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中考英語(yǔ)考點(diǎn)精講:定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句在形式結(jié)構(gòu)上基本相同,都跟在名詞或代詞之后,且又常由that引導(dǎo)。但它們的句法功能卻不相同。我們可以從以下幾個(gè)方面把它們區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái):
1. 先行詞的范圍不同
定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞范圍很廣,可以指人、物等,沒(méi)有限制;同位語(yǔ)從句的被修飾詞通常是少數(shù)一些表示抽象意義的名詞,不指人。同位語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞常見(jiàn)的有:belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, thought, order, suggestion, wish, answer, information, conclusion, decision, knowledge, opinion, problem, promise, question, plan, report, truth, view等。例如:
① This is the place that / which we visited yesterday. 這就是昨天我們參觀過(guò)的地方。(定語(yǔ)從句)
②The hope that all people will be rich is most difficult to come true. 人人富裕這個(gè)希望極難實(shí)現(xiàn)。(同位語(yǔ)從句)
2. 從句和先行詞的關(guān)系不同
定語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中相當(dāng)于形容詞,對(duì)先行詞起修飾、描述或限制的作用,與先行 詞之間有從屬關(guān)系。同位語(yǔ)的作用相當(dāng)于名詞,對(duì)前面的名詞給予補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)乔懊婷~的具體內(nèi)容,與先行詞之間是同位關(guān)系。例如:
①The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考試及格這個(gè)消息使她父母很高興。(同位語(yǔ)從句) 此句中的同位語(yǔ)從句 The news that she had passed the exam可以改寫(xiě)成表語(yǔ)從句:The news is that he passed the exam.
②The news that he told us interested all of us. 他告訴我們的消息使大家都感興趣。(定語(yǔ)從句)
The news that he told us 是定語(yǔ)從句,此句就不能改寫(xiě)為:The news is that he told us.
3. 引導(dǎo)詞及其作用不同
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞是關(guān)系詞,常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系詞有that, which, who, whose, whom, when, where, why, as等。關(guān)系詞除了連接主從句的作用外,還在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分,如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的that只起連接主從句的作用,不在從句中擔(dān)任任何成分。what, whether和how 可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,但不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如:
①I(mǎi)’ll never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我見(jiàn)到長(zhǎng)城的那一天。(定語(yǔ)從句,關(guān)系副詞when作從句狀語(yǔ))
②The fact that (which) we talked about is very important.我們所談?wù)摰哪莻€(gè)事實(shí)很重要。(定語(yǔ)從句,that在從句中作about的賓語(yǔ))
③The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.他實(shí)驗(yàn)成功這個(gè)事實(shí)使我們大家很高興。(同位語(yǔ)從句,that只起連接作用)
④I have a doubt whether he will be warmly welcomed . 我懷疑他是否能受到熱烈歡迎。(同位語(yǔ)從句)