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    2019年中考英語語法復習：代詞
    一.代詞：
    I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類：
    

1	人稱代詞	主格	I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
		賓格	me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
2	物主代詞	形容詞性	my, your, his, her, its, our, their
		名詞性	mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
3	反身代詞		myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
4	指示代詞		this, that, these, those, such, some
5	疑問代詞		who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
6	關系代詞		that, which, who, whom, whose, as
7	不定代詞		one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,
			other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either

    II. 不定代詞用法注意點：
    1. one, some與any:
    1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。
    One should learn to think of others.
    Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
    I have some questions to ask.
    2) some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復，或者表示建議，請求等。
    Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?
    3) some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時，some表示某個，any表示任何一個。
    I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
    4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級連用表示程度。
    There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?
    2. each和every:
    each強調個別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個或兩個以上，而every強調整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個或三個以上。
    Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
    Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.
    3. none和no：
    no等于not any，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復數(shù)皆可以。
    There is no water in the bottle.
    How much water is there in the bottle? None.
    None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
    4. other和another:
    1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
    the other特指兩者中的另外一個，復數(shù)為the others。如：
    He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
    Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
    2) another指“又一個，另一個”無所指，復數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：
    I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
    The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.
    Some like football, while others like basketball.
    5. all和both, neither和either
    all表示不可數(shù)名詞時，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.
    All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.
    Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.
    2019年中考英語語法復習：名詞
    二.名詞
    I. 名詞的種類：
    

專有名詞	普通名詞
國名，地名人名，團體機構名稱	可數(shù)名詞		不可數(shù)名詞
	個體名詞	集體名詞	抽象名詞	物質名詞

    II. 名詞的數(shù)：
    1. 規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù)形式：
    名詞的復數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：
    

規(guī)則			例詞
1	一般情況在詞尾加-s		map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2	以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞后加-es		class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
3	以-f或-fe結尾的詞	變-f和-fe為v再加-es	leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
		加-s	belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs
4	以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加-es		party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5	以元音字母加y結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾的，加-s		toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
6	以輔音字母加-o結尾的名詞	一般加-es	hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
		不少外來詞加-s	piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
		兩者皆可	zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
7	以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-s		radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8	以-th結尾的名詞加-s		truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,

    2. 不規(guī)則名詞復數(shù)：
    英語里有些名詞的復數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：
    

規(guī)則			例詞
1	改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式		man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2	單復數(shù)相同		sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,
3	只有復數(shù)形式		ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4	一些集體名詞總是用作復數(shù)		people, police, cattle, staff
5	部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復數(shù)（成員）		audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6	復數(shù)形式表示特別含義		customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)
7	表示“某國人”	加-s	Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
		單復數(shù)同形	Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
		以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-women	Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8	合成名詞	將主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)	sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
		無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)	grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
		將兩部分變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)	women singers, men servants

    III. 名詞的所有格：
    名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構成，二是由
    介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。
    1. ’s所有格的構成：
    

單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’s		the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,
復數(shù)名詞	一般在末尾加’	the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,
	不規(guī)則復數(shù)名詞后加’s	the children’s toys, women’s rights,
以s結尾的人名所有格加’s或者’		Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house
表示各自的所有關系時,各名詞末尾均須加’s		Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有關系時在最后一詞末加’s		Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father
表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略		the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s

    2. ’s所有格的用法：
    

１	表示時間	today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday
2	表示自然現(xiàn)象	the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches
3	表示國家城市等地方的名詞	the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry
4	表示工作群體	the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory
5	表示度量衡及價值	a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples
6	與人類活動有特殊關系的名詞	the life’s time, the play’s plot
7	某些固定詞組	a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)

    3. of所有格的用法：
    用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
    用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the first-year students
    用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed
    2019年中考英語語法復習：冠詞
    三.冠詞
    冠詞分為不定冠詞(a, an)，定冠詞(the)，和零冠詞。
    I. 不定冠詞的用法：
    

1	指一類人或事，相當于a kind of	A plane is a machine that can fly.
2	第一次提及某人某物，非特指	A boy is waiting for you.
3	表示“每一”相當于every，one	We study eight hours a day.
4	表示“相同”相當于the same	We are nearly of an age.
5	用于人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質的人或事	A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out     That boy is rather a Lei Feng.
6	用于固定詞組中	A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7	用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后	This room is rather a big one.
8	用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后	She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.

    II. 定冠詞的用法：
    

1	表示某一類人或物	The horse is a useful animal.
2	用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前	the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3	表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事	Would you mind opening the door?
4	用于樂器前面	play the violin, play the guitar
5	用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人	the reach, the living, the wounded
6	表示“一家人”或“夫婦”	the Greens, the Wangs
7	用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前	He is the taller of the two children.
8	用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前	the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
9	用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前	The compass was invented in China.
10	在逢十的復數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀的某個年代	in the 1990’s
11	用于表示單位的名詞前	I hired the car by the hour.
12	用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時間的詞組前	He patted me on the shoulder.

    III. 零冠詞的用法：
    

1	專有名詞，物質名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前	Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
2	名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制	I want this book, not that one. /  Whose purse is this?
3	季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前	March, Sunday, National Day, spring
4	表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前	Lincoln was made President of America.
5	學科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前	He likes playing football/chess.
6	與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前	by train, by air, by land
7	以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時	husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
8	表示泛指的復數(shù)名詞前	Horses are useful animals.