句：John broke the window.
    It is this overpass that will be pulled down. 將被拆掉的是這個天橋。
    原句：This overpass will be pulled down.
    It is the people who/that are really powerful. 真正有力量的是人民。
    原句：The people are really powerful.
    2021考研英語復(fù)習(xí)：表語從句的辨析
    表語從句位于主句的連系動詞之后，在非正式文體中引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。如：
    That’s not what I want. 那不是我要的。
    That’s why I have come. 那就是我為什么來了。
    My opinion is that things will improve. 我的意見是事情會好起來的。
    One advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out. 太陽能的一個優(yōu)點是永遠也不會枯竭。
    The truth is that he didn’t really try. 實際情況是他沒有真正努力。
    The problem is who is to pay and when we can start. 問題是誰來付帳、我們又何時開始。
    The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事實是他注意到車時已經(jīng)太晚了。
    What surprised me was that he spoke English so well. 使我感到吃驚的是他英語講得那么好。
    All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能說的就是我與此事沒有關(guān)系。
    What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我們要去什么地方以及她是否加入我們。
    The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事實是他注意到車時已經(jīng)太晚了。
    What surprised me was that he spoke English so well. 使我感到吃驚的是他英語講得那么好。
    All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能說的就是我與此事沒有關(guān)系。
    What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我們要去什么地方以及她是否加入我們。
    此外，表語從句還可由as if (好像)引導(dǎo)。如：
    It looked as if it was/were going to rain. (虛擬語氣) 看起來好像要下雨了。
    翻譯練習(xí)：
    這就是她昨天請一天假的原因。
    That is why she had a day off yesterday.
    我的想法是，個人的權(quán)利應(yīng)該得到充分尊重。
    My idea is that individual rights should be fully respected.
    問題在于上帝是否真的存在。
    The question is whether the God really exists.
    我想知道的是，他是如何在這么短的時間內(nèi)完成這個項目的。
    What I want to know is how he managed to complete the project in such a short time.
    形容詞后的that 從句
    that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句還可以用在一些形容詞后面。這種句型一般都用人作主語，所用的形容詞都是表示思想狀況或感情色彩的形容詞，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed, worried, glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware, doubtful, confident等等。如：
    I am sure/certain that he’s at home now. 我肯定他現(xiàn)在在家。
    He became angry that you made the same mistake. 你犯了同樣的錯誤，他生氣了。
    He remains confident that he will win. 他仍然自信他會贏
    She is aware that I can’t help her. 她知道我?guī)筒涣怂拿Α?BR>    I am glad that you’ve come. 你來了我很高興。
    He appeared/seemed surprised that I said “no”. 我說不，他似乎很吃驚。
    I am afraid that I can’t promise you anything. 恐怕我不能向你保證什么。
    We were rather disappointed that you were not able to come yesterday. 昨天你沒能來我們有點失望。
    I am a bit worried that she will not be able to make it. 我有點擔心她做不成這件事情。
    what 從句的小結(jié)
    1.意思是“所….的事/物”, 相當于the thing(s) that…, that which…, 或those which… 可以用于以下情況：
    (1) 引導(dǎo)主語從句。如：
    What she saw frightened her. 她看到的事情嚇了她一跳。
    What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 曾經(jīng)被認為不可能的事情，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)變成了事實。