以下是出國留學(xué)網(wǎng)考研英語復(fù)習(xí)資料頻道為您獨(dú)家提供。
Part C
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate theunderlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly onANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
一、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)史
Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with theproduction, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services.Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises,and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. (46)Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethicstry to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in humanobjectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.
Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. (47)The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supplyand demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices,wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumesthat people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways thatgive them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximizeutility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extractfrom their operations.
The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of nationalincome and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theoryof Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist JohnMaynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on thetotal or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, businessinvestors, and governments, (48) Because, according to Keynes,inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is eithermore investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budgetdeficits by government.
Economic issues have occupied people’s minds throughoutthe ages. (49) Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote aboutproblems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced againstcommerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romansborrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt fortrade. (50) During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the RomanCatholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned thetaking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior toagriculture.
Economics as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moralphilosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature andCauses of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher andeconomist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of theclassical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.
答案
46.其他領(lǐng)域的研究也有助于對此的理解:心理學(xué)和倫理學(xué)試圖解釋目標(biāo)是如何形成的,歷史記錄著人們所追求的目標(biāo)的變化,社會學(xué)則從社會環(huán)境的角度來解釋人們的行為。
47.第一個領(lǐng)域,價(jià)格理論或微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué),解釋在競爭的市場中供需間的相互作用是怎樣導(dǎo)致了大量的個別價(jià)格、工資率、利潤空間和租金的變化。
48.因?yàn)?,按照凱恩斯的理論,不充分的總體需求會增加失業(yè),建議的解決方式是企業(yè)擴(kuò)大投資或政府增加開支,繼而增加預(yù)算赤字。
49.古希臘的亞里士多德和柏圖都在著作中談到財(cái)富、財(cái)產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易問題,兩人都對商業(yè)持有偏見,認(rèn)為靠生意來謀生是不足取的。
50.在中世紀(jì),羅馬天主教會的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思想表達(dá)在其教法中,教法譴責(zé)從借貸中獲利的行為,并認(rèn)為商業(yè)地位劣于農(nóng)業(yè)。
總體分析
本文主要介紹了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的研究發(fā)展歷史。
第一段:經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的定義及研究對象。
第二、三段:經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的兩大領(lǐng)域:微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。
第四、五段:經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究的古代和現(xiàn)代理論。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:并列分句、后置定語。
該句子中冒號后是并列的三個簡單句。第一個分句中how引導(dǎo)的從句做explain的賓語;第二個和第三個分句中都有介詞in的短語做后置定語,翻譯時應(yīng)提前。
詞匯方面:contribute to意為“是……的原因;增進(jìn),有助于”;knowledge意為“知識;知曉,了解”,文中活譯為“對…的理解”。
47.[精解] 本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:賓語從句、狀語。
句子的主干是The first explains how…。主語后的名詞短語price theory or microeconomics是其同位語,因此翻譯the first時,應(yīng)增譯為“第一個領(lǐng)域”。how引導(dǎo)賓語從句,其主干是the interplay …creates …。介詞短語in competitive markets做地點(diǎn)狀語,翻譯時應(yīng)前置。
詞匯方面:interplay意為“相互影響”;a multitude of意為“許多的,大量的”;individual意為“個別的,單獨(dú)的,個人的”;margin意為“(時間、空間、金錢的)余地”,profit margin指“利潤空間”。
48.[精解] 本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。
該句是包含原因狀語從句的復(fù)合句,句子主干是the indicated cure is…,表語由并列連詞either … or…連接。
詞匯方面:indicated是過去分詞用做形容詞,動詞indicate意為“表明,暗示,提及,建議”,根據(jù)上下文indicated譯為“建議的”。more investment,more spending和larger budget deficits是形容詞比較級加名詞,根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞加名詞的搭配,即“擴(kuò)大投資”、“增加開支”和“增加預(yù)算赤字”。
49.[精解] 本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:定語從句、分詞做狀語。
主句是Aristotle and … wrote about problems …,后面接有both of whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句,采用拆譯法單獨(dú)成句。句子最后的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)feeling that …在定語從句中做狀語,翻譯時也應(yīng)單獨(dú)成句,that后引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句,做feeling的賓語。
詞匯方面:be prejudiced against意為“對…有偏見”,undesirable意為“不想要的,不得人心的”。
50.[精解] 本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:非謂語動詞作后置定語、定語從句。
該句含有which引導(dǎo)的非限定性從句做定語,翻譯時拆開單獨(dú)成句,并重復(fù)先行詞,做從句的主語。
詞匯方面:condemn意為“譴責(zé)”,taking of interest是動名詞結(jié)構(gòu),可增譯為“獲利的行為”。
全文翻譯
正如大家所知道的,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是與生產(chǎn)、分配、交換和消費(fèi)物品和服務(wù)相關(guān)的社會科學(xué)。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家關(guān)注個人、群體、商業(yè)企業(yè)和政府試圖有效地實(shí)現(xiàn)他們選定的任何經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)的方式。其他領(lǐng)域的研究也有助于對此的理解:心理學(xué)和倫理學(xué)試圖解釋目標(biāo)是如何形成的,歷史學(xué)記錄著人們所追求的目標(biāo)的變化,社會學(xué)則從社會環(huán)境的角度來解釋人們的行為。
規(guī)范的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)可分為兩大主要的領(lǐng)域。第一個領(lǐng)域,價(jià)格理論或微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué),解釋在競爭的市場中供需間的相互作用是怎樣導(dǎo)致了大量的個別價(jià)格、工資率、利潤空間和租金的變化。微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)認(rèn)為人的行為是理性的。消費(fèi)者努力以能帶來最大愉悅的方式花費(fèi)他們的收入。按經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家所說,他們使效用最大化。對企業(yè)家而言,他們從經(jīng)營中尋求最大的利潤。
第二個領(lǐng)域,宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué),是涉及國民收入和就業(yè)的現(xiàn)代理論。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)最早可追述到英國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家約翰·梅納德·凱恩斯1935年所著的《就業(yè)、利息和貨幣通論》一書。他對繁榮和蕭條的解釋圍繞消費(fèi)者、商業(yè)投資者和政府對貨物或服務(wù)的總體需求。因?yàn)?,按照凱恩斯的理論,不充分的總體需求會增加失業(yè),建議的解決方式是企業(yè)擴(kuò)大投資或政府增加開支,繼而增加預(yù)算赤字。
經(jīng)濟(jì)問題一直以來都占據(jù)著人們的思想。古希臘的亞里士多德和柏圖都在著作中談到財(cái)富、財(cái)產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易問題,兩人都對商業(yè)持有偏見,認(rèn)為靠生意來謀生是不足取的。羅馬人從希臘人那里借用了經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思想,對經(jīng)商同樣不屑一顧。在中世紀(jì),
羅馬天主教會的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思想表達(dá)在其教法中,教法譴責(zé)從借貸中獲利的行為,并認(rèn)為商業(yè)地位劣于農(nóng)業(yè)。
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)作為一門現(xiàn)代研究學(xué)科,區(qū)別于道德哲學(xué)和政治學(xué),可追述到蘇格蘭哲學(xué)家兼經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家亞當(dāng)·斯密1776年著的《國民財(cái)富的性質(zhì)和原因的研究》。重商主義和重農(nóng)主義是斯密的古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)及其19世紀(jì)后繼者(新古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué))的理論先驅(qū)。
考研英語模擬題欄目推薦鏈接:
2014考研英語沖刺復(fù)習(xí)翻譯模擬題匯總
2014考研英語沖刺完型填空模擬試題匯總
考研英語完形600核心詞匯匯總
2014考研英語閱讀理解提分攻略匯總
考研英語大綱 | 考研英語詞匯 | 英語作文萬能句子 | 考研英語真題 | 考研英語作文 | 考研復(fù)試英語 |