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非謂語動詞用法比較
一、不定式與動名詞作主語時的比較
不定式和動名詞在作主語時常??梢曰Q: Crying/To cry will not help you out of difficulty 但是要注意以下的幾點:
1. 動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作,而不定式作主語通常表示抽象動作,而不定式做主
語通常表示具體動作。試比較:
Living in Beijing must be wonderful.(泛指行為)
He realized that to live with her any longer was wrong (具體行為) 2. 當(dāng)主語被否定時,通常用不定式:
Not to have hope is the poorest of all conditions
3. 在It is important/necessary…的結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語只能用不定式,不用動名詞:
It is important to grasp the spirit of a foreign language in order to use it feely. It became necessary to build new factories for products never before produced 4. 在It takes+時間等+。¨的結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語常用不定式:
How much cloth will it take to make a shirt?
5. 在There is no … 和It is no good …結(jié)構(gòu)中,通常用動名詞 二、不定式與動名詞作表語時的比較
不定式和動名詞在作表語時常??梢曰Q: His job is bringing/to bring milk every day
但是,當(dāng)不定式作主語時,表語用不定式;動名詞作主語時,表語也用動名詞。
To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.
此外,還應(yīng)注意以下兩點:
1. 主語是it,this,that等指示代詞時,表語通常用動名詞:
That was playing with fire.
2. 主語是名詞時,表語較短時通常用動名詞,表語較長時通常用不定式:
My favorite sport is swimming.
What I like is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the sand
三、不定式與動名詞作賓語時的比較
1. 接不定式或動名詞作賓語意義區(qū)別不大的動詞常見的有:begin,start,continue,love,
like,propose等:
Almost all the boys like to play/playing football . 但以上的動詞中有一部分在下列情況下通常用不定式作賓語:
1) 在would like/love/hate等的后面:
I'd like(love)to have a drink.
I'm starting to talk about it.
3) 當(dāng)begin后接某些感覺或狀態(tài)動詞時:
She began to see what he meant.
2. 接不定式或動名詞作賓語,意義不同的動詞或詞組常見的有:
1) remember/forget/regret+doing或to do sth
I must remember to ask him (指記住要做的事)
I shall always remember seeing the famous scientist (指記住己經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事) Don’t forget to bring your dictionary.(不要忘記要做的事)
I will never forget meeting you here (不會忘記曾發(fā)生過的事)
I regret telling you so much (懊悔己經(jīng)作過的事=I'm sorry told you so much。)
I regret to tell you that you have failed your exam(regret發(fā)生在to tell之前,=I’m sorry
to tell you…)
可見,上述用法中,動名詞指己經(jīng)發(fā)生的事,不定式指發(fā)生在renumber, forget或
regret以后的事。要注意:可以用動名詞的完成式替代一般式;通常不用*I forgot
doing it 而說:I forgot that I had done it 或I forgot about doing it.
2) stop/go on/leave of+doing或to do sth.
They stopped smoking (停止吸煙) They stopped to smoke (停下所做的事,開始吸煙) He went on reading (繼續(xù)讀) He went on to read.(放下原來做的事,轉(zhuǎn)而讀書) He left off playing tennis (停止打網(wǎng)球) They left off to play tennis (離開某處去打網(wǎng)球) 以上stop,leave off或go on后面的不定式都不是其賓語,而是作目的狀語。 3) try+to do或doing sth. He'll try to finish the work as soon as possible.
Please try putting some more salt- that might make it taste a bit better.
try to do sth.中,try是不及物動詞,意思是“沒法、努力、盡力”,to do sth作目的
狀語;try doing sth中,try是及物動詞,意思是“嘗試、試一試”,看會發(fā)生什么情
2) 當(dāng)這部分動詞是進行時態(tài)時:
況,動名詞作賓語。
4) mean+to do/doing sth.
接不定式時,意思是“有„的意圖、打算。
I meant to telephone you last Friday but I didn’t have time to.
接動名詞時,意為“意味著”,“就是„
This kind of illness means going to hospital.
接動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義,此處也能用不定式的被動形式代換,但用動名詞較為常見:
The room wants repairing ( = to be repaired)
The radio needs fixing ( = to be fixed)
6) be afraid+to do sth。或of doing sth.
接帶to的不定式時,意為“不敢”做某事,“害怕”做某事: She was afraid to see you again.
接“of+動名詞”時,意為“擔(dān)心”或“害怕”發(fā)生某種情況: 5) need/want/require+doing(=to be done)。
I'm afraid of making mistakes when I speak English.
7) be interested+to do sth。/in doing sth。
My sister is interested in becoming a doctor.
(指她想當(dāng)醫(yī)生,動名詞表示將要發(fā)生的事。)
My sister is interested to be a doctor。
(指她當(dāng)醫(yī)生后感到有意思,不定式表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事。)
3. 除了一部分既可接不定式、也可按動名詞作賓語的動詞外,還有一部分動詞后面只能接
不定式作賓語;另有一部分動詞和成語后只能接動名詞作賓語。關(guān)于這兩點可以參看前面講到的不定式和動名詞條款。
四、to be done,being done或done(作定語)
不定式被動式、現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式與過去分詞作定語時,存在時間關(guān)系上的區(qū)別。例如: The power station to be built next year will be of great benefit to the industry and agriculture of our Province.(to be built指將來 =which will be bui1t)
The power station being built now will be one of the largest in Asia.(being built=which is being built.
The power station built on the river last year has been left to our management.(built on the river指己完成 = which was bui1t on the river )
五、不定式和分詞作賓語補足語時的比較
1. 在see,hear,find等一類表示感覺的動詞后:
1) 不帶to不定式作賓語補足語,表示其動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生,并強調(diào)動作
發(fā)生的全過程或事實: We saw the computer operate well 2) 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語,表示其動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生,強調(diào)正在進行: We saw the computer operating very well
3) 過去分詞則往往表示動作完成的狀態(tài):
We found the work of the computer done
2. 表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞:consider,declare, find,prove,think,know,believe,discover,imagine,judge,suppose,understand的賓語補足語一般,用 to be:
We found him to be cruel.
You surely can’t consider him to be selfish man.
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